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The purpose of this paper is (i) to evaluate by using a model of standard regression, the potential effects of COVID-19 on tourism in countries of Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS); (ii) to determine by using Hansen’s Threshold Auto Regressive model (TAR), the optimal size of tourism receipts that maximize the economic growth in this zone. In the first model, the paper finds that on account of the pandemic, the GDP of OECS’s countries could be reduced of 11.8% in 2020. In the second model, our empirical results show strong evidence of a non-linear relation between economic growth and tourism in two regimes. The regime with the degree of tourism specialization less than or equal to 25.27% (regime 1) and the regime with the degree of tourism specialization between 12.97% and 25.27% (regime 2). The optimal threshold is 25.27%. Its marginal effect is 0.17 point, “all things being equal to the otherwise”.

The main purpose of this paper is twofold (i) to estimate by using a neoclassical model of growth proposed by IMF, the economic and financial impact of COVID-19 in Haïti; (ii) to analyse threshold effects of government size on economic growth in this country, by using Hansen’s Threshold Auto Regressive (TAR), 1999. It uses the time series data over the period 1980-2019. In the first model, the paper finds that on account of the pandemic, the Haïti’s GDP could be reduced of 14.1% in 2020. In the second model, our results provide strong evidence for the existence of a non-linear relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. Based on these results, the paper finds that the optimal level of government expenditure that maximizes economic growth for Haïti is 14.1% of GDP against a staff level of 11.1%. They show that the state spends well below its potential growth. On the other hand, if this threshold is exceeded, the increase of the percentage ratio of state budget expenditure/GDP will have a negative impact on the speed of GDP growth. Thus, our recommendations are in favor of increasing government investment to education, health, infrastructure, environmental sectors … that are neglected up to this day in Haïti. However, these expenditures have to be limited to a level that no excess the optimal size

The aim of this paper was to provide a demographic profile of Haitian women household heads and identify factors associated with this phenomenon in Haiti. Data used in this article came from demographic and health surveys carried out in Haiti in 1994 and 2017 by the Haitian Institute for Children (HIC). Data analysis was done at two levels: a descriptive level and a multivariate explanatory level through multilevel regression models. The results revealed that there have been changes in the profile of female heads of households between 1994 and 2017. In addition, results showed that place of residence, age, education level, household size and wealth index are factors significantly associated with the feminization of heads of households in Haiti.

The management of sea-level rise in Martinique, a French island in the Caribbean, is a great concern. Island vulnerability is proven. Human, economic and ecological issues are concentrated on the coast. Because of the uncontrolled coastal urbanization, the functioning of the territory can be challenged. Urban restructuring is necessary to ensure the urban resilience. This article looks at the history of the urbanization of the ‘50 pas géométriques’ zone to understand how this vulnerability arose, and at the policies implemented to try to control urbanization in this coastal zone, before tackling the new planning issues linked to the context of climate change and, more particularly, sea-level rise.This paper was produced for the presentation made at the Caribbean Urban Forum, 2021.

The earthquake that occurred January 12, 2010 in Haiti has changed demographic situation of the country. These demographic changes also have negative impacts on adolescent’s fertility, particularly on those living in accommodation camps. According to DHS (2012), adolescent fertility rate has very increased (66‰ in 2012; 44,35‰ in 2009). In comparison with other cities or areas of the country, adolescents living in the camps have the higher fertility’s rate (107‰). The aim of this paper is to identify social, cultural, demographic factors explaining adolescent fertility living in the camps.Data that we used in this paper come from Demographic and Health’s survey (Haiti, 2012). Moreover data analysis has been performed at two different levels: descriptive analysis and multivariate analysis and we have found that the “presence children 5 and under in household”, the “age at first sex”, the “marital status” and the “education level” are key factors in explaining adolescent fertility in accommodation camps.

Jacques Stephen Alexis is one of the most influential novelists and intellectuals of the 20th-century Francophone literary panorama. In the last century, not only his fictional works have contributed to the aesthetic renewal of Haitian prose, but also his critical texts have marked a turning point in the literary history of the country. In his theorisation on the novel, Alexis had the great merit, among other things, of recognising the role played by the first Haitian novelists in the evolution of the national novelistic production. Although he – like most critics – is very negative about certain authors, Alexis nevertheless manages to overcome the stubborn prejudice of their alleged lack of Haitianness and pays tribute to their works, whose literary value has long been overlooked. One example among many others: when speaking of the origins of Haitian literature, one must cite for historical reasons Stella, the first novel written by a Haitian; yet, specialists have often underestimated its literary value. Alexis, on the other hand, has gone so far as to assert that it is ‘the audacious beginning of marvellous realism’. This paper will attempt to highlight the exceptional dimension of this reading, which once again proves the critical acuity of one of Haiti’s greatest novelists.

Recently, the EU and the Latin America and Caribbean relations have undergone new trends. These relations now particularly focus on reducing poverty, integrating the Latin American and Caribbean states in the world economy, strengthening diplomacy and the role of non-states actors in governance, and on promoting political dialogue with an interest in democracy, the rule of law and human rights. That being said, the political and legal culture, and the state of the governance in the Caribbean region raise interests in understanding how national human rights institutions (NHRIs) and the institution of the ombudsman could contribute to changing in the spirit of the UN focus on the importance of strong institutions in realizing sustainable government. While the ombudsman is vested with the mission for combatting mal administration and promoting legality, national human rights institutions are created by states to promote and protect human rights. Both are nonetheless human rights defenders, using soft strategies and actions to foster living together. Thus, how and to what extent can national human rights institutions and the institution of ombudsman contribute to a culture facilitating the rule of law and building individual capabilities within a governance focusing on the human dignity for development in the Caribbean region?The paper analyses the foundation of the political dialogue, the roles, limitations and potentiality of NHRIs and the ombudsman in strategies aiming at promoting development in the Latin American and Caribbean region. I argue that given their responsibilities and characteristics, and their natural proximity to people, those institutions can be an overwhelming resource to consider in any partnership focusing on the rule of law in promoting development, while globalization has increased inequalities and prevented the emancipation of vulnerable peoples. Consequently, those institutions are of relevance not only in political governance but also in economic governance to take into account the indivisibility and interdependence of human rights. By informing and educating people and raising awareness on human rights challenges, encouraging pluralism and consultation and fostering access to justice and other public services, those institutions involved in human rights diplomacy can contribute to a better appropriation of the complexity in realizing the rule of law. Mobilizing an interdisciplinary approach and methodology dealing with comparative public law, human rights international law, international economic law, socio-legal studies and political philosophy, and desk research and field reports, the paper sets out a couple of recommendations to foster NHRIs and ombudsman in law, diplomacy, and cooperation for development in the quest for change in the Caribbean region.

This paper addresses the issue of the resilience of the Tunisian tourism sector in order to analyze the reactivity of the sector to the biggest events that have affected it. This retrospective analysis provides answers to questions about the country’s behavior in the face of challenges threatening its tourism sector, the potential mobilized to address it and the limits of the resilience of a tourist destination.This paper addresses the issue of the resilience of the Tunisian tourism sector by analyzing its responsiveness to the biggest events that have impacted it. This retrospective analysis highlights the country’s behavior in the face of the challenges threatening its tourism sector, the potential mobilized to cope with it and the limits of the resilience of a tourist destination. By distinguishing the origin of crises (internal or external), we show that crises related to internal factors are more difficult to overcome. To solve the difficulties of the destination Tunisia, it appears necessary to work on the change of the classic touristic image of the country.

This research paper aims to provide the first overview of the potential for developing artificial reefs (AR) in Haiti. The overall objective is to improve food security through projects promoting the increase and management of coastal resources. After a brief historical approach to the use of AR since the 1980s, we will present a perspective on the development of sites adapted to current needs and management potential. Based on a field survey, we were able to identify the key issues for a pilot program. Food dependency on fish production remains extremely high, particularly in the South and South-East departments, where sandy coastal bottoms are ideal for the deployment of AR, and where demand from fishermen to manage new fishing sites is high. The study provides a clearer picture of how these installations are perceived by Haitian fishermen, in particular by identifying the fears and images attached to the installation of AR on the seabed, which could limit their development. The results identify two candidate sites with strong socio-ecological potential, and propose to distinguish several types of AR specifically adapted to the fishing objectives and technical possibilities in Haiti, as well as a realistic management approach.

This contribution to the Caribbean Maritimisation issue of the journal Études caribéennes is the summary of a paper produced in March 2023 on the occasion of the first seminar of the 2023 cycle Climates and Conflicts, with the theme "Maritime Security Issues in Latin America", jointly organized by the Institute of the Americas (IDA) and the Institute for Strategic Research of the French Military School (IRSEM).After having introduced the various relationships to the sea of this region, several maritime threats, often little known, to which these spaces are confronted (piracy, armed robbery, illegal fishing, illegal trafficking but also climate change and damage to the marine environment) are exposed in order to determine their potential destabilizing effects. The communication concludes on the strong link between, on the one hand, the acceleration of the maritimisation of economies, notably around the idea of a blue economy, and, on the other hand, the parallel growth of maritime crime characterized by hybridization.

Global financial conditions have tightened notably and downside risks to the economic outlook have increased as a result to the covid-19, the war in Ukraine, also the climate change. These three events have created an important human crisis, stagflation in the world, also food crisis. The small development islands have been negatively impacted by these events. The small open countries of the CARICOM provide a fertile testing ground for examining the international transmission of real shocks. By virtue of theit size, plausible identifying assumptions can be made about the sources of these shocks, propagation mechanisms, and ultimate impact on the domestic economy. The goal of this paper is to investigate the extent to which external conditions affect macroeconomic performance of caribbean communauty (CARICOM) for the period 1995-2022. Relevant external factors that might impinge on macroeconomic fluctuations in the CARICOM comprise three sets of factors: crude oil prices, food prices, and real GDP growth of the United States. We propose to address these issues using a SVAR model in a block recursive formulation. More precisely, the model contains two blocks- a foreign block and a domestic block-. Standard VAR tools, such as variance decompositions and impulse response analysis, are utilised to assess both the quantitative relevance of foreign shocks and dynamic adjustment path of the caribbean economy in response to such shocks. This study reveals that real US PIB shock exert the greatest influence on macroeconomic fluctuations in CARICOM countries, that the external environment has a sizable impact on the macroeconmic performance of the small open economy of CARICOM countries, in particular the covid-19 and Ukraine war related shocks lead to substantial contractions in output in all CARICOM countries and deterioration of the current account balance. The model also shows that increase in US real GDP growth, and a fall in crude oil and food prices are all things being equal to otherwise expansionary in the CARICOM countries.Finally, to obtain small inflation, monetary stability and faster growth, we recommand to political leaders of these countries, not to diminish the households consumption but to increase the production.

With its opening on the world market, the city of Algiers, or El-Djezaïr, (capital of Algeria) has become an attractive destination for business tourism. Although, its coast, rich in beaches and seaside resorts, often undergoes a massive tourism that endangers its environment identity. Hence, it would be of first interest to set-up a touristic development strategy aiming the littoral safeguard. The main scope of this paper is the littoral tourism requalification in Algiers by reinterpreting the leisure and recreation facilities that existed there before 1830. Moreover, it focus on the valuation of its territorial heritage: fountains, summer residences, and mostly the natural paths that used to connect the city port to the hinterland since the earliest times.Indeed, before 1830, El-Djezaïr had its "Fahs”, a territory famous by its "djenanes": a kind of summer residences within fabulous gardens facing the sea. Often seemed like deserted museums, the "djenanes" could constitute a key opportunity coastal tourism requalification. One of the alternatives would be their reconversion into touristic structures for scientific, business, leisure and recreational tourism. The paper presents the case of “La Villa du Traité”, a commemorative place related to the capitulation of the city of Algiers in 1830. The place is proposed to become a center of ethics where national and international scientific events in Medicine could be held.

Since 2004 and especially 2010, Haiti like all the islands of the Caribbean has increased the number of Marine Protected Areas. During the same period, the multiplication of economic, political, social and environmental crises makes it difficult to monitor projects which too often remain paper MPAs. While the state imposes protection perimeters often decided by large international NGOs without consultation with socio-professional actors, some local dynamics are emerging with fishing communities and Haitian universities. New governance models need to be able to build on these dynamics and grassroots communities.

Small islands of Caribbean are facing important marine, environmental, and terrestrial challenges. The biodiversities in this region are considered as the most threated of the world. Simultaneously, the tourism sector plays a key role in these economies. The objective of this paper is to analyze and evaluate economically the relationship among marine biodiversity and tourism, on the one hand, and inversely between tourism and marine biodiversity, on the other hand. As the result, a panel data is used, also Hausman-Taylor estimator (HT) to investigate a tourism demand function, applied to six small islands of Caribbean, members of Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS): Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and St Vincent and Grenadines. In this function, marine biodiversity plays a key role, in addition to the traditional economic and price variables. Levels of biodiversity are found to have a significant influence on tourism. This justifies their inclusion in a tourism demand function, and points to the importance of national policy in protecting the biodiversity of the Caribbean islands. Finally, the results show an urgent need to impose an optimal carrying capacity for these destinations in order to reach tourism sustainable development. panel data, Hausman-Taylor estimator (HP), marine biodiversity, OECS, economic impact

This paper uses an unobserved component model to analyse the feasibility of economic and monetary union (EMU) between Haiti and Dominican Republic, two countries sharing the same island but whose history is one conflict and divergent economic prospects. In spite of these historical obstacles, is it possible to plan an economic and monetary union among these economies? The objective of this paper is to provide a framework to identify and evaluate the asymmetry degree of macroeconomic shocks within these economies in order to appreciate the viability of this project, also the nature of these potential benefits and costs. The results show the fragility of this process because of the weak economic policy convergence among these countries. The shocks disintegration stemming from our model confirm these results and suggests that at this stage, several economic criteria are not satisfied for the two countries to fully benefit from an economic and monetary union. However, the endogeneity of most of these criteria militates in favour of an agenda for progressive integration between them.

The present paper seeks to provide an assessment of the likely implications of the CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) on economy of Caribbean states and French Caribbean Outermost Regions (FCORs). Two models are used for that a computable general equilibrium model (GTAP model), applied to CARIFORUM countries, and a gravity model framework applied to French Caribbean Outermost Regions. The main findings from application of the computable general equilibrium model can be outlined as follows in case of full reciprocity between the partners in merchandise trade, the results show that impacts are contrasted among the economies. The effects appear positive for some countries, sectors and negative for the others. Tariff reductions will translate into a decline in government revenue and a degradation of their balance of payments. The well-being of CARIFORUM households has improved very lightly (0.04%). On the other hands, the application of the gravity model framework reveals several barriers to regional trade between French Caribbean Outermost Regions and their neighbours, particularly their strong institutional and economic links with continental France, responsible for a high labour cost and a lack of autonomy with regard to international trade. The study also highlights that French language is an obstacle to trade across the Caribbean, due to the fact it is a minority in this region, as well as absence of FCORs in main economic and trade agreements of Caribbean. Finally the paper finds that there is high degree of similarity of exports among the countries and territories in the Caribbean.

During the last couple of decades, the countries of the world have become increasingly interconnected into a single capitalist economic system. Globalization processes have facilitated the flow of goods and services. They have also led to new forms of exclusion, inequality and “culture conflict”. This paper elaborates on the nexus between transnational organized crime networks, fundamental Islamic movements and terrorist groups in the Balkan region, and argues that these movements for social, political and economic change are bi-products of globalization. After the fall of the Soviet Union, criminal-political formations expanded drastically in the newly emerging Balkan democracies. The weak government structures, the deteriorating domestic economy and the vulnerable government institutions made the Balkan region a safe haven for war profiteers, career criminals and fundamental Islamists. This paper gives a detailed overview of the origin, nature and expansion of several politicized illicit markets in the Balkans. It further elaborates on the birth of fundamental Islamic movements after communism. The complex interrelation between globalization, wars, organized crime and fundamental Islam is at the forefront of this paper.

The aim of this paper is to study Moroccan music festivals against the existing theories on globalization, while coming up with new concepts aimed at overcoming the problems often facing experts in popular culture and media studies who feel that globalization thesis lapses into fatal gestures of leveling, reductionism, and totalitarianism, especially when it tries to account for current discussions related to the circulation of artifacts and cultural texts. The general consensus has it that modern technologies have hugely altered the meaning and revolutionized the traditional functions attached to art and cultural industries. The grotesque circulation of western cultural artifacts is justifiably judged to be many times agonizing for theorists in cultural studies, linguistics and political science, etc who want to be sure that the unequal transmissions of products across the world will not harm local cultural, linguistic and economic capital of the less dominant other. Moroccan music festivals for instance are seen to be increasingly governed by a complex whirlpool of the far-too-melodramatic implications of today’s world global connections. In view of this, this paper, which borrows from data collected during between 2010 and 2011, will examine cultural industries, music festivals in general and the Essaouira festival in particular, in relation to world flows, while holding the argument that the appropriation of western artifacts locally has always been part of a not-so-novel process of mobility of what we call world cultural nomadictates (nomadic dictates). The paper gives a detailed definition of this concept and develops other new concepts (e.g. recurents, exclusives) related to the «glocal» face of culture and art in Morocco in an attempt to find an escape route outside the impasses of the globalization/cultural imperialism theses surrounding the study of cultural industries. To drive this idea home, we will open up the discussion at hand onto existing controversies around notions of place, authenticity, urbanism, tourism and consumption.

The aim of this paper is to study Moroccan music festivals against the existing theories on globalization, while coming up with new concepts aimed at overcoming the problems often facing experts in popular culture and media studies who feel that globalization thesis lapses into fatal gestures of leveling, reductionism, and totalitarianism, especially when it tries to account for current discussions related to the circulation of artifacts and cultural texts. The general consensus has it that modern technologies have hugely altered the meaning and revolutionized the traditional functions attached to art and cultural industries. The grotesque circulation of western cultural artifacts is justifiably judged to be many times agonizing for theorists in cultural studies, linguistics and political science, etc who want to be sure that the unequal transmissions of products across the world will not harm local cultural, linguistic and economic capital of the less dominant other. Moroccan music festivals for instance are seen to be increasingly governed by a complex whirlpool of the far-too-melodramatic implications of today’s world global connections. In view of this, this paper, which borrows from data collected during between 2010 and 2011, will examine cultural industries, music festivals in general and the Essaouira festival in particular, in relation to world flows, while holding the argument that the appropriation of western artifacts locally has always been part of a not-so-novel process of mobility of what we call world cultural nomadictates (nomadic dictates). The paper gives a detailed definition of this concept and develops other new concepts (e.g. recurents, exclusives) related to the «glocal» face of culture and art in Morocco in an attempt to find an escape route outside the impasses of the globalization/cultural imperialism theses surrounding the study of cultural industries. To drive this idea home, we will open up the discussion at hand onto existing controversies around notions of place, authenticity, urbanism, tourism and consumption.

During the last couple of decades, the countries of the world have become increasingly interconnected into a single capitalist economic system. Globalization processes have facilitated the flow of goods and services. They have also led to new forms of exclusion, inequality and “culture conflict”. This paper elaborates on the nexus between transnational organized crime networks, fundamental Islamic movements and terrorist groups in the Balkan region, and argues that these movements for social, political and economic change are bi-products of globalization. After the fall of the Soviet Union, criminal-political formations expanded drastically in the newly emerging Balkan democracies. The weak government structures, the deteriorating domestic economy and the vulnerable government institutions made the Balkan region a safe haven for war profiteers, career criminals and fundamental Islamists. This paper gives a detailed overview of the origin, nature and expansion of several politicized illicit markets in the Balkans. It further elaborates on the birth of fundamental Islamic movements after communism. The complex interrelation between globalization, wars, organized crime and fundamental Islam is at the forefront of this paper.

The balance of trade of Haiti with Dominican Republic registers an important and persistent deficit for several years. What are the reasons? Is it due to the economic structure of Haiti or is it temporary? Is it due to an important gap of development and competitiveness between these countries, or follows from quality of institutions among them, that cause trade imbalance between them? We try to answer these questions, in concentrating particularly on the role and impact of institutions on trade flows between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. So, the purpose of this paper is to verify if good institutions contribute to improve the balance of trade of Haiti with the Dominican Republic. In order to identify the effects of institutions on this bilateral trade, we estimate a model of generalized method of moments (GMM). In this way, five institutional indicators are integrated in this model such as control of corruption; political stability and absence of violence; government effectiveness; voice and accountability; and regulatory quality. The results indicate that 1% increase of government effectiveness, reduces Haitian deficit trade with Dominican trade, on average by 3.9% "all else being equal". Also, 1% increase of political stability and absence of violence increases this deficit, on average by 1.2%. Finally, this study reveals by using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) that 1% increase of aggregate indicator of governance, reduces Haitian deficit trade with Dominican trade on average by 2.9%, "all else being equal".

Despite the increasing importance of cruise tourism worldwide, very little is known about the lives of cruise-ship employees, and how they use their free time at the ports of call. This paper presents the results of a small-scale exploratory research on the activities of cruise crew and staff members on the island of Cozumel, Mexico, an important port of call for Caribbean routes. Conducted in 2009, qualitative research for this paper included participant observation and several informal conversations and semi-structured interviews with twenty cruise-ship employees and six owners and employees of local businesses. Our conclusions confirm other authors' findings and provide fresh information on the factors that determine these individuals' choices of activities, places and company. Availability of time and money depends on each worker's place in the labor hierarchy, but choices are also influenced by cultural background. More in-depth research will be needed at the demand as well as the offer sides to complement these preliminary findings.

A variety of researchers have carried out job satisfaction studies in fisheries during the last decades. Results have shown the significant role of self-actualization in the determination of job satisfaction which backs the reasoning that fishing is more than just a livelihood. This paper is based in a job satisfaction study carried out in three lobster fisheries in the Caribbean. Lobster fishing (Panulirus argus) is an important economic activity throughout the Caribbean Basin, both as a source of income and employment for the local population as well as foreign exchange for national governments. These countries differ significantly in structure of the fishery as well as governance arrangements. In this paper we wish to address the relation between these structural differences and fishers’ job satisfaction across the three countries. Results indicate fishers’ job satisfaction is significantly higher in small-scale fisheries.

A variety of researchers have carried out job satisfaction studies in fisheries during the last decades. Results have shown the significant role of self-actualization in the determination of job satisfaction which backs the reasoning that fishing is more than just a livelihood. This paper is based in a job satisfaction study carried out in three lobster fisheries in the Caribbean. Lobster fishing (Panulirus argus) is an important economic activity throughout the Caribbean Basin, both as a source of income and employment for the local population as well as foreign exchange for national governments. These countries differ significantly in structure of the fishery as well as governance arrangements. In this paper we wish to address the relation between these structural differences and fishers’ job satisfaction across the three countries. Results indicate fishers’ job satisfaction is significantly higher in small-scale fisheries.

This paper aims to explore the complex relationships between international tourism and the production and exchange of 'nature' in tropical countries. It is based on data gathered through an ethnographic case study approach on the changing aesthetic, economic and symbolic values attached to the coral reef in the tropical island of La Réunion, Indian Ocean. The analysis of this data shows that, from the point where the collective imaginaries in the Western world associate a 'magic' value with corals, an international institutionalisation process takes place in order to protect and preserve coral reefs and make them touristically accessible. This raises important issues related to the challenges the new value of tropical nature represents for the communication and exchange systems of communities in tropical countries. The paper first explores the meanings of the spiritual and religious value Western societies attribute to coral reefs. It then discusses the institutionalisation of tropical nature by international organisations and the problem of parallel land and natural space ownership systems in La Réunion. After that, it deconstructs the mystification policy of the coral reef operated by local institutions in La Réunion and examines the meaning of protecting the coral reef as a socially embedded 'communicative action' in La Réunion.

The objective of this article is to analyze and determine the consequences of the health pandemic in the context of worsening inequalities. For this research, we follow the literature on inequalities, mobility, elites and democracy that has identified the consequences of COVID-19 in political, economic and social life in Mexico. By intertwining these three variables, we show how a sanitary crisis is revealing, amplifying, making visible and creating new inequalities. We also show that the burdens with which Mexico arrives will be aggravated by the pandemic. We note that the elites should play a more central role in contributing to the reduction of socio-economic gaps and, above all, understand that perception is not always reality. Then, we note that pandemic working conditions have already revealed new inequalities by exemplifying it with data showing that remote work is a privilege of minorities. This paper contributes to the state of the literature on COVID-19, Mexico and inequalities by seeking to understand how a pandemic heterogeneously affects the world, its societies and especially the different socio-economic strata.

This paper probes into the problem of increasing number of Covid-19 infected persons in the North West Region of Cameroon despite the prescription of several barrier measures by the World Health Organization and the Cameroon government. In the same light, it analyses various strategies of stakeholders in the 19 Health Districts toward the fight against the pandemic. Data for the study were gotten from primary sources (field investigation, interview and empirical observation) and from secondary sources (statistical retrieving and documentary research) which were later treated with the input mask and Excel software. The results revealed that the migratory movement of the population, socio-cultural context of the area and the ongoing socio-political crisis are some of the root causes of the spread of the virus. Stakeholders’ participation in the fight against corona virus is yet to meet expectations since negligence, ignorance and socio-cultural believes have gained the minds of the population. Consequently, some of the repercussions are increase number of deaths, loss of family ties and increase unemployment rates. Now therefore, community participation of all stakeholders would be as a panacea to eradicating Covid-19 in the North West Region of Cameroon.

The strengthening and diversification of Chinese influence are one of the structural trends in Caribbean geopolitics today. To assess its significance, this paper examines the stakes of this spectacular breakthrough by the People’s Republic of China in an area under the centuries-old influence of the United States. It then identifies the levers of its influence with Caribbean governments and the reasons for its attractiveness to them. Finally, it looks at the foreseeable consequences of this Chinese presence for the countries of the Caribbean, the American power and the geopolitical balances of the whole area.

In this paper, we approach urban heritage tourism practices in Haiti, focusing on four cities in the country: Cap-Haïtien and Milot, located in the North Department; Jacmel, Southeast Department and Port-au-Prince, West Department. The choice of these cities as the object of analysis is because they are the urban regions that concentrate national and world cultural heritage. With this in mind, we aim to reflect on the urban tourism practices of four cultural heritage sites, three of which are national, and one is worldwide. This article is based on bibliographic research and analysis of reports and statistical data tourism and heritage on urban Haiti. We believe that tourism practices in Haiti are inadequate, and we feel the need to rethink tourism in historic heritage Haitian cities.

The Ensenada port in Baja California is one of the main tourist destinations in northwest Mexico. Its proximity to the United States favours the visitors’ reception, who hold an important part of its economy. The tourist awakening of the so-called Pacific Cinderella arose from an unforeseen event: the enactment in the nearby country of the Dry Law (1920), which prohibited the manufacture, import, sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Thousands of Americans found in northern Mexico a place to avoid the prohibitions. Tourism development was explosive.Over the years, tourism in Ensenada has been consolidated and diversified, including from family tourism on the coast to enotourism in Guadalupe Valley. However, one of the biggest - if not the main - tourist draw of the city continues to be alcohol consumption and the associated adult entertainment activities. What is new is the growth of cruise tourism, which has conditioned the port and the historic centre development, generating a shared, but at the same time disputed, space with the neighbors. Space where diverse conflicts are manifested emphasized by the marked social and spatial inequalities existing between and non-tourist areas.In this context, this paper presents the results of a research project where, among other topics, study the perception of the problems generated by cruise tourism in the uses and customs of Ensenada historic center. We were particularly interested in the conflicts generated by the real and symbolic use of space and the sensation of urban polarization marked by tourism in morphology, mobility and urban image. The limited impact on space and time of cruise tourism in Ensenada allows us to generalize -as a warning, we understand- the analysis of the benefits and problems detected.

Cruise Tourism is one of the sectors that has most grown in the last years. The main purpose of this article is to understand the structure of a cruise ship from the perspective of the General System Theory, using Lotman´s Semiosphere concepts for this. Studying a cruise ship as a social and human system, knowing the boundaries that limit the operation, understanding the cultural exchanges existing in this multicultural environment and, especially understanding the Entertainment Department semiosphere, the object of study in this research, are the specifics objectives in this article. For the methodology it was used literature review, having as central concepts the Semiosphere studies and also themes related to multiculturalism in the relationships, working onboard and entertainment onboard, besides the systematic observation performed in several cruise ships voyages. The conclusion of this paper get us close to the central theory, the structure of the ship and, consequently, that of the Entertainment Department have a proper semiosphere, with a delimiter character, with an organizational structure that has a central nucleus and periphery, with boundaries to be surpassed and with a rigid internal regulation, whose study is presented in a framework.

This study applies a threshold regression model and considers one tourism specialization indice as the threshold variable in order to explore the nonlinear relation among tourism growth, economic growth, and other macroeconomic variables for a cross-sectional data set of six countries of Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS). The main purpose of this paper is to analyse threshold effects of tourism receipts/PIB on economic growth in OECS zone countries. To achieve this, the study used Hansen’s Threshold Auto Regressive model (TAR), 1999. Our empirical results show strong evidence of a nonlinear relation between tourism growth and economic growth, with a unique threshold which is 25.27% GDP. Its marginal effect is 0.17 point, ‘all things being equal to otherwise’.

Derived from fieldwork carried out in 2010 within the border region of Talamanca, Costa Rica, with special emphasis on Bribri indigenous women, this paper analyzes the construction of Bribri identities; that is, the relationships between women’s roles, agriculture and three types of territories: Bribri, border and national.Anthropology and political geography allow for the comprehension of the power relationships and patrimony-creating processes put in place in a region where stakeholders build diverse territorial representations, as well as different commercial and political interests. Special attention is given to the resistance rationales of women’s organic cacao production organizations against the expansion of banana monoculture. How do these organizations resist and articulate a discourse around the importance of protecting traditional cacao culture and the environment (PILA)?

After the earthquake of January 12, 2010 in Haiti, adolescent fertility rate has increased considerably in the country and particularly in the Metropolitan Area of Port-au-Prince (AMPAP). Observed in a context of generalized poverty, this phenomenon is poorly perceived by Haitian society. According to the DHS report (2012), adolescent mothers face all types of violence from those around them during their pregnancy. Hence the objective of this paper is to analyze the experience of early pregnancy by adolescent mothers in AMPAP after the earthquake.Data we used come from semi-structured interviews held with young girls. As main results we observed that pregnant adolescents are considered as outsiders by the society. Consequently they are victims of stigmatization and verbal violence impacting their mental and psychological health.

The concept of ‘Balkanization’, as well as the verb ‘to Balkanize’ have been adopted in the western political culture more than a century ago, without ever being questioned, neither on their origins, nor on the precise circumstances under which they have been adopted. The object of this paper is, first to underline that the Balkans have always been, from Late Antiquity, through the Middle Ages, until modern times, an area of contact and exchange between different cultures, religions and political systems. Then, special attention is drawn to the period of Ottoman rule in the Balkans, and the period of national revolutions in the 19t century. These national revolutions have been acclaimed by the Western public opinions. However, the Western governments did not share this enthusiasm because they feared for the future of the Ottoman Empire, and the perspective of its disintegration. Therefore, they often accused the young nations of disturbing the peaceful Ottoman rule. However, the Balkanization -i.e. the fragmentation of the Balkan Peninsula- was rather a consequence of the policy of great European powers in that region. These great powers, by pursuing their own selfish interests jeopardized, more than young Balkan nations the peace and security of South-Eastern Europe at the end of the 19th, and at the beginning of the 20th century.

Contemporary cultural identity transpires through the third space of Algerian postcolonial literature, as a possible world, an imaginary alternative to the collective memory resulting from alienating patterns. As a territory meant for sharing and sheltering, this production occupies a significant space in the field of francophone studies, which will be studied as the subject of a plural cartography in the present paper. It is a contention of this essay, to establish the corresponding aesthetic and political paradigms, through a cross-literary study of several Algerian novels of French expression

This paper is the first attempt to measure the statistical relationship between IEDOM’s business climate indicator (ICA) and the GDP growth rate in Martinique directly. In this contribution, we present the methodology behind the construction of the ICA, before performing a regression of the growth rate of GDP on the ICA on annual data using an autoregressive vector model (VAR). Despite the small sample size, the results are encouraging. In particular, we detect a causality relationship between the ICA and the GDP growth rate, justifying the use of the ICA as a coincident indicator of the economic activity. Eventually, we discuss the possibility of improving our results by specifying a panel VAR using ICAs from other overseas territories or by quarteralising GDP data using numerical methods.

The degradation of protected areas in Ivory Coast is analyzed in this paper from the perspective of the conflicting interests of stakeholders. In a qualitative approach based on the grounded theory, individual interviews and secondary data, the article shows the contradictions of protected areas management policy. These contradictions are opportunely reinterpreted by the illegal occupiers as a tacit premium for growing cocoa of which Côte d’Ivoire remains the first world producer. They thus highlight the whole sociality of the ecological disaster underway in the country, going beyond the thesis which attributes, in the literature, the causes of this degradation, essentially to urbanization and to existential anthropogenic pressure.

The MOBIS-NEOMA BS research institute has studied for two years the imports and exports of worldwide islands, notably these in the Caribbean Sea. Its analysis has revealed the consequences of the globalisation and regionalisation processes on the Caribbean exchanges. We can prove the goods exchanges in the Caribbean Sea significantly changed from 1995 to 2014, and regardless of the commodities. First, they changed in terms of trade partners. We are passed from a "neo-colonial" market to a market more regional and integrated market, and more simultaneously opened to the world, unless rare exceptions. Second, their cash value, therefore indirectly their volume unit, was impacted up threefold for the specific data range. Our paper will show these significant evolutions for the twenty-four territories of which we have data.

The hospital Aziza Othmana is the oldest Tunisian hospital still exercise. This and the services he rendered, especially during the period when the country was poorly equipped in public health services, have earned him a historical dimension. This is reinforced by a heritage value related to the site, the hospital being located in the Medina, the oldest part of the city, and its first core was housed in a building of historical value.Such context and evolution have earned the hospital historical and heritage significance. But they did not have only advantages. The hospital sometimes even seemed victim of such prestige. On different occasions, it was obliged to cope with various constraints in a context where it was necessary to reconcile the requirements of the site and those related to the accomplishment of a mission requiring a specific workspace. In addition, the fact that the management did not always have the same objective and that the approaches varied from one period to the next have complicated the situation. During the first decades, one of the main concerns was to extend the hospital’s area to provide premises and care services necessary to face the growing demand of the population. But the extension of the workspace has been realized without a pre-established plan. This has not prepared for the present requirements for the exercise of a modern medicine. The site also begins to experience new constraints related to accessibility in relation with the expansion of the urbanization and the development of the car fleet.This paper tries to present the specificities of this hospital and the importance of its contribution especially at its beginnings. The goal is also, and above all, to try to understand the evolution since the creation of this institution. Particular attention is given to the built space and its organization as well as the duality between the requirements of its functionality and the fulfilment of the mission of care, on the one hand, and those imposed by the historical value and heritage interest of the site, on the other hand.

Being able to specify the desired cartographic style when designing maps would greatly improve the quality of the cartographic representation produced. Indeed, the cartographic result would be in agreement with the initial intention of the map designer, the understanding of the cartographic message that follows would be greatly facilitated. Today, there is no precise definition of the concept of cartographic style, it is a very broad concept in which several researchers are interested. In this paper, we synthesize knowledge from the literature on the concept of cartographic style. The aim is to formalize this knowledge in order to enrich existing knowledge on map construction and to be able to use style as a cartographic design ingredient.

River fishing is prohibited in Martinique for a decade due to chlordecone pollution. Argument of inheritage values of river fishing rises in the context of discussion of re-authorization and regulation of this activity. Fishing would be a socio-environmental inheritage due to its social and cultural values but also to its assumed function of driver of man-river interactions. Fishing would reinforce closeness to river and favor implication in their environmental preservation. In this paper, we change these assertions about inheritage values of river fishing into research questions. Our work focuses on of river fishing activities in order to provide useful information to productive discussion about the patrimonialization process of river fishing. In this way, we use complementary materials from semi-structured interview survey and documentary study. These materials are analyzed with both qualitative and quantitative methods. Given the results, we highlight diversity of river fishing activities and their recent evolution trend from fishing for resource to fishing leads by recreational interest. We discuss about the creoleness of fishing technics and tools traditionally considered as Native American direct heritage. Finally, we question the specific but non-exclusive role of fishing activities to maintain close link between Martiniquans and rivers.

This interview synthesizes artist statements collected in a series of interviews with Félie-Line Lucol conducted by Frédéric Lefrançois, with reference to the paper presented during the conference “Artistic Cartographies and Topologies” which was held on 18 December 2017, at the Campus of Fouillole, Guadeloupe, FWI, University of the French Antilles.

Vision tourism in protected areas is one of the activities of valorization and management of these ecosystems. However, wildlife observation tourism can contribute to tarnishing the image of the protected area to the extent that the circuits offered to customers do not meet its expectations. Thus, scientific tools to obtain reliable information on tourist circuits of a protected area can contribute to the reliable planning of ecotourism activities in these protected ecosystems. For this purpose, this paper presents a methodological approach for assessing the capacity of ecotourism circuits in a protected area, to meet the expectations of ecotourists in relation to the observations of large and medium wild mammals found there. In this approach, the essential parameters to be considered in the evaluation of the circuits were presented. They are mainly the probability of observation, the diversity of observation and the recurrence of observation. The application of this methodological approach in the Oti-Kéran-Mandouri (OKM) complex, has shown that the present state of this complex is poorly adapted for the promotion of vision tourism of large and medium mammals.

The main goal of the present paper is to unveil the dynamic of social appropriation of the territory in the Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve, taking as a case study the fishermen community Javier Rojo Gómez. From a semi-structured interview conducted to twenty-six key informants, who had to cover the following profile: to have a minimum of five years living in the community, knowledge about the history of the reservation and to have performed to carry out some economic activity within the area. Twenty-three interviews were conducted with members of the community and three members of the National Commission on Protected Natural Areas (CONANP). Fieldwork was carried out in August 2017; one of its main results was the characterization of the dynamic of social appropriation of the territory wich includes three dimensions: subjective, concrete and abstract, which served to explain the process where man makes land his home and endows it with meaning. This dynamic is the preamble for the dynamics of accumulation from tourism.

Ecotourism is playing an increasingly important global role in reconciling biodiversity conservation with socio-economic development. Although ecotourism is often pointed to be instrumental to conservation, some scientific literature asserts that it rather allows capitalism to identify, open and colonize new spaces. In Québec, ecotourism appears on the political agenda of the State in the wake of the International Year of Ecotourism proclaimed in 2002. Several stakeholders have mobilized since then and present it as a strategy for sustainable development. Based on a critical approach, this paper presents the conditions for the emergence of ecotourism in Québec and the reasons that encourage social, political and economic stakeholders to choose to highlight biodiversity through and for ecotourism. This approach makes it possible to identify specificities, tensions and issues specific to Québec, but which echo what is observed elsewhere in the world.

Our paper was conceived inside the linguistic integration for migrant people system which is official in Guadeloupe French West Indies department. We are asking about artistic and creative learning in linguistic didactics and we look about the place of the cultural heritage inside the people’s learning system. The line of reflection which guides our research is an approach which takes into account the already existing linguistic and cultural characteristics of the learners with the aim to identify and use a certain number of making more sense processes to make French language learning easier. Our dynamics is based on former research in sociolinguistics and didactics. Productions are analyzed in learner’s discourses who try to integrate themselves in the French republican system by an official program. Nevertheless, our approach can be considered as original in spite of this prescriptive situation as we use some musical and popular tales given to be described as pedagogic and linguistic tools.

This paper has three goals: First, analyze the role of financing for sustainable development in small island development states (SIDS). Second, assess empirically whether there is any evidence that foreign capital flows in SIDS has a positive impact on economic growth and social welfare of these countries. Lastly, suggests strategic recommendations of financing for sustainable development in small island developing states. Haïti is used as a case study for this exercise, because according to the United Nations, this country is included in the SIDS also in the less developed countries (LDS). To this end, cointegration technique and Granger causality tests are used. Our results suggest (i) the weakness of national saving is the main obstacle in the most SIDS to accelerate economic growth and to improve social welfare; (ii) in the case of Haiti, the results revealed that remittances and foreign direct investment have positive impacts on human development in long run, (iii) short run analysis confirmed unidirectional causality running from remittances to human development also from remittances to foreign direct investment, (iv) the analysis suggests some policy recommendations such as domestic resource mobilization, policy stability, improvement of governance and institutions, building of physical infrastructure, financial development, suitable macroeconomic framework for price stability and improvement in human capital for the long-run growth of the economy.

This paper discloses the features of the twentieth century Anglophone Caribbean cultural transformation which results in the contemporary CARICOM action for reparations. It mobilizes a multidisciplinary approach combining literary and artistic history, social and economic history, political history, history of thought. It first analyses the twentieth century literary construction of Caribbean cultural and historical memory in Caribbean fiction writing. It shows how criticism and the writers own theorisation on their creations complement the fictional text in the process inventing the Caribbean subject. This study then discloses the way in which the contribution of caribbeanist scholars complemented the literary construction of the Caribbean subject, providing 21st century Anglophone Caribbean political leaders with the cultural basis on which their 21st century political action grounds. It traces the process resulting in the contemporary action for reparation from the origins of a postcolumbian thinking to the emergence of a reparations discourse. It argues that this CARICOM action for reparations concretizes an original Caribbean postcolonial thought. To support, this statement this study demonstrates that this Caribbean reparation thought emancipates from former postcolonial theorisations on hybridity to think the Caribbean situation from the point of view of its multiple hybridities.

Besides the designations of numerous Kingston’s neighborhoods – Trench Town, Jones Town, Denham Town, Rae Town, August Town etc. – that clearly refer to the names of towns (in the city), the Jamaican capital is divided into two distinct sections, uptown, the northern part where the wealthiest residents live, and downtown, the historic city center situated near the waterfront which accommodates the low-income population. This ‘urban fragmentation’ examined by Romain Cruse (2010) and Rivke Jaffe (2016) actually gave rise to a true societal patchwork highlighting identity, social, political, religious and musical issues. Thus, this paper intends to study Kingston through the prism of differentiation and societal segmentation.