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It is increasingly recognized that maintaining biodiversity is of fundamental importance toward sustaining human livelihoods. One of the major assets of the region identified as “Latin America and the Caribbean” (LAC) is its biological wealth; by extension, the continued biodiversity loss of the LAC region is seen as one of the world’s principal environmental problems. The marine resources of Caribbean Sea are of vital economic, ecological and social importance to the LAC region, and are under particular threat. Marine turtles play vital roles throughout the Caribbean Sea both in terms of ecological functions and human welfare. Conservation efforts in this direction can often depend on the ability to place a value on welfare changes associated with the loss of ecosystem goods and services into which biodiversity plays an integral role.Using the ecosystem service categories of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, this paper discusses from an inter-disciplinary perspective the methodologies associated with linking marine turtles, ecosystem services and human welfare. While the main economic benefit to be currently valued may stem from the eco-tourism potential surrounding turtle nesting sites, for a true picture of the environmental resources upon which this service depends, it is necessary to also identify the other provisioning, regulating and cultural services of the resource. In this way, human welfare impacts can be more truly judged, and effective resource management can be undertaken.

This paper provides a review of ecosystems modelling within the Caribbean using the Ecopath approach and software tools. The review is not intended to provide a direct comparison of the modelled ecosystems attributes and performance, as this would require having access to the models and the data sets used to build the models. Rather, a general comparison is made of the outputs of the models and the various authors’ descriptions of ecosystem attributes.

In this introductory article of the issue paper on marine resources, the authors review the issues with usage and consumption patterns, in terms of protection and governance systems. They stress their environmental significance, social but also economic for many country and coastal communities. They focus on the actions already implemented and the need to deepen knowledge in this field.

This paper provides a review of ecosystems modelling within the Caribbean using the Ecopath approach and software tools. The review is not intended to provide a direct comparison of the modelled ecosystems attributes and performance, as this would require having access to the models and the data sets used to build the models. Rather, a general comparison is made of the outputs of the models and the various authors’ descriptions of ecosystem attributes.

It is increasingly recognized that maintaining biodiversity is of fundamental importance toward sustaining human livelihoods. One of the major assets of the region identified as “Latin America and the Caribbean” (LAC) is its biological wealth; by extension, the continued biodiversity loss of the LAC region is seen as one of the world’s principal environmental problems. The marine resources of Caribbean Sea are of vital economic, ecological and social importance to the LAC region, and are under particular threat. Marine turtles play vital roles throughout the Caribbean Sea both in terms of ecological functions and human welfare. Conservation efforts in this direction can often depend on the ability to place a value on welfare changes associated with the loss of ecosystem goods and services into which biodiversity plays an integral role.Using the ecosystem service categories of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, this paper discusses from an inter-disciplinary perspective the methodologies associated with linking marine turtles, ecosystem services and human welfare. While the main economic benefit to be currently valued may stem from the eco-tourism potential surrounding turtle nesting sites, for a true picture of the environmental resources upon which this service depends, it is necessary to also identify the other provisioning, regulating and cultural services of the resource. In this way, human welfare impacts can be more truly judged, and effective resource management can be undertaken.

This study, using cointegration and causality tests, investigates the relationship among tourism development, economic expansion, and poverty reduction in Haiti. fmpirical studies have shown that the three variables are cointegrated with a long-run stable relationship among the three. At 5% level, the causality tests suggest one-way Granger causal relation between economic growth and tourism development, and between poverty reduction and tourism development. On the other hand, the paper presents arguments in support of the proposition that poverty reduction as a source of tourism development, offers a convincing case for the use of policy instruments focused to drive a tourism-based economy.

This paper deals with beach quality assessment. At first, the author presents the state of the art through a conceptual and a methodological approach. Then, she applies the methodological framework she has elaborated to the beaches of the British Virgin Islands. On the basis of the results of the assessment, she discusses the environmental impacts of tourism in small tropical island.

In recent years, there has been a proliferation of second home developments on attractive coastal regions of Central and South America. Based on the assumed benefits of second home tourism to regional economies, public authorities - accompanied by private investors – have capitalised on this sector as part of their tourism development strategies. This paper first examines the nature of recent second home tourism developments and then presents the socio-economic and environmental impacts of this phenomenon as experienced by local communities on the South Pacific Coast of Nicaragua. The main impacts include conflicts with local and indigenous communities over land use and ownership, seasonal and low-income employment generation, an increased burden on municipal budget to provide public infrastructure, and environmental degradation. It is argued that the second home tourism sector, strongly driven by private real estate investors, fails to generate tourism activities which are expected to sustain community development. Furthermore, this study indicates that municipalities concentrating on the second home tourism segment may deprive themselves of access to resources for more sustainable forms of tourism activities.

This paper will analyze the tourism image the municipal and state tourism offices of Guanajuato, Mexico, a World Heritage site, aim to project through their promotional materials: a small, colonial city, whose streets are shown as empty, cobble-stoned, and set in romantic light. The "city of Cervantes in the Americas" (a title bestowed by UNESCO in 2005 to honor the theatrical tradition of Cervantes plays in Guanajuato) appears to want to set forth an image of tranquility and spaciousness, while the reality is much different: Guanajuato's mainly narrow and windy streets typically bustle, plazas and gardens are full of activity, in short, the town is alive, yet its projected image lacks liveliness. Furthermore, although it is a World Heritage site, Guanajuato has thus far not used that brand to its advantage; instead, Guanajuato has recently had a variety of slogans to promote itself, seemingly at the whim of officials. Through interviews with tourism officials and a selection of collected tourism materials, I show how the city has yet to establish a “coherent” brand, and is going through various phases of place marketing at once.

This study, using cointegration and causality tests, investigates the relationship among tourism development, economic expansion, and poverty reduction in Haiti. fmpirical studies have shown that the three variables are cointegrated with a long-run stable relationship among the three. At 5% level, the causality tests suggest one-way Granger causal relation between economic growth and tourism development, and between poverty reduction and tourism development. On the other hand, the paper presents arguments in support of the proposition that poverty reduction as a source of tourism development, offers a convincing case for the use of policy instruments focused to drive a tourism-based economy.

In recent years, there has been a proliferation of second home developments on attractive coastal regions of Central and South America. Based on the assumed benefits of second home tourism to regional economies, public authorities - accompanied by private investors – have capitalised on this sector as part of their tourism development strategies. This paper first examines the nature of recent second home tourism developments and then presents the socio-economic and environmental impacts of this phenomenon as experienced by local communities on the South Pacific Coast of Nicaragua. The main impacts include conflicts with local and indigenous communities over land use and ownership, seasonal and low-income employment generation, an increased burden on municipal budget to provide public infrastructure, and environmental degradation. It is argued that the second home tourism sector, strongly driven by private real estate investors, fails to generate tourism activities which are expected to sustain community development. Furthermore, this study indicates that municipalities concentrating on the second home tourism segment may deprive themselves of access to resources for more sustainable forms of tourism activities.

This paper will analyze the tourism image the municipal and state tourism offices of Guanajuato, Mexico, a World Heritage site, aim to project through their promotional materials: a small, colonial city, whose streets are shown as empty, cobble-stoned, and set in romantic light. The "city of Cervantes in the Americas" (a title bestowed by UNESCO in 2005 to honor the theatrical tradition of Cervantes plays in Guanajuato) appears to want to set forth an image of tranquility and spaciousness, while the reality is much different: Guanajuato's mainly narrow and windy streets typically bustle, plazas and gardens are full of activity, in short, the town is alive, yet its projected image lacks liveliness. Furthermore, although it is a World Heritage site, Guanajuato has thus far not used that brand to its advantage; instead, Guanajuato has recently had a variety of slogans to promote itself, seemingly at the whim of officials. Through interviews with tourism officials and a selection of collected tourism materials, I show how the city has yet to establish a “coherent” brand, and is going through various phases of place marketing at once.

This paper deals with beach quality assessment. At first, the author presents the state of the art through a conceptual and a methodological approach. Then, she applies the methodological framework she has elaborated to the beaches of the British Virgin Islands. On the basis of the results of the assessment, she discusses the environmental impacts of tourism in small tropical island.

Since the early sixteenth century, the history of Jamaica has been associated successively with slavery, Christian Evangelization, colonialism and neocolonialism, which gave rise to numerous revolutions, riots and various other forms of social unrest. Black Jamaicans have always lived in a constant state of resistance, a mentality that gave birth, in the early thirties, to a Jamaican religion called Rastafari. Besides studying the roots and symbolism of Rastafari, my paper is aimed at defining the Rasta movement as a religion born as a legitimate response to oppression and Christian Evangelization. In other words, my work examines Rastafari as a Pan-African and Afrocentric version of “White” Christianity.

This paper analyzes the socio-cultural dynamic between multiple stakeholders with divergent interests concerning the formalization of the status of a natural area into a protected area. The empirical case under analysis is the creation of the Saguenay Marine Park located at the confluence of the St-lawrence and Saguenay rivers in Québec, a rural region represented by different localities showing some contradictions in socio-economic values and agendas. The dual perspective put forth is, first, the governmental decision one to create and promote a marine protected area, and second, the regional community one to participate in the process and adapt the management of their cultural and environmental heritage to their own perception of their socio-economic identity. The objective of analysis is to identify the logics of action underlying both processes. The empirical results show two distinct logics at work, a government logic of classic managerial planning and implementation into which the community has a programmed role and a community logic of emergent planning, less comprehensive in scope, but adaptable to the emerging realities and limitations of the governmnent one. They can be seen in tandem as representing a governance process at work, one with a basic participative character, but one which suggests that an enhanced democratic process entails a higher vigilance level from a community perspective, such as to produce a more even democratic symmetry of powers between the State and the regional community.

This paper addresses the challenge of transforming Mediterranean islands into sustainable tourism areas, through the direct (or indirect) use of renewable energy projects and technologies. Through demonstration and a discussion of cases studies from studied islands, which takes into account island-specific characteristics and particularities, we assess the compatibility of renewable energy technologies (RETs) with sustainable tourism development. Conclusions emerge from this analysis which highlight prerequisites for RET-tourism compatibility; this has potential transferability to other insular territories. Developing an appreciation of the factors that can lead to sustainable tourism in islands through the use of renewable energy is a priority issue for two main reasons. Firstly, because until now scientific literature has only discussed the question of photovoltaics’ integration into tourism buildings, and secondly, because of the relatively high vulnerability to climate change impacts of islands compared to many mainland areas, according to predictions made by the United Nations and the European Union. Whilst international politics deal with the mass reduction of gaseous emissions into the atmosphere, reducing the adverse effects of climate change in the islands has become a significant component of national priorities.

This paper addresses the challenge of transforming Mediterranean islands into sustainable tourism areas, through the direct (or indirect) use of renewable energy projects and technologies. Through demonstration and a discussion of cases studies from studied islands, which takes into account island-specific characteristics and particularities, we assess the compatibility of renewable energy technologies (RETs) with sustainable tourism development. Conclusions emerge from this analysis which highlight prerequisites for RET-tourism compatibility; this has potential transferability to other insular territories. Developing an appreciation of the factors that can lead to sustainable tourism in islands through the use of renewable energy is a priority issue for two main reasons. Firstly, because until now scientific literature has only discussed the question of photovoltaics’ integration into tourism buildings, and secondly, because of the relatively high vulnerability to climate change impacts of islands compared to many mainland areas, according to predictions made by the United Nations and the European Union. Whilst international politics deal with the mass reduction of gaseous emissions into the atmosphere, reducing the adverse effects of climate change in the islands has become a significant component of national priorities.

This chapter seeks to contribute to a greater understanding of tourism on small tropical islands and to tourism planning in this context by outlining aspects of the methodology used in the preparation of the Samoa Tourism Development Plan 2002-2006 and by discussing some of the issues that arose from this process. In particular, the chapter presents a ‘question-asking’ approach that involves wide-ranging stakeholder consultation to identify and then address key issues, namely: - How much tourism does Samoa want and at what rate should it be developed over the next five years? - What will the growth of tourism in Samoa over the period 2002-2006 depend on? - What forms of tourism should be developed and where? - What are the most appropriate processes of tourism development for Samoa? The strategies formulated in the plan are then outlined. The paper concludes that local participation, while invaluable, is by itself insufficient for the preparation of an effective tourism development plan.

Tourism in marine and coastal areas is a complex phenomenon. Tourism in coastal areas brings along both positive and negative effects on the environment as a result of activities exerted upon such areas by proponents and tourists. While tourism development results in the modification of coastal environments, it can also flourish where such environments are left unmodified as the pristine nature of the environments attract visitors. Alternatively, in order for marine and coastal tourism to develop and continue to attract tourists, there is the need for an integrated approach that can be translated into a sustainable coastal tourism development. The aim of this paper therefore, is to postulate and develop a framework and guideline to be addressed by decision-makers for coastal areas. Frameworks for sustainable coastal tourism development and coastal zone management (CZM) are suggested taking into account the multifaceted nature of the coastal environment. Although Hong Kong epitomizes a successful tourism destination, alternative tourism is attractive as the diversity of habitats and life forms makes the Hong Kong coastal area unique. For the ecological richness to continue to provide avenues for alternative tourism, it is argued that such frameworks should be adaptable and implemented for a sustainable coastal tourism policy.

The tropical coast of Queensland, Australia is experiencing rapid population and tourism growth. Heavy development pressure is being placed on the biophysical environment, which includes the largest sand island in the world (World Heritage listed), Fraser Island. Despite the existence of State planning legislation oriented towards environmental sustainability, it is apparent that little, if any, regard is being paid to the long-term effects of resort and canal-estate development on the underlying biophysical environment of the coast and islands. While the remarkable surface features of the tropical coastal environment such as the surf beaches, the unique dune lakes, and the coastal vegetation, as well as the prolific wildlife, are used as selling points for new settlement and above all tourism, little is known or apparently of major concern with respect to the long term environmental impact of coastal development. While the crowding effect of large numbers of visitors and their impact on the natural environment - through significant degradation, site hardening or lack of proper on-site management – has been identified as a particular problem in certain areas, there is little knowledge of impacts on the underlying coastal geomorphology. In particular, developmental choices are often made in ignorance of, or disregard of, the widespread existence of tropical acid sulfate soils in that coastal environment. Reactive soils such as these can, and do, greatly affect the biophysical outcomes of a development if they are exposed. This paper documents such impacts in the form of a case study of the acid sulfate soil problem in relation to the development of tourist resorts, and suggests that part of the solution is for the State Government to insist on enforceable standards relating to their development for tourism in the coastal zone. These would reduce the use by many resort owners of fancy golf course developments as an environmental cover up to make it look as if they put a lot of effort into protecting the environment….

This paper examines the changing fortunes of Durban as a tourist city from the apartheid to the post apartheid eras. Durban has long earned its prime position as one of South Africa’s most popular year‑round tourist destination. In keeping with the dictates of apartheid, the city catered largely for the needs of the white minority, while that of the black majority was largely ignored. With political changes and shifts in both the international and domestic markets, an effort had to be made to reposition tourism in the city. In order to successfully promote its tourism opportunities, Durban attempted to enhance its image and appeal by promoting its sports, convention and cultural attractions. The democratic transition of the 1990s provided many challenges, the most enduring of which was the need to cater for the emerging black tourist market. There was also an urgency to address problems of crime and grime, disparities in the distribution of labour market opportunities, especially in terms of race and gender within the tourism sector. A serious threat to tourism in Durban is unemployment and alienation of the majority of African people from the industry.

This paper presents French historical sources and references about Tobago collected in the Libraries and Archives of Martinique and the record of two archaeological missions sent from Martinique to Tobago in the 1990’s. French contributions to the history of Tobago, published or not, gives light on the French speaking protestant Walloons who settled in the island during the 17th century. In addition the author shows the links between Dutch and French Huguenot families in the West Indies in spite of the French State.

This paper presents French historical sources and references about Tobago collected in the Libraries and Archives of Martinique and the record of two archaeological missions sent from Martinique to Tobago in the 1990’s. French contributions to the history of Tobago, published or not, gives light on the French speaking protestant Walloons who settled in the island during the 17th century. In addition the author shows the links between Dutch and French Huguenot families in the West Indies in spite of the French State.

This paper studies the stages of the development of the port of Marin (Martinique). In the space of a score of years, the port became one of the principal places of reception of the sailing ships in the islands of the Caribbean Sea. The new tourist and recreation uses are at the origin of a reorganization of the local economy. The rise of navigation gives a new identity to the place which resembles moreover more one tourist station open on the international one. The development of the port of Marin fits from now on in logics regional and international of the world of the sailing.

This paper studies the stages of the development of the port of Marin (Martinique). In the space of a score of years, the port became one of the principal places of reception of the sailing ships in the islands of the Caribbean Sea. The new tourist and recreation uses are at the origin of a reorganization of the local economy. The rise of navigation gives a new identity to the place which resembles moreover more one tourist station open on the international one. The development of the port of Marin fits from now on in logics regional and international of the world of the sailing.

Governance plays an essential role in the operation and improvement of the performance of companies by properly defining their structuring to adapt to changes in the economic environment. To think that all societies could apply identical rules of governance would be disturbing, even destabilizing for a system which is otherwise generally good at always seeking greater coherence and efficiency. In discussions on governance and performance, the manager occupies a major place in the process leading to the creation of wealth. This paper focuses on studying corporate governance through a sample of 22 companies of fairly varied sizes which covers the entire economy of French Guiana.

This paper proposes to study luxury through a multidisciplinary approach, from philosophy to sociology and from psychology to economy. First of all, it is essential to identify the foundations of luxury, with the work of Veblen (conspicuous consumption), Bourdieu (distinction and habitus) and Lipovetsky (aesthetisation), and to define the contours of luxury. Luxury is part of a historical construction. It is associated with “perfection” (Karpik). Refinement, inner quest, distinction, pleasure of creativity and innovation, luxury is a combination of tangible and intangible composite. On the economic front, luxury is the economics of singularities (Karpik). The price is the main measurable indicator that helps to distinguish the luxury market.

This paper proposes a reflection on the cruise industry, the importance and scope of this industry. One of the objectives is to examine in particular the relationship between cruise lines and ports that receive cruises and excursionists. The cruise product built from the 1970s engendred a specific mass tourism. And the boat is both the means of transport and the destination. The stops have a secondary role in this logic that favors gigantism, standardization and uniformity. While gigantism known some limits, cruise products reconstructs itself spatially and innovative segments of the high-end and luxury.

This interview synthesizes artist statements collected in a series of interviews with Félie-Line Lucol conducted by Frédéric Lefrançois, with reference to the paper presented during the conference “Artistic Cartographies and Topologies” which was held on 18 December 2017, at the Campus of Fouillole, Guadeloupe, FWI, University of the French Antilles.

For Norwegians the name of our country is based on a route - "the way to the North" - and this was not a built route but using of the coast-line itself. As long as the boats and ships were the main means of travel this coastal way - "Nor-way" - was the main communication basis for most people, and for transport of goods. But even in the interior of the country, water, namely rivers and lakes were the main structures for communication. The lakes were most efficient for transport during the cold winters, by sledges on the frozen surfaces.When new means of transport took over most of the traffic, however, sea, lakes and rivers in many ways became obstacles instead of means of communication (?). This gave the government and others new challenges. In the sailing period up to the end of the eighteen hundreds, boats and harbors were the investment focus and sailors were recruited in every community from the age of 15. This meant that in a remote area at the Arctic Circle there were plenty of people who have been sailing around most of the work and could easily be hosts of visitors.This paper is mostly focusing on "how to market and develop these beautiful coastal areas to travelers using either their own cars, bikes, boats or collective transport". What types of geographical units are suited for marketing and developing such areas and how might local producers of accommodation, food & beverages, crafts, activities and arts be included in such organizations. The main focus will be on the work of organization "Kystriksvegen Reiseliv AS" that have been working with these challenges for closed to two decades. What have their successes and obstacles been and how have they been able to operate a sustainable business on a long coastal route with many car ferries, small islands, fjords and mountains and more than twenty municipalities.

When reggae emerged in the late 1960s, it came as a cultural bombshell not only to Jamaica but the whole world. Reggae has influenced societies throughout the world, contributing to the development of new counterculture movements, particularly in Europe, in the USA and Africa. Indeed, by the end of the 1960s, it participated in the birth of the skinhead movement in the UK. In the 1970s, it impacted on Western punk rock/ pop cultures and inspired the first rappers in the USA. Finally, since the late 1970s onwards, it has also influenced singers originating from Africa, Alpha Blondy, Tiken Jah Fakoly and Lucky Dube being perfect examples. Thus, my paper will examine the impact of Jamaican reggae music on the worldwide cultural universe, especially on Europe, the USA and Africa.

This paper explores the complex geopolitical relationship that exists between one of Jamaica's most notorious garrison communities, Tivoli Gardens, and the formal state. This relationship is analysed through a historical perspective of Tivoli's construction – from a low-income housing project to a fortified garrison community. The analysis highlights the growth of local criminal organizations that have been controlling the enclave, and shows the shift of power that progressively took place between this gang and the formal State who created the community in the first place.

The cruise industry in Mexico has had significant changes stemming from current global trends during the last two decades. This has been due to its favorable and strategic geographical position in the market, its warm climate and proximity to the United States. Hence there has been a major relevance towards adopting national tourism policies as well as reforming the national port system allowing the entrance of private investment infrastructure, cruise terminal management and operation. The spatial organization of cruise tourism destination ports in Mexico has been redefined in this context. That is to say, there are new home ports, new routes and ports of call that have placed the country as a world’s leading destination for cruise ship arrivals. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to examine the conditions which have led the spatio-temporal dynamics into a critical review of the new regional geography of cruise tourism in Mexico.

This paper focus on an analysis of the relationship between racism, segregation and the illicit drug trade inside three Caribbean territories known for their large share of population of Indian and African origin: Trinidad, Suriname and Guyana. Because of historical reasons, those territories have known the recent growth of a wealthy Indo-Caribbean business class. On the other hand, for similar reasons, Afro-Caribbeans today represent most of the urban poor lower class. From the 1980's Colombian cocaine trafficking affected those territories; hence a drug trafficking activities' ethnical specialization. At the bottom of the pyramid, young Afro-Caribbeans are today overwhelmingly represented amongst perpetrators of crime linked to the traffic. Progressively a racist discourse tends here to present « blacks » as more prone to crime...

From a comparative study of original that puts into perspective the experiences made ​​in Corsica and Martinique islands, this paper questions the scope of eco-tourism as an alternative to mass tourism to the French islands. Both destinations are first presented briefly review the type of developed tourism and its socio-spatial causes discussed for each of the islands, there is a societal expectation pregnant for another type of tourism. It is then shown that the position of the government in terms of alternative tourism, which remains the order of discourse, encourages local actors to pursue their own projects. However, in terms of local development, the impact of these local initiatives, scattered and disjointed, are in fact very low. These observations lead to the presentation of a conceptual model for ecotourism island territories, which seeks both to clarify the definition of ecotourism is to open the discussion on recommendations for moving towards sustainability.

About 200 students from 35 different countries stepped onboard MV Oceanic II as part of The Scholar Ship voyage in 2007. Organised by Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd. (RCC) and a consortium of 10 international universities, this « Semester at Sea » offered students the possibility of touring around the world during 16 weeks, and to follow an array of courses, and to do “academic field work”. The central aim of the cruise (which took place also in 2008 but was discontinued afterwards because of a lack of funding), was to help the students to develop their intercultural competence. In this paper I examine the vision of the “intercultural” resulting from this experience using different documents (narratives, blogs, official documents, etc.). Can this type of cruise lead to intercultural encounters?

Evaluation of economic effects from sport events is necessary to pursue or not these events. This evaluation is important for enterprises that provide goods and services also for the government, because it allows them to obtain an accurate vision of the future.Today, we have a growing need of evaluation from the people involved in sport activities. Sometimes, these people ask themselves on economic and social advantages of these events.The objective of this paper is to propose for Guadeloupe a rigourous methodology that assesses the economic and social impact of Route du rhum which is a transatlantic competition between St-Malo and Pointe-a-Pitre. We use two approaches: the first of which is level-based and determines the values of both economic base multipliers and input-output multipliers by composing an input-output table of the Guadeloupe economy. The second, dynamic approach specifies from an econometric model the impact of several variables, especially those of la Route du rhum. The goal is to provide findings to stakeholders of this sport for comparison. The results of the investigation merge and show globally weak economic performance of Route du rhum, particularly a poor cost-benefit ratio, weak economic multipliers and inter-industry linkages.

This paper approaches regional identity in the Caribbean in heuristic terms that imply the paradigms of movement, mobility, flux and diverse influences that are not limited to frame of fixed parameters. Our rationale consists in going beyond the traditional observation of a sedentary space, in order to better our perception of the connexions that join the different units composing the region, and apprehend the spheres of influence or scales of inclusion that range from micro-local to global. The notions of “movement” and “mouvance” that we suggest conceptualizing here in order to apprehend our object in a dynamic way, even though linked with a transdisciplinary approach, derive their validity from the inscription in the field of Geopolitics.

The current consensus on Sustainable Tourism Development emphasizes the necessity for all tourist planning and policy making decisions to consider the impacts of tourism activity on all three dimensions of sustainability: economic efficiency referring to the capacity of an economy to be competitive, social justice aiming at the better distribution of produced welfare in the society and environmental preservation as the conservation of ecosystem’s capacity to provide humans with goods and services essential for their survival.A successful evaluation of the tourism activity presupposes the extensive examination of certain elements of the tourism product itself (expressed as characteristics of supply, demand and the organization of the tourist market), along a series of parameters related directly to the tourism products (effects), and indirectly to its implications for the destination (impacts). This paper presents a methodological framework for an integrated evaluation and monitoring of the tourism activity, in support of planners and policy makers towards both tourism and regional policy.A case study on the island of Samos in Greece is employed to demonstrate the scope of the methodology based on real data, its potential value but also its limits. The results of the study indicate that tourism remains the main developmental force in the island for over two decades without unfortunately, succeeding to deviate from the rule of decreasing tendencies, of similar mass tourism destination.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the way in which the guesthouse owners from Maramureş carry out a social and symbolic construction of their identity in the presence of the tourists during the season of fasting, reflection and preparation before the celebration of Easter, during this religious holiday and the days after that. Starting from a socio-anthropological description of the “ingredients” of this religious holiday we aim at identifying its transgressions and their meanings in the context of the rural family-type tourism. We try to understand the “how” and the “why” of the logics which are behind the instrumentalisation of certain symbols of this religious holiday in the private sphere of identification. We assume that the disobedience to certain ancestral practices associated with this religious holiday answers the guesthouse owners’ tourism marketing needs. Behind the study of the mechanisms of “putting on display” items of collective identification selected by the guesthouse owners, it is the question of identity which is the heart of our reflection.

This study was conducted in the cantons of Doufelgou prefecture in Northern Togo. On the basis of the beauty of the landscape, natural resources and semi-structured surveys, the potential ecotourism in this prefecture was evaluated. The treatment of spatial data collected helped make ecotourism map and to propose a tourist circuit. Three categories of potential have been identified: the natural potential, cultural potential and human potential. These potentialities are little valued and suffer to varying degrees various pressures which may put them at risk. This paper presents various potential and carries an analysis on socio-economic and environmental benefits of ecotourism development in this area.

On coastal areas and in islands in particular, the tourism sustainability is still at stake: whereas agriculture and tourism are competing for land, how can we think and promote the complementarities between both activities for a sustainable territorial development? This paper deals with this question. For instance, a grid of indicators for the complementarities between farming systems and tourism is set as a tool for local development. The results of a survey lead in the Mediterranean island of Corsica in 2010 are used to discuss the scope of such a grid.

The tourism competitiveness is an important concept today. The most studies investigate this theme from different ways. However, there are few studies about empirical link between tourism and competitiveness. This paper, thus attempts to examine the empirical relationship between these two variables. It uses the cointegration and error correction model (ECM) in a bivariate context as a precondition to apply Granger causality tests. This procedure was carried out in the case of French West Indies’s tourism industry during 1990-2010. The results show that there is a long-term relationship between tourism and competitiveness. In addition, Granger causality tests reveal no one-directional or bi-directional impact in the case of tourism receipts and GDP. Therefore, tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLG) cannot be inferred for French West Indies’s economy as a major concern of destination managers.

By adopting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the United Nations in 2000, the international community has made poverty reduction a top priority on the global political agenda. In doing this, the international community has put poverty reduction in the media spotlight, which has also made it more difficult to challenge. Yet who would decently oppose the reduction of global poverty?If we want to target the poor in policy implementation, it is first necessary to be able to recognize them. But these people are defined by international institutions based on a universal poverty threshold established at less than $1 - $2 per day. Poverty depends on a multitude of geographic, cultural, sociological, psychological and other criteria. As such, it cannot be reduced merely to a question of daily monetary wealth.This reductionist approach to poverty leads to adopt categorizations which are sometimes arbitrary and stigmatizing because they label people who do not necessarily consider themselves poverty-stricken. This can result in policy which targets the wrong people, and in some cases contributes to a transition from poverty to misery.In this paper we propose a deconstruction of the utilitarian approach to poverty and wealth on which most “poverty reduction” policies are based. This deconstruction allows us not only to emphasize the diversity of types of poverty, but also to reinforce the objective of "reducing poverty" within power relations in regards to the significance of poverty and the concepts of wealth that can legitimize that power.

Based on a stylized model of a two-sector economy frequented by tourists, this paper argues that the tourism-poverty link may be understood in a reverse causality; from poverty to tourism. This "reverse" understanding is based on two elements: Tourism necessarily presents a choice for residents: what part(s) of the local product should tourists be allowed access to? When the flow of tourism is constrained, the willingness of local residents to accommodate tourists is more heavily influenced by quality of life.

While one of the poorest regions of Peru, the Andean south is a national tourist destination and the site of the archaeological sanctuary and one of the most popular sites in the world, Machu Picchu. The boom of tourism development in the 1990s quickly transformed the Cuzco region to an ecotourism and cultural tourism destination. This paper presents the development of tourism in the region in general, as well as the effects for some communities as they are integrated into the international tourism system through the development of the Inca Trail, a four-day hike which leads to Machu Picchu. Men in the peasant communities in the Andean highlands surrounding Ollantaytambo are asked to carry the equipment needed by foreign hikers during the ascent. These people represent an available and affordable workforce, physically capable of carrying heavy weight at high altitudes. Today, the Daniel Estrada Federation of Carriers is composed of 6200 carriers from different communities in the valley. Mainly Quechua, these marginalized rural populations survive in an arid environment; their education often does not exceed the primary level; the villages lack drinking water, sewage services, electricity, telephones, and access to health services; and the houses are made ​​of adobe. Given the vulnerability of these populations, the integration of a system offering new revenue opportunities proved desirable, in spite of the deplorable employment conditions.

This paper analyses some challenges facing tourism development in Madagascar. Relying on a heterodox political economy approach, our analysis seeks to better understand dialectical relationship between tourism development objectives, the fight against poverty and the natural resources conservation, particularly in the case of Andohahela National Park in Tolagnaro region (South-eastern Madagascar). The underlying issues that characterize Madagascar suggest for are newed analytical framework based on political economy to clarify perceptions related to economic, social and environmental problems. This process contributes to clarify the several ambiguities of tourism based conservation strategies and seeks to better understand implementation setback.

Some Corsican cities like Bastia, Bonifacio, Calvi or Corte have old centers enshrined in military engineering works build originally for defensive functions: the citadels. This article invited to question the patrimony of insular urban citadels not for itself, but like the object of social and symbolic system, taken in patrimonialization process who engaged various logics of actions and conditions of operations, many actors and uses. So, it’s this unstable pluralism of patrimonial uses and representations that had been prioritized to grasp the social, cultural, politic and symbolic stakes bounded locally at these processes. This paper is based on field’s works realized in Calvi, in Balagna area, located in west Corsica.

The paper focuses on investigation of the importance of nature and development of tourism in protected areas. Therefore, in this context a new challenge is emerging: the need to conserve and protect bio and geo diversity, as well as the economic valorisation of these areas based mainly on tourism and leisure. At EU level, Natura 2000 protected areas have developed, implemented and cultivated the need to practice sport and recreational activities in these areas both for spending leisure time and also as stress antidote. The recreational and sporting practices that can be undertaken within the ecological network Natura 2000 sites adapted to the specificity of each protected area, in close connection with the environmental conditions. For the preservation of the natural environment should develop and maintain a close collaboration with tourism and sports associations that organize such activities in those areas.

This paper has three goals: First, analyze the role of financing for sustainable development in small island development states (SIDS). Second, assess empirically whether there is any evidence that foreign capital flows in SIDS has a positive impact on economic growth and social welfare of these countries. Lastly, suggests strategic recommendations of financing for sustainable development in small island developing states. Haïti is used as a case study for this exercise, because according to the United Nations, this country is included in the SIDS also in the less developed countries (LDS). To this end, cointegration technique and Granger causality tests are used. Our results suggest (i) the weakness of national saving is the main obstacle in the most SIDS to accelerate economic growth and to improve social welfare; (ii) in the case of Haiti, the results revealed that remittances and foreign direct investment have positive impacts on human development in long run, (iii) short run analysis confirmed unidirectional causality running from remittances to human development also from remittances to foreign direct investment, (iv) the analysis suggests some policy recommendations such as domestic resource mobilization, policy stability, improvement of governance and institutions, building of physical infrastructure, financial development, suitable macroeconomic framework for price stability and improvement in human capital for the long-run growth of the economy.