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Background/objectives: This study examined the long-term relation of lipid-soluble micronutrients with diet quality as assessed by four a priori-defined dietary patterns.Subjects/methods: In a prospective design, nutritional biomarkers (carotenoids, tocopherols, retinol, and coenzyme Q10) were measured using a validated HPLC-based assay. General linear models were applied to obtain covariate-adjusted means of biomarkers for tertiles of four a priori diet quality indices: Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010, Alternative HEI (AHEI) 2010, Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMED), and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH). For a subcohort of 8367 participants within the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC), diet was assessed by a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire in 1993-96 and serum was collected in 2001-06.Results: Participants with the highest diet-quality scores had significantly higher serum concentrations of all carotenoids, total tocopherols, and α-tocopherol, whereas γ-tocopherol was inversely associated with diet quality. Adjusted means for the lowest vs. highest tertile of HEI 2010 were 1.2 vs. 1.5 mg/L for total carotenoids, 11.4 vs. 12.3 mg/L for total tocopherols, and 1.9 vs. 1.6 mg/L for γ-tocopherol (ptrend < 0.0001). The associations for the other dietary indices were similar; no indication for sex and ethnic differences was detected. Vegetable and fruit components were major predictors of most circulating micronutrients, but most other components were also associated.Conclusions: Higher diet-quality scores measured by four a priori diet quality indices were significantly associated higher serum concentrations of carotenoids and α-tocopherol, whereas γ-tocopherol was inversely associated with diet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: The effect of vitamin D on glycemic status of diabetes patients is controversial. The objective was to assess the effect of vitamin D3-fortified milk on cardiometabolic markers of patients with type 2 diabetes.Subjects/methods: In this randomized triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 102 patients (34 males and 68 females) aged 31-74 years with type 2 diabetes were randomized to receive either 250 ml unfortified or 250 ml 1000 IU vitamin D3-fortified milk daily for 9 weeks. Anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, and serum levels of glucose, insulin, and lipids were determined at baseline and after 9 weeks.Results: Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations improved in the fortified milk group compared to the control group (+14 ± 20 vs. +4 ± 17 ng/ml; P = 0.001). Both groups showed significant increases in serum calcium (P < 0.01) and decreases in total cholesterol, waist and hip circumference, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001). Also, there was a significant reduction in body mass index of fortified milk group (P < 0.001). None of these changes were statistically significant between the two groups. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) significantly decreased in both groups with a more remarkable reduction in the plain milk consumers, making a significant between-group difference (7.5% compared to 3.1%; P = 0.01).Conclusions: Overall, daily consumption of one cup of milk containing 1000 IU vitamin D3 for 9 weeks substantially improved vitamin D deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes but it did not affect cardiometabolic parameters over that of plain milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Emulsified lipids, with central lipid core surrounded by polar lipid 'protective coat', have been proposed to stimulate the ileal brake, alter appetite, food intake and aid weight control. In addition to lipid composition, emulsion particle size may contribute to efficacy with small droplets providing a larger surface area for gastrointestinal (GI) lipase action and larger droplets prolonging and delaying digestion in the GI tract. Tube feeding studies delivering emulsions directly into the small intestine show clear effects of smaller particle size on appetite and food intake, but evidence from oral feeding studies is sparse. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of lipid emulsion particle size on appetite response and food intake.Subjects/methods: In a three-arm randomised cross-over, high-phospholipid (PL) dairy lipid emulsions or matched control were consumed at breakfast within a yoghurt smoothie: (i) large-particle size emulsion, LPE (diameter 0.759 µm, 10 g lipid emulsion, 190 g yoghurt), (ii) small-particle size emulsion, SPE (diameter 0.290 µm, 10 g lipid emulsion, 190 g yoghurt), (iii) control non-emulsion, NE (10 g non-emulsion lipid, 190 g yoghurt). Twenty male participants completed the study, where postprandial appetite response was rated using visual analogue scales (VAS) and ad libitum energy intake at a lunch meal measured 3 h later.Results: There was a trend for LPE to suppress hunger (P = 0.08) and enhance fullness (P = 0.24) relative to both SPE and NE but not statistically significant, and no significant effect of either emulsion on food intake at the lunch meal (P > 0.05).Conclusions: Altering particle size of a high-PL emulsion did not enhance satiety or alter eating behaviour in a group of lean men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3PUFA) are better absorbed when they are combined with high-fat meals. However, the role of different dietary fats in modulating the incorporation of n-3PUFA in blood lipids in humans has not been previously explored. Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6PUFA) are known to compete with n-3PUFA in the metabolic pathways and for the incorporation into phospholipids, whereas saturated fats (SFA) may enhance n-3PUFA incorporation into tissues.Subjects/methods: In a randomized parallel-design trial, we aimed to investigate the long-term effects of n-3PUFA supplementation in subjects consuming a diet enriched with either SFA or n-6PUFA on fatty acid incorporation into plasma and erythrocytes and on blood lipid profiles (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides).Results: Dietary supplementation with n-3PUFA co-administered with SFA for 6 weeks resulted in a significant rise in total cholesterol (0.46±0.60 mmol/L; P=0.020) and LDL-C (0.48±0.48 mmol/L; P=0.011) in comparison with combination with n-6PUFA. The diet enriched with SFA also induced a greater increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (2.07±0.79 vs 1.15±0.53; P=0.004), a smaller decrease in docosapentaenoic acid (-0.12±0.23 vs -0.30±0.20; P=0.034) and a similar increase in docosahexaenoic acid (3.85±1.14 vs 3.10±1.07; P=0.128) percentage in plasma compared with the diet enriched with n-6PUFA. A similar effect was seen in erythrocytes. N-3PUFA supplementation resulted in similar changes in HDL-C and triglyceride levels.Conclusions: The results suggest that dietary substitution of SFA with n-6PUFA, despite maintaining low levels of circulating cholesterol, hinders n-3PUFA incorporation into plasma and tissue lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: The aim was to examine the association of genetic risk scores (GRSs) of vitamin B12 and folate-associated variants with blood pressure and lipids.Subjects/methods: The study included 12 532 adults from three population-based studies (Inter99, Health2006 and Dan-MONICA10) conducted in Denmark. GRSs were calculated by summarising the number of vitamin B12 and folate increasing alleles. Weighted GRSs were calculated as the sum of weights for each allele corresponding to genetic effects sizes.Results: GRSs for serum vitamin B12 and folate were associated with serum vitamin B12 and folate, respectively. The β coefficients (95% confidence interval (CI), P-value) for regression of log-transformed serum B12/folate on the weighted GRSs were 0.57 (0.54, 0.61), P<0.001 and 0.85 (0.70, 1.01), P<0.01. No associations were observed between the vitamin B12 GRSs and any of the blood pressure and lipid-related outcomes in the combined analyses. Increasing number of folate increasing alleles was associated with increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations (β coefficient (95% CI, P-value) for regression of log-transformed HDL on the weighted GRSs, 0.081 (0.015, 0.148), P=0.017), but not with blood pressure, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol levels.Conclusions: GRSs were not associated with blood pressure and lipid levels, except for an association between the GRS for folate and HDL cholesterol. Further studies are needed to determine whether a causal association between folate and HDL cholesterol exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives: We aimed to investigate the associations of colors of fruit and vegetable (FV) subgroups, with 3-year changes of cardiometabolic risk factors.Subjects/methods: This longitudinal study was conducted in the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, between 2006-2008 and 2009-2011, on 1272 adults. Total intake of FV and their subgroups have been assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline (2006-2008) and again at the second examination (2009-2011). Demographics, anthropometrics and biochemical measures were evaluated at baseline and 3 years later. The associations of anthropometric and lipid profile changes with FV subgroups were estimated.Results: The mean age of men and women at baseline was 39.8±12.7 and 37.3±12.1 years, respectively. Mean total intake of FV, red/purple, yellow, green, orange and white FV was 706±337, 185±95, 141±91, 152±77, 141±87 and 22±18 g/day, respectively. In men, 3-year changes of weight (β=-0.13, P=0.01) and waist circumference (β=-0.14, P=0.01) were related to intake of red/purple FV; the yellow group was inversely associated with 3-year changes of total cholesterol (β=-0.09, P=0.03) and High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (β=-0.11, P=0.03). Consumption of green and white FV was inversely related to abdominal fat gain, and atherogenic lipid parameters in men (P<0.05). In women, higher intake of red/purple FV was associated to lower weight and abdominal fat gain, fasting serum glucose and total cholesterol (P<0.05); yellow FV was also related to 3-year weight gain (β=-0.11, P=0.01).Conclusions: Various colors of FV subgroups had different effects on cardiometabolic risk factors; higher intake of red/purple FV may be related to lower weight and abdominal fat gain, and yellow, green and white FV may be related to lipid parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Lipid accumulation product (LAP) is an index, which combines waist circumference (WC) and triglyceride (TG) reflecting lipid accumulation. The aims of the study were to explore the relationship between LAP and insulin resistance (IR) and to assess whether LAP was superior to WC and body mass index (BMI) in identifying IR.SUBJECTS/METHODS:The study was cross-sectional and included 2524 non-diabetic subjects from China. The blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, glucose levels, insulin levels and a fasting lipid profile were measured. BMI, the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and LAP were calculated.RESULTS:In both sexes, BP, BMI, total cholesterol (TC), non high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), HOMA-IR, fasting and postprandial glucose levels increased across LAP quartiles (P<0.001), while HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels decreased across LAP quartiles (P<0.001). Pearson's correlation analysis demonstrated that HOMA-IR was correlated with LAP, BMI, WC, TG, HDL-C and non-HDL-C in both sexes (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that LAP had a greater impact on HOMA-IR than BMI and WC.CONCLUSIONS:LAP is closely associated with HOMA-IR and is a powerful index that outperforms BMI and WC in identifying IR in non-diabetic individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:Exacerbated postprandial lipid responses are associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. Dietary proteins influence postprandial lipemia differently, and whey protein has a preferential lipid-lowering effect. We compared the effects of different whey protein fractions on postprandial lipid and hormone responses added to a high-fat meal in type 2 diabetic subjects.Subjects/Methods:A total of 12 type 2 diabetic subjects ingested four isocaloric test meals in randomized order. The test meals contained 100 g of butter and 45 g of carbohydrate in combination with 45 g of whey isolate (iso-meal), whey hydrolysate (hydro-meal), α-lactalbumin enhanced whey (lac-meal) or caseinoglycomacropeptide enhanced whey (CGMP-meal). Plasma concentrations of triglyceride, retinyl palmitate, free fatty acid, insulin, glucose, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide were measured before and at regular intervals until 8-h postprandially.Results:We found no statistical significant differences between meals on our primary variable triglyceride. The retinyl palmitate response was higher after the hydro-meal than after the iso- and lac-meal in the chylomicron-rich fraction (P=0.008) while no significant differences were found in the chylomicron-poor fraction. The hydro- and iso-meal produced a higher insulin response compared with the lac- and CGMP-meal (P<0.001). Otherwise no significant differences in the hormone responses were found in the incremental area under the curve over the 480-min period.Conclusions:A supplement of four different whey protein fractions to a fat-rich meal had similar effects on postprandial triglyceride responses in type 2 diabetic subjects. Whey isolate and whey hydrolysate caused a higher insulin response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:To provide a detailed lipid profile of a European adolescent population considering age, gender, biological maturity, body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM) and percentage body fat (BF).Subjects/Methods:Within Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA), a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine fasting serum concentrations of lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in 1076 adolescents aged 12.5-17.49 years from ten European centres.Results:All serum lipid concentrations were significantly higher in girls than in boys. In boys, age was negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and total cholesterol (TC), and positively associated with triacylglycerides (TAG) (P<0.01) whereas no significant associations were observed in girls. Biological maturity was negatively associated with TC, HDL-, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and non-HDL cholesterol in boys (all P<0.05) and negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol in girls (P<0.05). BMI, FM and BF were significantly correlated with HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein (apo) A1, apoB and TAG in both boys and girls.Conclusions:The lipid profile in adolescents is strongly determined by gender. Biological maturity, FM and percentage BF contribute to the variance in lipid concentrations and should be considered in future evaluations of lipid status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/objectives:Takeaway food consumption is positively associated with adiposity. Little is known about the associations with other cardio-metabolic risk factors. This study aimed to determine whether takeaway food consumption is associated with fasting glucose, insulin, lipids, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and blood pressure.Subjects/methods:A national sample of 1896, 26-36 year olds completed a questionnaire on socio-demographics, takeaway food consumption, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Waist circumference and blood pressure were measured, and a fasting blood sample was taken. For this analysis, takeaway food consumption was dichotomised to once a week or less and twice a week or more. Linear regression was used to calculate differences in the adjusted mean values for fasting lipids, glucose, insulin, HOMA and blood pressure. Models were adjusted for age, employment status, leisure time physical activity and TV viewing.Results:Compared with women who ate takeaway once a week or less, women who ate takeaway twice a week or more had significantly higher adjusted mean fasting glucose (4.82 vs 4.88 mmol/l, respectively; P=0.045), higher HOMA scores (1.27 vs 1.40, respectively, P=0.034) and tended to have a higher mean fasting insulin (5.95 vs 6.45 mU/l, respectively, P=0.054). Similar associations were observed for men for fasting insulin and HOMA score, but the differences were not statistically significant. For both women and men adjustment for waist circumference attenuated the associations.Conclusion:Consuming takeaway food at least twice a week was associated with cardio-metabolic risk factors in women but less so in men. The effect of takeaway food consumption was attenuated when adjusted for obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/ Objectives:There has been growing interest in using dietary intervention to improve the lipid profile. This work aims at analyzing the effects and the comparison of the enrichment of a diet with beta-glucans or rice bran in mildly hypercholesterolemic men.Subjects/Methods:The subjects initially consumed a 3-week Step 1 American Heart Association diet with rice bran-enriched foods. After this adaptation period, volunteers were randomly assigned to follow a crossover, controlled trial that consisted of two treatment with beta-glucan- or rice bran-enriched foods, each of 4 weeks, with a 3-week wash-out, like the adaptation period, between periods. Fasted blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, 49, 70 and 98 in both study arms for measuring low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (primary outcome), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, apolipoprotein (apo) A-I, apo B and glucose levels.Results:Twenty-four men (mean age: 50.3±5.3, mean body mass index: 24.9±1.9) completed the 14-week trial. Subjects in the 3-week adaptation period experienced significant reductions in the mean level of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, apo A-I, apo A-I/apo B and glucose. During the intervention diet periods, a difference was found between treatment groups for the mean change in LDL (0.21 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02-0.40), P=0.033) and total cholesterol (0.34 (95% CI: 0.20-0.47), P<0.001). Other parameters evaluated were not significantly affected by the diet consumed.Conclusions:The results of the present crossover clinical trial showed that beta-glucan-enriched foods are more effective in lowering serum LDL levels, compared with rice bran-enriched foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:A large intake of walnuts may improve lipid profile and endothelial function. The effect of moderate walnut consumption is not known. We investigated whether a moderate intake of walnuts would affect lipid profile, arterial stiffness and platelet activation in healthy volunteers.Subjects/Methods:A total of 30 healthy males were recruited into a single-blind randomized controlled crossover trial of 4 weeks of dietary walnut supplementation (15 g/day) and 4 weeks of control (no walnuts). Arterial stiffness was assessed using pulse waveform analysis to determine the augmentation index and augmented pressure. Platelet activation was determined using flow cytometry to measure circulating platelet-monocyte aggregates.Results:There were no differences in lipid profile after 4 weeks of walnut supplementation compared with control. Dietary intake of α-linolenic acid was increased during the walnut diet (2.1±0.4 g/day versus 0.7±0.4 g/day, P<0.0001). There were no differences in augmentation index or augmented pressure during walnut supplementation. Walnut supplementation did not affect platelet-monocyte aggregation.Conclusions:Dietary intervention with a moderate intake of walnuts does not affect lipid profile, arterial stiffness or platelet activation in man. Our results suggest that the potentially beneficial cardiac effects of walnuts may not be apparent at lower and more practical levels of consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:Although some studies have suggested that retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), a fat-derived adipokine, is positively related to overweight and obesity-related disorders, these claims have been disputed. This study investigated relationships between RBP4 level and weight status and metabolic disorders in a Korean population including confounding factors, age and gender.Subjects/Methods:From 2005 to 2007, we recruited 570 children and 241 of their parents living in Korean urban areas. We analyzed anthropometrical parameters, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and levels of serum glucose, insulin, leptin and RBP4, and estimated dietary intake based on a self-reported 3-day food diary.Results:Levels of RBP4 were high for men (226.2 μg/ml), mid-range among women (143.2 μg/ml) and low among boys and girls (boys 71.4, girls 66.9 μg/ml). After adjusting for age, gender differences among adults were consistently maintained (P<0.0001), and gender differences among children were detected minimally (P=0.05). On the basis of Cole's body mass index cutoff points, the prevalence of overweight among children was 19.3%. The prevalence among adults was 32.0%, based on World Health Organization criteria. Overweight children had higher RBP4 concentrations than normal. Overweight women had higher RBP4 levels than those of normal weight. Higher RBP4 levels were observed among overweight men, but the results were not statistically significant. Triglyceride (TG) levels were significantly correlated with RBP4 in all groups.Conclusions:Our results indicate that RBP4 concentrations in a Korean population varied with age, gender and overweight status. TG levels could be strongly correlated with RBP4 concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:Vegetarian diet has become an increasing trend in western world and in Poland. The frequency of allergies is growing, and the effectiveness of vegetarian diet in allergic diseases is a concern for research. We aimed to study an effect of vegetarian diet on lipid profile in serum in a group of Polish children in Poland and to investigate lipid parameters in healthy vegetarian children and in omnivorous children with diagnosed atopic disease.Subjects/Methods:Serum lipid profiles (triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fatty acids) were assessed in groups of children: healthy vegetarians (n=24) and children with diagnosed atopic diseases (n=16), with control group of healthy omnivores (n=18). Diet classification was assessed by a questionnaire.Results:No differences were observed in serum triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids level in all groups. In the group of Polish vegetarian children, we recorded high consumption of vegetable oils rich in monounsaturated fatty acid, and sunflower oil containing linoleic acid. This observation was associated with higher content of linoleic acid in serum in this group. Among polyunsaturated n-6 fatty acids, linoleic acid revealed significantly (P<0.05) lower levels in allergy vs vegetarian groups. In case of eicosapentaenoic acid (n-3 fatty acid), the allergy group showed higher levels of this compound in comparison to vegetarians.Conclusions:Significantly higher concentration of linoleic acid in vegetarian children in comparison to allergy group indicated possible alternative path of lipid metabolism in studied groups, and in consequence, some elements of vegetarian diet may promote protection against allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:Our purpose was to examine the effects of daily servings of butter, no-trans-fat margarine and plant sterol margarine, within recommended amounts, on plasma lipids, apolipoproteins (Apos), biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and on the transfer of lipids to HDL particles in free-living subjects with the metabolic syndrome.Methods:This was a randomized, single-blind study where 53 metabolic syndrome subjects (62% women, mean age 54 years) received isocaloric servings of butter, no-trans-fat margarine or plant sterol margarine in addition to their usual diets for 5 weeks. The main outcome measures were plasma lipids, Apo, inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers (CRP, IL-6, CD40L or E-selectin), small dense LDL cholesterol concentrations and in vitro radioactive lipid transfer from cholesterol-rich emulsions to HDL. Difference among groups was evaluated by analysis of variance.Results:There was a significant reduction in Apo-B (−10.4 %, P=0.043) and in the Apo-B/Apo-A-1 ratio (−11.1%, P=0.034) with plant sterol margarine. No changes in plasma lipids were noticed with butter and no-trans-fat margarine. Transfer rates of lipids to HDL were reduced in the no-trans-fat margarine group: triglycerides −42.0%, (P<0.001 vs butter and sterol margarine) and free cholesterol −16.2% (P=0.006 vs sterol margarine). No significant effects were noted on the concentrations of inflammatory and endothelial dysfunction markers among the groups.Conclusions:In free-living subjects with the metabolic syndrome consumption of plant sterol and no-trans-fat margarines within recommended amounts reduced, respectively, Apo-B concentrations and the ability of HDL to accept lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:To study the relationship between lipid, fatty acid and lipid-rich food intake and current asthma in a group of Spanish schoolchildren.Subjects/Methods:The subjects of this cross-sectional study were 638 Spanish schoolchildren (8-13 years of age). The weight and height of all the subjects were recorded. A questionnaire, completed by the subjects' parents, was used to obtain personal and health information. Current asthma was established when the children had ever had asthma, if they had been diagnosed with asthma by a doctor and if they had been treated with medications at some time in the previous 12 months. Food intake was monitored using a 3-day food record. All foods consumed were converted into energy and nutrients.Results:The energy derived from lipids, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and myristic and palmitic acids was independently associated with current asthma (Odds Ratio (OR) third tertile 2.85 (1.01-8.07) P=0.049, 10.00 (0.89-111.97) P=0.002, 11.21 (1.36-92.24) P=0.002, 7.58 (1.40-41.03) P=0.022, respectively), as was the intake of butter (OR third tertile 2.97 (1.01-8.68) P=0.001). No relationship was seen between this condition and the intake of any other fatty acid, the n-6/n-3 ratio, nor the consumption of margarine, milk products, fish, meat, eggs or vegetable oils.Conclusions:Increased intakes of SFAs, myristic and palmitic acids and butter seem to be related to the risk of current asthma in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of three specific ruminant (R) milk fats resulting from modification of the cow's diet on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy volunteers. R-milk fats were characterized by increased content in total trans fatty acids (R-TFAs) and parallel decrease in saturated fatty acids (SFAs).Subjects/Methods:A total of 111 healthy, normolipemic men and women have been recruited for a monocentric, randomized, double-blind and parallel intervention, 4-week controlled study. Volunteers consumed three experimental products (butter, dessert cream and cookies) made with one of the three specific milk fats (55 g fat per day). During the first week (run-in period), the subjects consumed on a daily basis dairy products containing 72% SFA/2.85% R-TFA (called ‘L0’). For the next 3 weeks of the study (intervention period), the first group continued to consume L0 products. The second group received dairy products containing 63.3% SFA/4.06% R-TFA (called ‘L4’), and the third group received dairy products containing 56.6% SFA/12.16% R-TFA (called ‘L9’).Results:Plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol were not significantly altered by either diet (P=0.38). Compared to L0 diet, L4 diet contributed to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol (−0.14±0.38 mmol/l, P=0.04), total cholesterol (−0.13±0.50 mmol/l, P=0.04), LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (−0.14±0.36, P=0.03) and total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol (−0.18±0.44, P=0.02).Conclusions:Different milk fat profiles can change cardiovascular plasma parameters in human healthy volunteers. A limited increase of the R-TFA/SFA ratio in dairy products is associated with an improvement in some cardiovascular risk factors. However, a further increase in R-TFA/SFA ratio has no additional benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resveratrol (RS), a polyphenol compound found in grapes and grape products, including wine, peanuts and berries, exists in cis- and trans-isomeric forms. RS is believed to decrease circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, it is possible that RS has other mechanisms to reduce the risk of CVD without altering lipid levels. The objective of this review is to critically examine results from recent research concerning potential effects of RS on CVD. RS exerts several health benefits including anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. RS may also prevent lipid oxidation, platelet aggregation, arterial vasodilation and modulates the levels of lipids and lipoproteins. As a potent, anti-oxidant RS reduces oxidative stress and regenerates α-tocopherol, which further strengthens the anti-oxidant defense mechanism. RS has been considered safe as no significant toxic effects have been identified, even when consumed at higher concentrations. This evidence identified RS as an effective anti-atherogenic agent, which could be used in the prevention and treatment of CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:This paper describes the dietary intake of total fat, saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and cholesterol of participants in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) in 27 centres across 10 countries.Methods:Between 1995 and 2000, a stratified random sample of 36 034 participants (age range 35–74 years) completed a standardized 24-h dietary recall, assessed by means of the computer software EPIC-SOFT. Lipid intake data were calculated using a standardized nutrient database.Results:On average, the contribution of fat to total energy intake was 34% of energy intake (%en) in women and 36%en in men for most EPIC centres, except for the British, Dutch and most Italian cohorts. Total fat (>40%en) and MUFA intakes (21%en, mainly from olive oil) were highest in Greece. Except for the Greek, Spanish and Italian centres, the average MUFA intake ranged between 10 and 13%en, with a high proportion derived from animal sources. SFA intake in women and men was lowest in the Greek, Spanish, Italian and UK cohorts with an average of 13%en (down to 9%en), and highest in the Swedish centres (16%en). The mean PUFA intake was in the range of 4–8%en, being highest in the UK health-conscious cohort. The average cholesterol intake across EPIC varied from 140 to 384 mg/d in women and 215–583 mg/d in men.Conclusions:The presented data show differences and similarities in lipid intake across the European EPIC cohorts and also show differences in food sources of dietary lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:Some epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that increased dairy consumption or calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation can have a beneficial effect on blood pressure, and lipid and lipoprotein concentrations. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term effects of calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk on blood pressure and lipid-lipoprotein concentrations in community-dwelling older men.Subjects/Methods:This is a substudy of a 2-year randomized controlled trial in which 167 men aged >50 years were assigned to receive either 400 ml per day of reduced fat (∼1%) milk fortified with approximately 1000 mg of calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D3 or to a control group receiving no additional fortified milk. Weight, blood pressure, lipid and lipoprotein concentrations were measured every 6 months. Participants on lipid-lowering (n=32) or antihypertensive medication (n=39) were included, but those who commenced, increased or decreased their medication throughout the intervention were excluded (n=27).Results:In the 140 men included in this study (milk, n=73; control, n=67), there were no significant effects of the calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk on weight, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations at any time throughout the intervention. Similar results were observed after excluding men taking antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medication or limiting the analysis to those with baseline calcium intakes <1000 mg per day and/or with hypovitaminosis D (25(OH)D <75 nmol/l).Conclusions:Supplementation with reduced-fat calcium-vitamin D3 fortified milk did not have a beneficial (nor detrimental) effect on blood pressure, lipid or lipoprotein concentrations in healthy community-dwelling older men.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, 993–1000; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.79; published online 21 January 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:The contemporary American diet figures centrally in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases—‘diseases of civilization’. We investigated in humans whether a diet similar to that consumed by our preagricultural hunter-gatherer ancestors (that is, a paleolithic type diet) confers health benefits.Methods:We performed an outpatient, metabolically controlled study, in nine nonobese sedentary healthy volunteers, ensuring no weight loss by daily weight. We compared the findings when the participants consumed their usual diet with those when they consumed a paleolithic type diet. The participants consumed their usual diet for 3 days, three ramp-up diets of increasing potassium and fiber for 7 days, then a paleolithic type diet comprising lean meat, fruits, vegetables and nuts, and excluding nonpaleolithic type foods, such as cereal grains, dairy or legumes, for 10 days. Outcomes included arterial blood pressure (BP); 24-h urine sodium and potassium excretion; plasma glucose and insulin areas under the curve (AUC) during a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); insulin sensitivity; plasma lipid concentrations; and brachial artery reactivity in response to ischemia.Results:Compared with the baseline (usual) diet, we observed (a) significant reductions in BP associated with improved arterial distensibility (−3.1±2.9, P=0.01 and +0.19±0.23, P=0.05);(b) significant reduction in plasma insulin vs time AUC, during the OGTT (P=0.006); and (c) large significant reductions in total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides (−0.8±0.6 (P=0.007), −0.7±0.5 (P=0.003) and −0.3±0.3 (P=0.01) mmol/l respectively). In all these measured variables, either eight or all nine participants had identical directional responses when switched to paleolithic type diet, that is, near consistently improved status of circulatory, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism/physiology.Conclusions:Even short-term consumption of a paleolithic type diet improves BP and glucose tolerance, decreases insulin secretion, increases insulin sensitivity and improves lipid profiles without weight loss in healthy sedentary humans.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, 947–955; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.4; published online 11 February 2009 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives:To investigate the relationships between body mass index (BMI), body fatness, ethnicity, age and blood lipids.Subjects/Method:In a subsample (N=643) of the 2002 New Zealand Child Nutrition Survey (N=3275, age 5–14 years) consisting Māori (89 boys, 69 girls), Pacific (154 boys, 194 girls) and European (71 boys, 66 girls) ethnic groups, fat-free mass (FFM) was determined by bioimpedance analysis. FFM index (FFMI, FFM/height2), fat mass index (FMI, fat mass/height2) and percentage body fat (%BF) were derived. Plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured in 515 (80%) of these children.Results:For the same BMI, %BF was lower in Pacific Island (P<0.0001) and Māori (P<0.0001) girls compared with European but for boys there were no ethnic differences. Cross-sectional analysis across ages using Hattori charts clearly showed sexual dimorphism with girls having a higher FMI, FFMI and BMI than boys by the age of 13 year. Both Pacific girls and boys showed upward trends in FFMI and FMI with age that were significantly higher than those of the other ethnicities. Adjusting for age, sex and ethnicity, %BF was a better predictor (R2=0.090, P=0.0002) of total cholesterol than BMI (R2=0.061, P=0.049) or waist (R2=0.075, P=0.013) while FFMI was the best predictor of HDL cholesterol (R2=0.15, P<0.0001) and waist was the best predictor of the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (R2=0.17, P<0.0001).Conclusions:Measurements of body fat and indices of body fatness additional to BMI in multiethnic paediatric populations allow changes in fat mass and FFM to be tracked and improve the ability to predict dyslipidaemia.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, 627–633; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.15; published online 27 February 2008 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:We hypothesized that a dietary combination of soy with either a probiotic (yoghurt) or a prebiotic (resistant starch) would result in enhanced lipid-lowering effects compared with a control soy diet, possibly via improvements in isoflavone bioavailability.Subjects:Mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects (men and post-menopausal women) older than 45 years were recruited via the local media. Thirty-six subjects commenced the study; five withdrew.Results:Soy+probiotic significantly decreased total cholesterol (4.7±2.0%; P=0.038) and soy+prebiotic significantly decreased total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (5.5±1.6%; P=0.003 and 7.3±2.2%; P=0.005, respectively). The bioavailabilities of daidzein, genistein or equol were not affected by probiotic or prebiotic consumption or associated with lipid changes.Conclusion:Dietary combination of soy with either a probiotic or a prebiotic resulted in significant lipid lowering, not related to isoflavone bioavailability.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, 238–245; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602910; published online 17 October 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:To compare the lipid profiles of exclusively breastfed and mixed-fed term healthy infants in the first 6 months of life.Design:Prospective comparative study.Setting:Study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital.Subjects:Four hundred consecutive term healthy infants, 200 on exclusive breastfeeding (group 1) and 200 receiving mixed feeding (group 2) were recruited at 14 weeks of age. At 6 months, 149 and 150 mother–infant pairs were followed up in groups 1 and 2, respectively.Methods:Anthropometric measures of the mother and baby were recorded. Serum lipid levels of the mother and babies were determined at 14 weeks. Babies were followed up till 6 months and their lipid levels were determined again at 6 months. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS.Results:Two groups were comparable in birth weight and maternal characteristics (P>0.05). Weight and head circumference were significantly more in the breastfed group at 14 weeks as well as at 6 months (P<0.001). Mean total cholesterol (TC) was 205.27±47.31 and 176.55±32.01 mg/dl in groups 1 and 2, respectively at 14 weeks (CI=20.77–36.66, P<0.001). At 6 months TC was 192.79±40.52 and 161.05±22.53 mg/dl in the two groups (CI=24.26–39.22, P<0.001). Change in total cholesterol from 14 weeks to 6 months was also significant in both groups (P<0.001). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides were significantly higher in the breastfed groups at 14 weeks and 6 months. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)/LDL-C significantly improved at 6 months in exclusively breastfed group (P=0.045). A positive correlation was found only at 14 weeks between mother's TC and baby's TC (r=0.332), mother's LDL-C with baby's LDL-C (r=0.223) in mixed fed group.Conclusion:Breastfed babies have significantly higher TC and LDL-C compared to mixed fed babies in the first 6 months of life with improving HDL-C/LDL-C ratio at 6 months.Sponsorship:None.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2008) 62, 203–209; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602692; published online 28 February 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim:To compare serum paraoxonase/arylesterase (PON-aryl) activities in phenylketonuric (PKU) patients with high and low phenylalanine (Phe) blood concentration.Patients and methods:Seventeen poorly controlled PKU children (off diet) underwent clinical and laboratory examinations before and after 30 days adhering to their special diet (on diet), whereas controls (N=24) were examined once. Lipid, lipoprotein levels and paraoxonase (PON 1) activities were measured with the Bayer Advia 1650 Clinical Chemistry System. Apolipoprotein AI (Apo AI) levels were determined by the Dade Behring BN ProSpec nephelometer, whereas total antioxidant capacity (TAC), PON-aryl and Phe levels were measured spectrophotometrically.Results:Phe significantly differed among the groups. Lipids and lipoproteins, except high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and Apo AI, were higher when off diet than those on diet. HDL-C and Apo AI were similar in patients and controls. TAC (0.99±0.19 mmol/l) was significantly lower when the patients were off diet than when they adhered to diet and controls (1.71±0.20 and 1.81±0.20 mmol/l P<0.001 respectively). PON 1 and PON-aryl activities (68±2 U/min/ml, 88±26 KU (min/ml) in children with high Phe were reduced as compared with those with low blood Phe levels (152±41 U/min/ml, 107±23 KU/min/ml P<0.001) and controls (146±43 U/min/ml, 109±41 KU/min/ml P<0.001). The enzyme activities positively correlated with HDL-C and Apo AI when PKU patients were on diet and controls as well as with TAC in all the groups, whereas negatively correlated with Phe levels.Conclusions:PON-aryl activities are strongly related to the dietary control of PKU patients.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007) 61, 803–808; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602591; published online 3 January 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To assess the effect of weight loss on the plasma lipid and remnant-like lipoprotein cholesterol (RLPc) response to a high-fat or a high-carbohydrate meal in a population of obese women.Design:Nutritional intervention study.Subjects:Sixteen obese women (mean body mass index (BMI): 37.6±5 kg/m2).Methods:Subjects were asked to follow an energy-restricted diet (800 kcal/day) for 7 weeks, followed by a 1-week maintenance diet. Before and after weight loss, each participant was given (in random order) two iso-energetic meals containing either 80% fat and 20% protein (the high-fat meal) or 80% carbohydrate and 20% protein (the high-carbohydrate meal). Blood samples were collected over the following 10-h period. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to assess the effect of the meal and postprandial time on biological variables and postprandial responses (notably RLPc levels).Results:Weight loss was associated with a significant decrease in fasting triglyceride (P=0.0102), cholesterol (P<0.0001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.0003), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P=0.0009) and RLPc (P=0.0015) levels. The triglyceride response to the high-fat meal was less intense after weight reduction than before (interaction P<0.002). This effect persisted after adjustment on baseline triglyceride levels. The triglyceride response to the high-carbohydrate meal was biphasic (i.e. with two peaks, 1 and 6 h after carbohydrate intake). After adjustment on baseline values, weight reduction was associated with a trend towards a reduction in the magnitude of the second triglyceride peak (interaction P<0.054). In contrast, there was no difference in postprandial RLPc responses before and after weight loss, again after adjustment on baseline levels.Conclusion:Our data suggest that weight loss preferentially affects postprandial triglyceride metabolism.Sponsorship:Insudiet company (France), Conseil Regional Nord Pas de Calais and Institut Pasteur de Lille.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007) 61, 711–718; doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602603; published online 17 January 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:To compare obesity measures, metabolic profiles and dietary fatty acids in lean and obese dyslipideamic Asian Indian male subjects.Design:Cross-sectional.Settings:Asian Indians living in the eastern part of India.Subjects:One hundred and thirty (Group I: lean control, n=50; Group II: lean dyslipidaemic, n=40 and Group III: obese dyslipidaemic, n=40) Asian Indian male subjects (30 years) living in the eastern part of India.Methods:Anthropometric measures namely height, weight, circumferences of waist (WC) and hip, lipids (total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG)), lipoproteins (high- (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL)), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and dietary fatty acids were obtained from each participant. Obesity measures, that is, body mass index (BMI), waist–hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index (CI) were subsequently calculated from anthropometric measures. Obesity was defined as individuals having BMI25 kg/m2. Subjects with one or more of the following conditions were considered as dyslipidaemic: TG2.3 mmol/l, TC6.2 mmol/l, or TC/HDL4.4 mmol/l. Daily intake of nutrients as well as saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were estimated by adding together all the foodstuffs consumed on weekly and monthly manner. Conversion of foodstuffs into nutrients was performed according to standard nutritive values of Indian foodstuffs.Results:Analysis of variance with Scheffe's post hoc test revealed that Group I had significantly lower mean compared to both Group II and Group III for age, WC, WHR, CI, TC, TG, LDL, FPG, total carbohydrates intake and intake of trans fatty acids. On the other hand, Group I had significantly lower mean than Group III only for BMI as well as intake of total proteins, total fats, total energy and erucic acids. Although, Group I had significantly greater mean compared to both Group II and Group III for HDL, UFA/SFA, MUFA/SFA and PUFA/SFA. Pearson's partial correlations (controlling for age and total energy) revealed that central obesity measures (WC, WHR and CI) had significant association with dietary fatty acids and their ratios. Furthermore, partial correlations (controlling for age) also showed that the ratios of unsaturated to SFA had significant negative association with lipids, lipoproteins (except HDL) and plasma glucose. Discriminant function analysis revealed that overall 78% of all entries were positively (correctly) classified in three groups using fatty acids and their ratios.Conclusion:It seems rational to argue that while dealing with dyslipidaemic Asian Indians, clinicians should consider obesity measures, metabolic profiles and dietary fatty acids simultaneously to better comprehend the condition (s).European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007) 61, 412–419. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602534; published online 27 September 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To determine the role of macronutrients oxidation ability in the postprandial response to a high lipid load in the mechanisms conferring resistance or susceptibility to obesity.Subjects and design:Nine lean and nine obese young male subjects with habitual similar high-fat intake (>40 % of energy) and comparable physical activity were selected and categorized as ‘resistant’, those who remained lean (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m2), and ‘susceptible’, those who were obese (BMI>30 kg/m2). Fasting blood samples were taken for the evaluation of blood metabolic and hormonal variables. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrates oxidation were measured by indirect calorimetry, in the fasting state and every 30 min for 3 h after a rich lipid meal (fat 94.7%) supplied to cover the 50% of the volunteers energy requirements. The study was performed at the Metabolic Unit of the University of Navarra.Results:Fasting RMR and lipid oxidation were higher in obese–susceptible subjects. However, similar values were found in both groups after adjustment for fat mass and free fat mass. The cumulative postprandial fat oxidation was also similar in both groups (despite having different tissue metabolic activity), whereas cumulative carbohydrate oxidation was lower in the obese–susceptible group. The thermic effect of food (% of dietary induced thermogenesis) was lower (P<0.05) in the susceptible–obese subjects. The energy and fat balance were more positive in the obesity-susceptible individuals after the high fat load, who also showed higher fasting homeostatic model assessment index, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and triacylglyceride levels, hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia.Conclusion:Lean–resistant individuals came closer to achieving fat balance than obese–susceptible subjects. These metabolic and hormonal differences are probably genetically determined.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2007) 61, 166–174. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602500; published online 9 August 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine whether supplements of plant sterols and/or glucomannan improve lipid profile and cholesterol biosynthesis in mildly hypercholesterolemic type II diabetic and non-diabetic subjects and to compare the response of these two subject groups to the treatments.Design:A randomized, crossover study consisting of four phases of 21 days, with each phase separated by a 28-day washout.Setting:The Mary Emily Clinical Nutrition Research Unit of McGill University.Subjects:Eighteen non-diabetic individuals and 16 type II diabetic individuals aged 38–74 years.Interventions:Subjects were supplemented with plant sterols (1.8 g/day), glucomannan (10 g/day), a combination of glucomannan and plant sterols, and a placebo, provided in the form of bars.Results:Overall plasma cholesterol concentrations were lowered (P<0.05) after combination treatment (4.72±0.20 mmol/l) compared to control (5.47±0.18 mmol/l). Plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations were decreased (P<0.05) after glucomannan (3.16±0.14 mmol/l) and combination treatments (2.95±0.16 mmol/l) compared to control (3.60±0.16 mmol/l). The results of lipid profiles did not differ between subject groups. Overall plasma lathosterol concentrations, an index of cholesterol biosynthesis, were lowered (P<0.05) after the combination treatment compared to the plant sterol treatment.Conclusions:The results suggest that glucomannan and a combination of glucomannan and plant sterols substantially improves plasma LDL cholesterol concentrations.Sponsorship:Forbes Medi-Tech Inc., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 529–537. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602347; published online 4 January 2006 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:The Oslo Diet and Antismoking study was a 5-year randomised trial initiated in 1972–1973, which studied the effect of dietary change and smoking cessation for the prevention of coronary heart disease among high-risk middle-aged men. To test the long-term maintenance of lifestyle change, we examined diet and cardiovascular risk factors in subjects initially randomised to the control and intervention groups 20 years after cessation of the intervention.Subjects and design:Of the original cohort that included 1232 participants, 910 survivors were identified in 1997 and cardiovascular risk factors were measured in 563 (62%) in 1997–1999. Of these, 558 (99%) also completed questionnaires about their food intake and attitudes to health and diet.Results:Cigarette smoking was nearly halved between baseline and 20-year follow-up in each of the intervention and control groups (P<0.001 within groups), but did not differ between the intervention group (39%) versus the control group (34%); P=0.07. Body mass index increased by 1.4±2.6 and 1.6±2.6 kg/m2 between baseline and 20-year follow-up in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P<0.001 within groups; NS between groups). Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations decreased substantially in subjects treated or untreated with statins (P<0.001 within the intervention and control groups) but did not differ between the groups (total cholesterol change of −1.4±1.3 and −1.3±1.2 mmol/l, respectively, and triglyceride change of −0.5±1.0 mmol/l in both groups). Men in the intervention group reported a less atherogenic fat quality score and lower intakes of fat, saturated fat and cholesterol, higher intakes of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein and beta-carotene and greater attention to lifestyle and change of diet than the control group (all P<0.05). The fatty acid concentrations did not differ, however, between the intervention and control groups (P>0.05).Conclusions:No long-term differences in smoking rates or lipid concentrations between the intervention and control groups were observed in the surviving attendees two decades after the end of the trial. Lifestyle intervention still influenced the dietary intake, though modestly.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 378–385. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602327; published online 23 November 2005 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:Clinical trials have indicated that water-soluble fiber from oats reduces serum cholesterol among hypercholesterolemic patients on a low-fat diet. We examined the effect of dietary fiber intake on serum lipids among persons without hypercholesterolemia.Design:Randomized controlled trial.Setting and subjects:We recruited 110 participants who were aged 30–65 years and had a serum cholesterol level <240 mg/dl from community.Intervention:Study participants were randomly assigned to receive 8 g per day of water-soluble fiber from oat bran or a control intervention.Results:At baseline, the mean levels of serum cholesterol and other measured variables were comparable between the high-fiber and control groups. Over the 3-month intervention, mean changes (95% confidence interval (CI)) in total, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol were −2.42 mg/dl (−8.90 to 4.05 mg/dl; P=0.46), −0.24 mg/dl (−2.19 to 1.71 mg/dl; P=0.81), and −1.96 mg/dl (−7.32 to 3.40 mg/dl; P=0.47) in the fiber group and −0.02 mg/dl (−5.29 to 5.26 mg/dl; P=0.99), 1.42 mg/dl (−0.74 to 3.59 mg/dl; P=0.19), and −0.64 mg/dl (−5.30 to 4.03 mg/dl; P=0.79) in the control group, respectively. The net changes (95% confidence interval) in total, HDL-, and LDL-cholesterol were −2.40 mg/dl (−10.6 to 5.81 mg/dl; P=0.56), −1.66 mg/dl (−4.55 to 1.22 mg/dl; P=0.26) and −1.33 mg/dl (−8.33 to 5.68 mg/dl; P=0.71), respectively.Conclusions:Our study does not support the hypothesis that water-soluble fiber intake from oat bran reduces total and LDL-cholesterol in study participants with a normal serum cholesterol level.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2006) 60, 62–68. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602268; published online 31 August 2005 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To evaluate interdevice reliability in body density (Db) and percent body fat (%BF) using air-displacement plethysmography, the BOD POD (BP) body composition system.Design and Setting:Duplicate body composition tests were performed in immediate succession on 50 adults (26 M, 24F; 21–53 y) using two BP units located in the same body composition laboratory.Results:Mean Db and %BF between BP1 and BP2 did not differ significantly for men (ΔDb=0.0003±0.0008 g/ml, P=0.632; Δ%BF=0.1±1.3, P=0.665), while for women, there were small but significant differences in Db and %BF between BP1 and BP2 (ΔDb=0.0018±0.0003 g/ml, P=0.001; Δ%BF=0.8±1.1, P=0.001). The regression between %BF by BP1 and BP2 did not deviate significantly from the line of identity for both men and women (R 2=0.95, standard error of estimate (s.e.e.)=1.23 %BF for men; R 2=0.97, s.e.e=1.13 %BF for women). Individual variations in %BF estimates between the two BP units were within acceptable ranges (95% limits of agreement=−2.5–2.7 %BF for men; −1.4–3.0 %BF for women), and there was no trend in individual differences as %BF varied (r=−0.19, P=0.359 for men; r=0.09, P=0.677 for women). Other subject characteristics, including age, body mass, height, and body mass index, did not significantly contribute to the differences in %BF estimates by the two BP units.Conclusions:No clinically significant differences in Db and %BF estimates exist between the BP units, and the interdevice variability of the BP has minimal impact on %BF estimates. Further, test-to-test reliability between BP units appears to be as good as within one unit.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2005) 59, 996–1001. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602202; published online 22 June 2005 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deregulated crosstalk within nuclear receptor/transcription factor family, comprising of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptor-α (LXR-α), can give rise to cooperativity between lipid peroxidation and inflammation leading to atherogenic process. The present study addressed to explore the effect of statins and vitamin ‘C’ on transcriptional expression of genes coding for this nuclear receptor/transcription factor family within mononuclear cells revealed for the first time that both mevastatin and vitamin ‘C’ have common action in that they significantly downregulate the expression of PPARs (α, γ) genes and upregulate LXR-α gene expression as compared to the control. The similar phenomenon was observed in mononuclear cells obtained from coronary heart disease (CHD) patients who were receiving atorvastatin treatment (20 mg HS). Further, the observed upregulatory effect of LXR-α gene expression was in conformity with the downregulatory effect of LXR-α on its effector gene matrix metalloproteinase-9. Based on these results, we propose that LXR-α-dependent signaling pathway may be a crucial target for the therapeutic intervention in human CHD, and in addition to statins, vitamin ‘C’ deserves a close scrutiny for the treatment of CHD.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2005) 59, 978–981. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602203; published online 22 June 2005 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective:To select a probiotic bacteria that would reduce serum lipids in hypercholesterolaemic volunteers.Design:A strain of lactobacillus was selected for its ability to metabolise cholesterol under varying conditions in vitro. Freeze-dried Lactobacillus acidophilus or placebo were then given in a double-blind randomised crossover study to volunteers with high cholesterols.Subjects:A total of 80 volunteers with elevated cholesterols.Interventions:Volunteers were randomly allocated to receive either two capsules containing freeze-dried L. acidophilus 3× 1010 CFU or placebo three times a day for 6 weeks. After a 6-week washout period, volunteers were crossed over to another 6 weeks of capsules. Serum lipids were measured at the beginning and end of each interventional period.Results:L. acidophilus was able to reduce cholesterol and survive in an acid and bile environment. No changes in anthropomorphic measurements or in dietary records were seen between the baseline and final records or between the two sets of baseline records. There were no changes in serum lipids seen throughout the study.Conclusion:Despite the ability in vitro for L. acidophilus to reduce cholesterol, no effect was seen in volunteers.Sponsorship:Life-Care Technologies Ltd, Worcestershire.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2005) 59, 776–780. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602139 Published online 20 April 2005 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE:: We designed this study to investigate the effects of oral L-carnitine administration on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid parameters in patients with diabetes mellitus type II. PATIENTS AND METHODS:: The effect of L-carnitine on FPG and lipid parameters was investigated in 22 male and 13 female type II diabetic patients; the mean age±s.d. was 51.3±3.7?y. The patients were randomly allocated to two groups (L-carnitine and placebo group) and 1?g of L-carnitine or of placebo was given orally three times a day for a period of 12 weeks. RESULTS:: FPG in the L-carnitine group decreased significantly from 143±35 to 130±33?mg/dl (P=0.03), and we observed a significant increase of triglycerides (TG) from 196±61 to 233±12?mg/dl (P=0.05), of Apo A1 from 94±20 to 103±23?mg/dl (P=0.02), and of Apo B100 from 98±18 to 108±22?mg/dl (P=0.02) after 12 weeks of treatment. There was no significant change in LDL-C, HDL-C, HbA1C, LP(a) or total cholesterol. CONCLUSION:: L-Carnitine significantly lowers FPG but increases fasting triglyceride in type II diabetic patients.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2005) 59, 592-596. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602109 Published online 2 March 2005 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE:: To test the hypothesis that dietary factors in the vegan diet lead to improved insulin sensitivity and lower intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) storage. DESIGN:: Case-control study. SETTING:: Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK. SUBJECTS:: A total of 24 vegans and 25 omnivores participated in this study; three vegan subjects could not be matched therefore the matched results are shown for 21 vegans and 25 omnivores. The subjects were matched for gender, age and body mass index (BMI). INTERVENTIONS:: Full anthropometry, 7-day dietary assessment and physical activity levels were obtained. Insulin sensitivity (%S) and beta-cell function (%B) were determined using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). IMCL levels were determined using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy; total body fat content was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. RESULTS:: There was no difference between the groups in sex, age, BMI, waist measurement, percentage body fat, activity levels and energy intake. Vegans had a significantly lower systolic blood pressure (-11.0?mmHg, CI-20.6 to-1.3, P=0.027) and higher dietary intake of carbohydrate (10.7%, CI 6.8-14.5, P<0.001), nonstarch polysaccharides (20.7?g, CI 15.8-25.6, P<0.001) and polyunsaturated fat (2.8%, CI 1.0-4.6, P=0.003), with a significantly lower glycaemic index (-3.7, CI-6.7 to-0.7, P=0.01). Also, vegans had lower fasting plasma triacylglycerol (-0.7?mmol/l, CI-0.9 to-0.4, P<0.001) and glucose (-0.4?mmol/l, CI-0.7 to-0.09, P=0.05) concentrations. There was no significant difference in HOMA%S but there was with HOMA%B (32.1%, CI 10.3-53.9, P=0.005), while IMCL levels were significantly lower in the soleus muscle (-9.7, CI-16.2 to-3.3, P=0.01). CONCLUSION:: Vegans have a food intake and a biochemical profile that will be expected to be cardioprotective, with lower IMCL accumulation and beta-cell protective. SPONSORSHIP:: MRC PhD studentship.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2005) 59, 291-298. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602076 Published online 3 November 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE:: To study the compliance and changes in plasma lipids, plant sterols, fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids in children and parents with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) consuming a plant sterol ester-enriched (PSE) spread. DESIGN:: A 26-week open-label follow-up of children who had previously been studied in a controlled cross-over design. The parents were also included in the open-label arm of the study. SETTING:: Outpatient clinic for treatment of hyperlipidemia. SUBJECTS:: A total of 37 children (7-13?y) and 20 parents (32-51?y) diagnosed with‘definite’or‘possible’heterozygous FH. In all, 19 of the parents, but no children, used statins. All were patients at the Lipid Clinic, National Hospital in Oslo. INTERVENTIONS:: Subjects were recommended to eat 20?g/day of PSE spread as part of their lipid-lowering diet. RESULTS:: The mean intake of PSE spread was 13.7 and 16.5?g/days in the children and parents, respectively, corresponding to 1.2 and 1.5?g of plant sterols. Plasma total cholesterol decreased by 9.1%in both children (P<0.001) and parents (P=0.002). The corresponding decreases in LDL cholesterol were 11.4%(P<0.001) and 11.0%(P=0.012). Increases in serum lathosterol, campesterol and sitosterol, adjusted for total cholesterol, were observed in the children (31, 96, 48%, respectively, P<0.001) at the end of the controlled cross-over period. In the parents, serum campesterol and sitosterol, adjusted for total cholesterol, increased by 92 and 39%, respectively (P<0.001). Lipid-adjusted seruma- andß-carotene decreased by 17.4%(P=0.008) and 10.9%(P=0.018), respectively, in the children at the end of the controlled PSE period, but increased again during the follow-up. In the parents, seruma- andß-carotene concentrations were unchanged, while serum lutein and lycopene decreased by 7.3%(P=0.037) and 14.6%(P=0.044), respectively. CONCLUSIONS:: Sustained efficacy of cholesterol reduction and long-term compliance of PSE intake were demonstrated in this study. SPONSORSHIP:: Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 1612-1620. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602015 Published online 16 June 2004 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We examined the relation between intake of natural dietary plant sterols and serum lipid concentrations in a free-living population. Design, setting and participants: Cross-sectional population-based study of 22 256 men and women aged 39–79y resident in Norfolk, UK, participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk). Main exposure and outcome measures: Plant sterol intake from foods and concentrations of blood lipids. Results: Mean concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adjusted for age, body mass index and total energy intake, decreased with increasing plant sterol intake in men and women. Mean total serum cholesterol concentration for men in the highest fifth of plant sterol intake (mean intake 463 mg daily) was 0.25 mmol/l lower and for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 0.14 mmol/l lower than those in the lowest fifth of plant sterol consumption (mean intake 178mg daily); the corresponding figures in women were 0.15 and 0.13 mmol/l. After adjusting for saturated fat and fibre intakes, the results for total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were similar, although the strength of the association was slightly reduced. Conclusions: In a free-living population, a high intake of plant sterols is inversely associated with lower concentrations of total and low-density lipoprotein serum cholesterol. The plant sterol content of foods may partly explain diet-related effects on serum cholesterol concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine whether the cholesterol-lowering effect of a plant-based low-fat diet can be improved by a flexible control design that controls the extent of fat reduction based on the individual response of blood cholesterol. Design: Randomized, double-blind intervention study. Setting: A hotel in Prerow, Germany. Subjects: A total of 32 participants (21 female and 11 male participants) with total cholesterol level>5.7 mmol/l. Intervention: The control group consumed a plant-based low-fat diet with constantly 20% of energy as fat; the intervention group received a diet with either 20 or 15% of energy as fat, depending on the serum cholesterol response of the preceding week. A flexible control design based on the individual cholesterol response during a run-in period of 1 week was used within a low-fat intervention. Results: During the run-in period, the consumption of a plant-based low-fat diet led to a reduction in total cholesterol by 18±6 mmol/l (P<0.001), in LDL cholesterol by 19±9 mmol/l (P<0.001) and triglycerides by 13±3 mmol/l (P<0.001). During the feedback control period, an additional reduction in total cholesterol by 13±8 (P<0.001) and in LDL cholesterol by 17±11 (P<0.001) was observed compared to 15±15 and 7±18 in the control group. The effect of an additional feedback control was only marginal and not statistically significant compared to the effect of the low-fat diet alone. Conclusions: On a level of fat intake already reduced to 20% of energy, the use of a feedback control to adapt the fat content of the diet depending on the individual serum cholesterol response was not more effective in reducing blood cholesterol levels than a plant-based low-fat diet alone. Sponsorship: Institute of Micro-Ecology, Herborn; the Stoll VITA Foundation, Waldshut; ALBAT+WIRSAM Software, Linden; Reformhaus Technical College, Oberstedten; Kölln Flocken Werke, Elmshorn, all in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of a rye, high-fibre diet (HFD) vs a wheat, low-fibre diet (LFD), meal frequency, nibbling (Nib, seven times a day) or ordinary (Ord, three times a day), and their combined effects on blood glucose, insulin, lipids, urinary C-peptide and ileal excretion of energy, cholesterol and bile acids in humans. Design: LFD period with Nib or Ord meal frequency followed by an HFD diet with Nib or Ord meal frequency in randomized, crossover design. Setting: Outpatients of ileostomy volunteers were called for an investigation in research word. Subjects: A total of 10 subjects (two female subjects, age 34 and 51 y; eight males, mean age 54.4 y, range 43–65 y) participated in the experiment. All subjects were proctocolectomized for ulcerative colitis (mean 16.0 y, range 8–29 y before the study). Intervention: In total, 10 ileostomy subjects started with LFD for 2 weeks, the first week on either Nib (five subjects) or Ord (five subjects) and the second week on the other meal frequencies, in a crossover design, followed by a wash-out week, and continued with HFD period for 2 weeks in the same meal frequency manner. All foods consumed in both Nib or Ord regimens were identical and a high-fibre rye bread was used in the HFD period and a low-fibre wheat bread in the LFD period. Main outcome measures: Day-profiles of blood glucose, insulin and lipids, blood lipids before and after dietary intervention, and excretion of steroids in the effluents and C-peptide in the urine. Results: During the Nib regimen, plasma glucose and insulin peaks were lower at the end of the day with HFD compared with LFD. Urinary C-peptide excretion was significantly higher in the day-time on LFD compared with HFD (LFD-Ord vs HFD-Ord, P<0.01; LFD-Nib vs HFD-Nib, P<0.01). Plasma free-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were significantly higher (P<0.05) after LFD than after HFD with the Nib regimen. A higher excretion of energy (P<0.05) and chenodeoxycholic acid (P<0.05) were observed with HFD compared with LFD regardless of meal frequency. A higher daily excretion of cholic acid, total bile acids, cholesterol, net cholesterol and net sterols (P<0.05) was observed on HFD compared with LFD with the Nib regimen. Conclusions: An HFD decreased insulin secretion measured as a decreased excretion of C-peptide in urine and as decreased plasma insulin peaks at the end of the day during a Nib regimen. The smoother glycaemic responses at the end of the day during a Nib regimen may be a consequence of a second meal phenomenon, possibly related to the nature of dietary fibre complex. Sponsorship: This study was supported by grants from the Swedish Council of Forestry and Agricultural Research (SJFR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy kava use has been associated with sudden death in Aboriginal Australians in Arnhem Land (Northern Territory, Australia) where poor diets and a high incidence of premature coronary heart disease are known. Heavy kava users may suffer additional risk if further malnourished. Among 98 people (62 males, 36 females) in one community, 36 never used kava, 26 were past users, and 36 were continuing users. Across kava-using groups skinfold thickness, body mass index and body fat decreased. Total- and LDL-cholesterol were elevated in kava users compared to both former users and never users. HDL-cholesterol was higher in current users vs never users. Across kava-using groups, triglycerides, homocysteine and diet-derived antioxidant vitamins a-tocopherol and retinol, did not vary. Plasma carotenoid levels (indicative of vegetable and fruit intake) were very low, but when adjusted for plasma cholesterol, did not vary between kava-using groups. An obsession for kava drinking may mediate kava's direct effects on nutritional status.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 1090-1093. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601921 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE:: To investigate the impact of irregular meal frequency on circulating lipids, insulin, glucose and uric acid concentrations which are known cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN:: A randomised crossover dietary intervention study. SETTING:: Nottingham, UK-Healthy free-living women. SUBJECTS:: A total of nine lean healthy women aged 18-42?y recruited via advertisement. INTERVENTION:: A randomised crossover trial with two phases of 14 days each. In Phase 1, subjects consumed their normal diet on either 6 occasions per day (regular) or by following a variable meal frequency (3-9 meals/day, irregular). In Phase 2, subjects followed the alternative meal pattern to that followed in Phase 1, after a 2-week (wash-out) period. Subjects were asked to come to the laboratory after an overnight fast at the start and end of each phase. Blood samples were taken for measurement of circulating glucose, lipids, insulin and uric acid concentrations before and for 3?h after consumption of a high-carbohydrate test meal. RESULTS:: Fasting glucose and insulin values were not affected by meal frequency, but peak insulin and AUC of insulin responses to the test meal were higher after the irregular compared to the regular eating patterns (P<0.01). The irregular meal frequency was associated with higher fasting total (P<0.01) and LDL (P<0.05) cholesterol. CONCLUSION:: The irregular meal frequency appears to produce a degree of insulin resistance and higher fasting lipid profiles, which may indicate a deleterious effect on these cardiovascular risk factors. SPONSORSHIP:: The Ministry of Health and Medical Education, IR Iran.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 1071-1077. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601935 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND:: In a recent pilot study, the intake of elderberry juice resulted in a significant decrease in serum cholesterol concentrations and an increase in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) stability. This study was designed to verify the preliminary results. OBJECTIVE:: We investigated the impact of elderberry juice on cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations as well as antioxidant status in a cohort of young volunteers. DESIGN:: Study A: The randomized, placebo-controlled trial for studying the effect of anthocyanes on lipid and antioxidant status, 34 subjects took capsules with 400?mg spray-dried powder containing 10% anthocyanes t.i.d. equivalent to 5?ml elderberry juice for 2 weeks. A subgroup of 14 subjects continued for an additional week to test for resistance to oxidation of LDL. Study B: To investigate the short-term effects on serum lipid concentrations, six subjects took a single dose of 50?ml of elderberry juice (equivalent to 10 capsules) along with a high-fat breakfast. RESULTS:: In the placebo-controlled study, there was only a small, statistically not significant change in cholesterol concentrations in the elderberry group (from 199 to 190?mg/dl) compared to the placebo group (from 192 to 196?mg/dl). The resistance to copper-induced oxidation of LDL did not change within 3 weeks. In the single-dose experiment increases in postprandial triglyceride concentrations were not significantly different when the six subjects were investigated with and without elderberry juice. CONCLUSIONS:: Elderberry spray-dried extract at a low dose exerts a minor effect on serum lipids and antioxidative capacity. Higher, but nutritionally relevant doses might significantly reduce postprandial serum lipids. SPONSORSHIP:: This study was supported by the Austrian Industrial Research Fund (FFF, Project Nr. 802230) and the Steirische Beerenfrost GmbH.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 244-249. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601773 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND:: Isoflavones are estrogen-like plant compounds that may protect against cardiovascular disease and endocrine-responsive cancer. Isoflavones may, because of their ability to act as selective estrogen receptor modulators, alter insulin-like growth factor (IGF) status. OBJECTIVE:: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of 1-month isoflavone supplementation (86?mg/day red clover-derived isoflavones) on IGF status. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS:: Healthy pre- (n=16) and postmenopausal (n=7) women were invited to take part in a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover study with a minimum 2-month washout period. RESULTS:: For premenopausal subjects, the change in IGF-1, IGF-BP1 and IGF-BP3 assessed at different points of the menstrual cycle did not differ between isoflavone and placebo phase. However, the change in IGF-1, when examined pre- and post-supplementation, was nonsignificantly reduced (P=0.06) on the isoflavone supplement compared to placebo. For postmenopausal subjects, the change in IGF-1, IGF-BP1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations over the supplementation period did not differ between isoflavone or placebo phase. Isoflavones increased HDL in postmenopausal women compared to placebo (P=0.02) but did not alter either cholesterol or triacylglycerol concentrations, and had no effect on antioxidant status. CONCLUSIONS:: This study shows that 1-month supplementation with red clover isoflavones has a positive effect on HDL cholesterol, but at most a small effect on IGF status in premenopausal and no effect in postmenopausal subjects. Further studies are required to ascertain the role these dietary compounds may have to play in breast cancer prevention. SPONSORHIP:: The isoflavone and placebo supplements were kindly supplied by Novogen (North Ryde, Sydney, Australia). This study was supported by Action Against Breast Cancer registered charity number 1020967.European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2004) 58, 173-179. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601764 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the oxidative burden of a highly concentrated compound of n-3 PUFAs as compared to corn oil by measuring thiobarbituric acid-malondialdehyde complex (TBA-MDA) by HPLC. We also studied the influence on TBA-MDA of statins combined with n-3 PUFAs or corn oil. Design: A prospective, randomised, double-blind, controlled study. Setting: One hospital centre in Stavanger, Norway. Subjects: A total of 300 subjects with an acute myocardial infarction (MI). Interventions: Gelatine capsules, containing 850-882 mg EPA and DHA as concentrated ethylesters, or 1 g of corn oil, were ingested in a dose of two capsules twice a day for at least 1 y. Alpha-tocopherol (4 mg) was added to all capsules to protect the PUFAs against oxidation. Results: After 1 y TBA-MDA increased modestly in the n-3 PUFA group (n =125), as compared to the corn oil group (n =130), P =0.027. Multiple linear regression analyses of fatty acids in serum total phospholipids (n =56) on TBA-MDA measured after 12 months intervention, showed no dependency. Performing best subsets regression, serum phospholipid concentration of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6 PUFA) was identified as a predictor of TBA-MDA at 12 months follow-up, P =0.004. We found no impact of statins on TBA-MDA. Conclusion: TBA-MDA increased modestly after long-term intervention with n-3 PUFAs compared to corn oil post-MI, suggesting biological changes induced by n-3 PUFAs, rather than simply reflecting their concentration differences. The peroxidative potential of n-3 PUFAs was not modified by statin treatment. Sponsorship: Pharmacia A/S and Pronova A/S, Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a study on the lipid-lowering potential of a butter-fat modified through manipulation in bovine feeding to increase the ratio of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids. Alternate approach to improving cardiovascular risk; Methodology; Results and discussion.

Presents a study that examined whether the same amount of lipid, protein and carbohydrate intake has different consequences on body mass index (BMI). Effect of a high BMI; Methodology; Results and discussion.

Presents a study which assessed nutrient profile and its association with the anthropometry, percentage body fat and blood lipids in the urban slum dwellers in India. Description of the study area; Characteristics of the subjects; Materials and methods; Results and conclusions.

Examines the hypotheses that the fatty acid status of non-pregnant women is affected by socio-economic status and anthropometric, behavioural and obstetric factors. Blood collection and preparation of samples for lipid analyses; Characteristics of the study population; Mean percentage values of total plasma and red blood cells lipid fatty acids and their ratio in the study population.

Provides information on a study which analyzed the role of dietary lipids in salivary gland tumorigenesis. Risk factors of salivary gland tumors; Relationship between cancer and diet; Conclusions.