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Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnoea, cough, sputum production, exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and/or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction. Aim: To study RCI as a marker for severity of COPD. Material and Methods: An observational study was conducted in Department of Pulmonary Medicine, K. N. Chest hospital, after approval from institution ethical committee, Dr. S. N. Medical College, Jodhpur. Result: In our study, 58 (58.0%) patients were Cigarettes, 36 (36.0%) patients were Ex-smoker and 6 (6.0%) patients were Non-Smoker. Conclusion: We conclude that, majority numbers of patients were Cigarettes in Stage 1 compared to Stage 2, Stage 3 and Stage 4 though it was not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually represented by chronic airway inflammation leading to variable respiratory symptoms and variable expiratory airflow limitation. Vitamin D has been shown to have several effects on the innate and adaptive immune systems that might modulate the severity of asthma exacerbations. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is common in asthma patient, which causes frequent asthma attacks, respiratory tract infections, reduced lung function, poor asthma control, poor steroid responsiveness and severe asthma exacerbations. Objective: To determine serum vitamin D levels among asthmatic patients and to correlate them with the severity of bronchial asthma. Methods: A total of 50 patients with stable bronchial asthma between 18 to 60 years ages groups were included in the study. This Observational Study was conducted from April 2022 to December 2022 in Department of Respiratory medicine, Kamla Nehru Chest Hospital, Jodhpur. After taking proper clinical history and system examination, spirometry was done in each patient to obtain forced expiratory volume (FEV1), FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio for determination of the severity of asthma. Asthma control was assessed by using of asthma control questionnaire. Serum vitamin D level and absolute eosinophils count were measured in all participants. Results: In our study out of 50 cases, male patients (n=24) and female (n=26) which Association of Allergic history in Group with Severity of asthma was statistically significant (p=0.0240) and mean Vitamin-D Levels (ng/ml) was significantly higher in Mild [29.2182± 6.0880] compared to Moderate [23.3583± 5.2467] and Severe [14.9067± 5.1568] (p<0.0001). The mean Vitamin D Levels was significantly higher in "well controlled" [27.9071 ± 6.3191] compared to "partly controlled" [22.8706 ± 6.8941] and "uncontrolled" [17.2158 ± 7.0243] (p=0.0002). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are highly prevalent in asthma patients in which prolonged duration of illness, frequently asthma exacerbation and poor asthma control. Hence, vitamin D is a useful for prevention and treatment of bronchial asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease that is a major cause of ill health and one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Monocytes are professional phagocytes that are highly skilled in defence against many pathogens, including MTB.4 They circulate in the blood and can differentiate into monocyte-derived macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells that govern innate and adaptive immune responses and Lymphocytes (L) provide resistance to the spread of infection causing mycobacterial clearance. Aim & Objectives: To assess the monocyte lymphocyte ratio (M/L ratio) as a possible prognostic biomarker to see the outcome of Anti Tuberculous Therapy in terms of sputum status in active TB cases. Material & Methods: The present study was a Prospective observational study. This study was conducted from Feb 2021 and July 2022 at Department of respiratory medicine, Kamla Nehru Chest Hospital, Dr S N Medical College Jodhpur, a tertiary care Centre for respiratory diseases, Rajasthan, India. 130 patients were included in this study. Result: In our study, 7 (5.4%) patients had COPD, 23 (17.7%) patients had HTN and 18 (13.8%) patients had T2DM. The value of z is 9.8029. The value of p is < .00001. The result is significant at p <.05. In our study, 130 (100.0%) patients had Sputum Status at 0 month. In our study, 117 (90.0%) patients had Sputum conversion at 2nd month. The value of z is 12.8996. The value of p is < .00001. The result is significant at p <.05. The mean Monocytes at 0 Month of patients was [5.0769± 1.2519], mean Lymphocytes at 0 Month of patients was [17.7392± 4.3696], mean M/L ratio at 0 Month of patients was [.3057± .1206], mean Monocytes at 2nd Month of patients was [4.4862± 1.1302] and mean M/L ratio at 2nd Month of patients was [.2389± .0821]. Conclusion: Tuberculosis ss associated with Increased M/L Ratio, which Declines and Returns to Normal with Anti-Tuberculous Therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A pleural effusion is accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural space due to an imbalance between the production and absorption of pleural fluid by pleurae (visceral as well as parietal). Pleural effusion is a common clinical manifestation and about 3000 per Million people in the world suffers from pleural disease. Aims: To assess usefulness of ratio of serum LDH to Pleural Fluid ADA in differentiating Malignant Pleural Effusion and Tubercular Pleural Effusion. Materials and Methods: The study was a Descriptive Observational Crosssectional study was conducted in Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kamala Nehru Chest Hospital, Dr S N Medical College Jodhpur (Rajasthan), and a tertiary care centre for Respiratory Disease in Rajasthan, India after getting clearance from the Ethical committee. Result: found that most patients with tubercular pleural effusion (n=20) had Pleural Fluid ADA levels >35 and majority of the patients had Biopsy proven Malignant pleural effusion [22 (44.0%)] and it was statistically significant (p< .00001), (z=4.1036). Conclusion: We found that, most number of patients had Tubercular Pleural Effusion. It was statistically significant and majority of the patients had Biopsy proven malignant pleural effusion and it was statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]