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Despite the increasing proportion of female medical and nursing students, there is still a significant under-representation of women working as healthcare providers in interventional cardiology, with very few of them reaching senior leadership, academic positions, or acting principal investigators, as well as actively involved in company advisory boards. In this position paper, we will describe the current status of women working in interventional cardiology across Europe. We will also provide an overview of the most relevant determinants of the under-representation of women at each stage of the interventional cardiology career path and offer practical suggestions for overcoming these challenges., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest Dr Buchanan declares travel support from Menarini. Dr Paradies declares consulting, advisory board and speaker fees from Abbott and Boston Scientific and research grant to the institution from Abbott. Dr Karam declares consulting, speaker and advisoryboard fees from Abbott, Medtronic and Edwards. Dr Holmvang declares speaker fees from Bayer. Dr Morice declares to be CEO andshare holder of CERC, a CRO not involved in the publication, and to be minor shareholder of ELECRODUCER. Dr Manzo-Silberman declares consulting and speaker fees for Bayer, Organon, Exeltis, Biotronik, Organon and BMS. Dr Petronio declares consulting and speaker fees from Boston and Abbott and from Medtronic to the Institution. Dr Mauri declares to be share holder of CERC, a CRO notinvolved in the publication. Dr Mehilli declares speaker fees from Daiichi Sankyo, Biotronik, Astra Zeneca, BMS and SIS Medical. Dr Barbato declares speaker's fees and travel grants from the following companies: BSCI, Abbott, Insight Lifetech, MicroPort. Dr Chieffo declares speaker/consulting fees from Abiomed, Boston Scientific, Biosensor, Menarini, Medtronic and Shock Wave Medical. The other authors declare no conflict of interest related to this article., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

A cardiological ranking list was prepared based on papers published in 1981-1992. The nations studied comprised the G-7 countries, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. The number of citations received by these publications was checked. In general the output and citation frequency in the last decade increased, although often temporarily. These data were also related to population size and expenditure on research and development. They show that the United States leads research in clinical cardiology. In most G-7 nations, however, the quality and quantity of cardiological publications lag behind those of the smaller West-European countries. This may be partly due to differences in funding and/or publication in a language other than English.