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This paper is based on a qualitative methodology that includes in-depth interviews with one hundred migrant smugglers. This study was conducted between April 2008 and July 2012, and examines the transformation of migrant smuggling between Mexico and the United States in the context of restrictive migratory policies. The paper concludes that Mexican migrant smugglers have lost independence, because now they have to pay multiple bribes and they need the sponsorship of US employers to conduce undocumented immigrants from their place of origin to the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some preliminary results of the research project entitled 'Development of a methodology for conducting the inventory, characterization and verification of sites potentially contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPS) in major agricultural areas of the state of Sonora': First, some approaches that emerge from the risk society regarding environmental issues in general and POPs in particular. Then, an approach to the problem of POPs that gave rise to the Stockholm Convention; the evidence of such a problem in Mexico, in Sonora and the obligations assumed by subscribing to such agreement. Nationally, the emphasis is placed on the analysis of environmental regulations related to toxics, and at state level, evidence shows the presence of POPs and their impact on the environment and on human health. Finally, the paper presents some reflections on the challenges and areas of opportunity for Mexico when dealing with problems associated to the presence of POPS, on the basis of following international guidelines, official regulations and analysis suggestions from the perspective of risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that the study of traditional cuisines can contribute to the knowledge of the characteristics of social, economic and productive life of the social groups or the communities in which they are developed. It also helps to identify those changes that have occurred in people's style of life and their impact on feeding, particularly in the disappearance or adaptation of culinary knowledge and practices. On the other hand, the paper analyzes the effects of urbanization, globalization and the market's new conditions in the process of food transformation. Also, we emphasize that regional traditional cuisines constitute part of the intangible heritage of societies and communities, as factors of identity, and also represent a fundamental piece in regional and local economies. A study case in a rural community going through an urbanization process helps to illustrate these arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the characteristics of parenting methods in a Mayo indigenous community in the state of Sonora, Mexico. A documentary analysis of the Non-school Initial Education Model of CONAFE is conducted in order to check the results of rearing practices with the expected skills of parents and children attending the program. Based on that, the paper also tries to identify the effectiveness of the program's implementation for social reproduction in the Mayo ethnic group. Participants included 50 mothers and children from the Mayo community El Júpare, located in Huatabampo, Sonora. The instruments used were Parental Stress Index (Abidin, 1990), Interaction Father-Mother-Son (Peña, 2004), Stimulation of the Child at Home (Caldwell and Bradley, 1967), and Scale of Integral Development of Children (EDIN) (Atkin, 1987). In the evaluation of development, 54% of the children had normal growth; however, 26% are located in the category of development at risk, and 20% show weaknesses in development. The Nonschool Initial Education Program requires substantial modifications to respond to the particular parenting methods developed in the Mayo communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to contribute knowledge on the working and dynamics of rural agroindustries located in specific territories. Beyond aspects of profitability and based on the approach of Localised Agro-food Systems, the paper shows the specific characteristics of agroindustries specialised in cheese making in the municipality of Aculco, in the State of Mexico. The study was developed considering specific resources of the area, the economic actors who interact in the local productive chain, the dairy products produced, used technology in the manufacturing process, and a typology of firms was established as artisan cheesemakers, diversified enterprises and commercial enterprises. Cheese factories were differentiated by the volume of processed milk, the number of dairy products elaborated, type of labour, use of powdered milk, the use of cream skimmer, and by the organization activities. Agroindustry represented the central part of the local agro-food system since the links related to it (milk farmers and milk buyers) interacted only as suppliers of milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is related to the anthropology of food and nutrition. The main idea is that the acts of eating or not eating express several meanings whose complexity demands a biomedical and cultural perspective. Overweight and obesity have become serious public health issues in Mexico, not only in urban areas, but in rural areas as well, where a concern with physical appearance is being detected among women. The present paper is a first approach to the subject of body perception in two different groups of women from Oaxaca: a mestizo group from the southern coastal area and an indigenous group from the "Sierra de Juárez". Their ages vary between fifteen and fifty years. It has been observed that women from the coast are more prone to overweight and obesity, hence, there is a greater concern with looking fat and they wish to be slim. There have been some cases of anorexia and bulimia detected. This is not the case with indigenous women from the Sierra. Based on the results of this study, the possibility of doing further research in this topic is discussed in order to include aspects related with body perception in future educational nutritional programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper approaches the way local governments manage garbage from the point of view of the model "Integral Solid Waste Management". The paper, first, reviews the concept and the types of garbage, as well as the characteristics of integral garbage management and some ideas about the scavengers' role; second, it presents the processes of garbage recollection and treatment, as well as the activities of recycling and scavenging in the cities of Obregón, Hermosillo, and Nogales in the state of Sonora (Mexico). The study shows that, in these cities, the service is concentrated on the recollection and disregards reduction and recycling. Out of the three cities, only Hermosillo has undertaken partial activities of recycling and reduction. Regarding treatment, only Hermosillo has a landfill in function, while Nogales manages the landfill as a trash dumping place and Obregón entirely lacks an adequate site for garbage confinement. Last, the article revises the situation of scavenging (informal recycling) and suggests some measures in order to make this work formal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the main problems shown by education offered to rural, migrant children in Mexico. The analysis begins with a critical review on the central criteria of education policy directed towards the search for enhancing educative opportunities and the betterment of quality in services for the most vulnerable sectors of the national population. The political principles are confronted with the results of an external evaluation of the Programa Educación Primaria para Niñas y Niños Migrantes (PRONIM), which is the educative program that presents a wide range of coverage and attends most of these children in Mexico. This article analyzes some of the most important results achieved by the PRONIM during 2004, and emphasizes the incongruence of the government policy, expressed in: scarce resources provided to Mexican states to program operation; lack of regional equality regarding the assignation of financial resources; precarious school spaces; depressing work conditions for teachers; and the lack of adequate pedagogic and didactic proposals. Those factors, among other, conjugate with some external aspects of the educative system, producing an increasing reduction in the access opportunities, continuity and school achievement of this children population. The paper intends to show the distances and challenges to sort out in order to be in possibility of achieve a fairer and more comprehensive primary education for the children of migrant rural workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores adolescent sexual health in Oaxaca. I examine the meanings of sexual initiation, popular and biomedical beliefs and practices associated with a distinction between male to female sexualities. In particular the paper compares medicalized discourses related to notions of modernity and sexuality with widely held ideas as to the cultural particularities of young men in Mexico overall as well as in specific regions of Oaxaca. Young men and women in Oaxaca are born into established systems of sexual health, courtship, and sexualities. These adolescents understand their sexualities to be limited by cultural and material factors including respect to modern discourses on sexuality, as well as false ideas about virile continuums positing inherently different sexual desires and behavior among men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines different approaches to nutrition and food consumption practices in Mexico in terms of conceptual focus, analytical tools and major debates. Four approaches are analyzed: research that examines Mexican public policy vis-à-vis food production and distribution; economic studies focusing on the analysis of the national food pattern; anthropological investigation based on cultural feeding habits and research from a nutritional perspective, studying food consumption and its relation to population nutritional status. This paper points out that the above approaches do not consider a gender perspective, and reviewing some studies based on a gender category as their central analysis tool, the paper underlines the need to conduct further research on gender differences between men and women and their access to productive resources, income management and food distribution and consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fishing activities in Mexico are ruled by a strong gender division of labor: men fish in lagoons and at the sea, while women sell produce or fish in lagoons and rivers for selfconsumption. However, the implications of such gender division of labor in terms of women's access to aquatic resources and the relevance of their fishing activities to the diet have remained unexplored in the literature. This paper aims at contributing to these issues by analyzing subsistence fishing practices in Ixhuapan, a native community in the Sierra de Santa Marta, Veracruz. Data were gathered using group and individual interviews, a socioeconomic survey and four consumption surveys. Results indicate that the variety and size of subsistence fishing produce have been reduced to two species: shrimp and mojarra. The gender construction of fishing instruments determine the kind of animals that women and men can catch. Women use matayahuales (circular nets) to trap fish, while men use arrows, large nets and mata-yahuales, these latter only on special occasions. The paper concludes that the use of certain fishing instruments does not depend on men's or women's physical abilities but rather on local cultural norms that establish female adequate behavior, thus limiting women's access to aquatic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growing interest in gastronomy, as a value for tourism destinations, the issue of satisfied customers becomes paramount. Therefore, in this paper, the diners of the two most important gastronomic areas in Tijuana (downtown and Gastronomic District), Mexico were surveyed. The objective, besides briefly characterizing both places, was to measure the degree of consumer's satisfaction, as well as to identify the specific factors that determine it. Methodology: For the analysis, the non-participant observation technique and a structural equations model (PLS) with five constructs and 13 observed variables were proposed. It also further investigates the importance-performance matrix analysis (IPMA). Results: Results show satisfied customers for both zones with an opportunity of improving the quality of service in the Center area and the perception of the area in the Gastronomic District. Limitations: The main limitation is the lack of inclusion of the construct expectations in the model. Conclusions: From the results, we concluded that the client, in both areas, is satisfied, detecting an opportunity of improving the quality of service in the Center area and the perception of the area in the Gastronomic District. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to characterize the small-scale producers of mezcal in order to a better understanding of their way of producing and organizing, so that when supporting policies are developed, these be aligned with their reality. Methodology. To achieve this, a qualitative exploratory study is conducted. Interviews applied to actors involved in the mezcal industry are used as methods of data collection, as well as a questionnaire applied to 52 small-scale producers. Results. The study shows six elements that help characterize the small-scale producers studied. these are: 1) the sense of family, 2) preservation of identity, 3) craft processes of production, 4) tacit knowledge, 5) spontaneous decisions and 6) informal economy. Limitations. The main limitation of the research relates to the samplés size, which was limited due to the difficulties to access remote communities; this study cannot be generalized. Conclusions. The papers concludes by suggesting that given the characteristics identified, these types of organizations have survived over the years, despite the disadvantages they face in the current socioeconomic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper describes the case of two Chinese companies that are global leaders in digital technology and telecommunications: Huawei and Foxconn. Both companies are pioneer cases of Chinese globalization in Mexico. Methodology: trough the case study method, seeks to show evidence and analytical proposals of this new phase of China's productive internationalization to Mexico. Results: The main results of the analysis show an asymmetrical economic relationship between Mexico and China. Limitations: While trade between the two countries has grown significantly in recent years, it has been marked by an imbalance in favor of China. Although there are no obvious signs that show, whether Chinese companies would have in Mexico a focal point of its internationalization. Conclusions: The case analysis of both companies helps explain its mode of international expansion and its presence in Mexico. While Mexico was not their original destination, both companies have operations in the country as part of their global expansion strategies marked from early stages of internationalization. In each case, the respective firm has followed its globalization patterns, and this has enabled them to consolidate as leading companies in the industries in which they are inserted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper assesses the importance of the composition of business tissue in the evolution of the economic activity and job creation in Baja California in the context of the global crisis of 2008-2009, highlighting the behavior of micro and small enterprises. The method consists of two parts: a correspondence analysis as an exploratory tool and a confirmatory econometric analysis with confirmatory purposes in which a collection of economic census variables is used, and once reviewed population, migration and production structure indicators. As results, we found a direct and significant relationship of micro enterprises with turnover and employment during the crisis period, however, in the post-crisis period (2010-2014) the contribution of small enterprises was noticeably higher. Meanwhile, large enterprises, showed lower sensitivity and a reduced ability to create jobs even during the post-crisis period. Limitations: However, due to the limited number of observations the results should be treated with some caution because of the high segregation. It is concluded that it is not possible to reject the hypothesis that micro but especially small enterprises, played a strategic role in generating employment and economic dynamism during the crisis, even helping to reduce their impact. Therefore, it is appropriate to strengthen industrial policy that promotes training and innovation for micro and small enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the changes in the traditional scheme of distribution and supply of foods in Mexico, derived from its adaptation to the open economy model. It emphasizes the demographic concentration in cities, technological advances and the simplification of stages of intermediation. Applies a simple methodology that uses data about the number of users of computer, cell phone, with internet access and that also have electronic means of payment. The results suggest that current food supply networks for cities transit towards other schemes as electronic distribution of food, although with certain limitations, as it is still emerging digital infrastructure and transport companies as well as the low level of consumption. The conclusions indicate that this channel has expectations extensive development, as a result of the concentration of consumers in cities, their easier access to credit and the gradual incorporation of digital platforms in shopping, as it is the case of Amazon, 99minutos.com or Hellofood, as well as traditional format stores type Walmart or Comercial Mexicana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the analysis of citizen participation in the process of ecological land use planning. This is done by evaluating the skills that actors have to stablish the criteria that led to the shaping of environmental management units and its environmental policy. The results indicate that the participatory planning workshops are an effective tool for setting a thoughtful dialogue about common problems where different actors have the same opportunity to express their ideas and proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the implementation of Magical Villages Program in El Oro, State of Mexico, in order to understand the achievements and restraints for local development. The methodology is based on the approach of Arocena (2002), in order to analyze local development from three variables: mode of development, system actors and local identity. It concludes that it is necessary situate the local population as central actors in the process construction of local development, in order to support agreements for solving common problems and equitable distribution of the proceeds generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The yoreme/mayo is the largest indigenous group in Sonora. Residing in municipalities where poverty, marginalization, inequality, expulsion of the population and the natural resource deteriorations are becoming deeper. This paper explore the trascendece of four mirrours butterfly (Rothschildia cincta) in the religious festivals of the yoreme/mayo like a possible alternative of tourism indigenous. Is an exploratory, endogenous and participatory research. The results reveal that traditional knowledge about the bio-cultural binomial (butterflies/ ceremonial festivals) could represent the roots of a real sustainable indigenous tourism alternative from a biological, cultural, social and economic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was identify the cultural, socioeconomics, and environmental factors which have influence over the women to practice the horticulture in the garden, and know the financial profits of the vegetables production in containers. Using a non-probabilistic sampling, 114 women were selected around in the peri-urban zone of Cardel City, Veracruz, México. An interview was realized to get the availability to practice of peri-urban horticulture (APPUH) and families were classified into four socio economic levels. The cost/benefit ratio was used to estimate the financial profit. The result of the APPUH is favorable, and four of six containers have a positive cost/benefit. Multiple factors affect the APPUH while the environmental factor determinate which vegetable could grow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information of this paper was obtained through a statistical survey to 400 families. This was from a total of 2,335 families in five locations in the State of Yucatán, geographically located in different regions. The results presents that cultivated in milpa and backyard provide 63.7 % average of food, one community results self-sufficient (119.1 %) instead of agricultural diversity index. The main factors that affect the food access are distance to market, father age and education, size of the family, income and agricultural diversity index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the territorial effects of a Program geared to alleviating poverty, called Oportunidades. This is done by looking at the consequences of cash transfers of this program in an ethnic settlement, La Concordia, in the State of Guerrero, Mexico. A semi-structured questionnaire was the research instrument useful to interrogate key actors of the local commercial sector about demand-offer trends in La Concordia. We firstly describe the socio- economic characteristics of Ayutla, its role in the dynamic of the regional economy and the type of commercial activity present in county seat and smaller villages, most of which have a predominant indian population. We go on to explain the transformations derived from the type and kind of commercial activity produced by Oportunidades in La Concordia, during the days when cash transfers occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an exploratory study regarding the practice of the social sciences in two states in Mexico: Nayarit and Sonora. Both show different economic structures and dynamics, while Sonora has a modern industrial sector, Nayarit rests basically in a tertiary activity, tourism. While social exclusion is significant in Nayarit, in Sonora is relatively low. Considering these disparities this analysis seeks to determine the correspondence between the socioeconomic characteristics of the two regions and the practice of the social sciences from the educational offerings, research and academic linkage from the local higher education institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the introduction are discussed some of the ecological, agronomic, socioeconomic and cultural consequences of the commercial release of transgenic maize in Mexico. Subsequently, the current process of privatization and concentration in production and seed trade worldwide and particularly in Mexico is described. Then, the opportunities and alternatives available to the situation described previously are mentioned. Later, aspects of biotechnology patents in the international context and the Plant Breeders Rights are indicated followed by the analysis of the proposed reforms to the Federal Law on Plant Varieties in the country. The paper concludes with a general discussion and conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper there is analyzed the effect that there have a set of personal attributes and characteristics of the occupation of the worker in the search of employment. A logit multinomial model is estimated for the first quarter of the year 2009 and 2012, both periods correspond to a period of crisis and economic recovery respectively. There are in use information of the National Survey of Occupation and Employment (Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo ENOE). The results indicate that variable sex, age, level of education, sector of activity and income, explain the motives of search in significant form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, the rural sector financing is based on "Fideicomisos Instituidos en Relación a la Agricultura", and the "Financiera Rural". These entities are considered development banks and their essential purpose is the enhancement of the productive sector. This paper analyzes the financial outreach of the development bank in rural sector in dimensions of breadth, depth, scope and length. As a conclusion, the development bank in rural sector has prioritized its financial sustainability, focusing on the breadth and with few achievements in scope and depth which reflects a limited role as a development institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fight against poverty in the rural area has ceased to be a priority in some countries, as the result of an apparent improvement of their living conditions. The study of rural development policies in Mexico, it is of special interest, as this country is positioned to the forefront in the attempt to increase the coordination of their policies, these being object of evaluation in this work. Based on information obtained from interviews to experts conducted in rural development in two rounds –methodology Delphi–, this paper discusses the neglect of poverty in rural areas, providing the experts their assessments about the efficacy that implemented policies has had on the reduction of rural poverty, considering the interest for further deepening of the reforms initiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tenextepango, in the state of Morelos, was established as a hiring center of farm laborers engaged in harvesting in the area since the sixties. However in the first decade of the century it is also a source of provision of farm laborers for exporting companies in the Northwestern of Mexico. This paper emphasizes the way that the different types of labor brokers in the area operate, to connect employees and employers who are geographically separated. There is a comparisson between two types of labor brokers: the “capitanes" who mobilize farm laborers in Morelos, Hidalgo, Puebla and Michoacán, and “mayordomos" who send workers to the northwest part of the country. The scenario becomes complex with because the government's programs that support the transfer of farm laborers to certain labor markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the indicators generated on the study of urban sustainability in the municipality of Chimalhuacan, located in the Eastern of the State of Mexico. It has characteristics in the territorial, urban, and social, with the complexity and link that this territory presents with the metropolitan area of Mexico City, the largest in the country and Latin America. Generate indicators for the study of the municipal territory, means building tools that allow to know the human impact on environmental, social and economic, and be relevant to the decision makers, and be a support in planning, and governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that spatial distribution in sectors of an economy is not always a consequence of regional externalities. The behavior of twenty three sectors of Sonora economy is analyzed considering first its spatial distribution and later the influence of the space in such distribution. To achieve it, Moran's I and Local Indicators of Spatial Association methods were applied. A high concentration or spatial specialization it is observed, as well as a very low spatial correlation. These results allow us to conclude that the location of the analyzed sectors does not respond to regional externalities, but rather to economies of urbanization or some other non- regional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to analyze the phenomenon and dynamics of trafficking in women to Monterrey, as well as sexual exploitation and its consequences. Results show that in recent years the trafficking of women has increased to Monterrey for several reasons. Economic growth has caused a massive increase in business travel and tourism. Parallel to this, sex tourism has also developed. To meet the demands of sex services, bar owners, massage parlors, travel marginalized areas of Mexico and lure young girls through several promises to employment and later force them to work in prostitution. Trafficked women suffer a wide range of violence and exploitation, which have direct affect to their physical, mental and sexual condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allocate public funds among competitive alternatives demands the development of models that evaluate and select those that meet simultaneously with the established goals and with the multiple criteria choices. In this context, the Fundacion Produce of BC distributed its resources without a scheme to assess the economic contribution of agri-food activities to the state. The aim of this paper is to present the design and construction of the model prioritizing them, as a policy tool to guide public spending and prioritized transparent allocate, identifying those whose multiplier effects have a clear impact based on their dynamism, participation in production structure and degree of market specialization. The result shows that for BC, these are the cultivation of asparagus, alfalfa, and wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of the return migration on regional economic activity, as well as its impact on regional social indicators in Mexico. A multivariate regression model was established to estimate the effect of the flow of the return migration on the social and economic development of Mexico. At national level, the average annual growth rate of the population with secondary education was moderate and low for those with technical studies. However, the states with higher return migration such as the states of Michoacán, Guanajuato and Zacatecas experienced a rapid growth of population with secondary and technical education. The econometric results suggest a positive effect of those return migrants with higher levels of education and remittances on regional economic and social development, as well as a negative effect of the return migration that exerts pressure on labor market formal and informal by increasing unemployment rates and the active economic population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze in the context of Mexico and its regions, the effect of technological change on the labor market, especially the performance of the employment structure in relation to the demand for skilled and unskilled labor in areas of technology and technological and performance pay and wage inequality in skilled workers in 2000-2009. It uses information from the National Survey of Urban Employment (ENEU) and National Survey of Occupation and Employment (ENOE). The results indicate that during the first decade of this century has been an increase in the demand for skill, but this increased demand is not matched by an increase in the premium to skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyze, from a historical perspective, organizational processes and how local institutions use their natural resources in the context of regional dynamics and environmental policies that seek to conserve biodiversity, and also stress the importance of protected natural areas. We refer to the relationship between the protected area, The Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve and local fishing and forestry. The results show that in Sian Ka'an Biosphere organizational processes occurred prior to the establishment of the reserve. These processes helped to support established local institutions that had properly managed their natural resources. Therefore, a successful application of environmental conservation policies in protected natural areas should keep in mind historical and cultural processes of local players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the relevance of remittances in the economic structure of the households in Chiapas, as well as the use of them, with the intention of knowing the extent they help to the economic reproduction in the state. To do this, first we review the theoretical discussion on the conceptualization of these transfers and their ability to act as a lever of economic development. Then, with data from the ENIGH 2010, we calculate the proportion of households receiving remittances and the relationship of these transfers with the levels and structures of income and expenditure of families, finding that remittances tend to replace the labor remunerations that households lose when a member goes abroad. Also, it is found that, in the short term, a significant proportion of remittances go to savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines some of de devices managed by certain public welfare institutions of central Mexico called to serve at-risk children, from 1960 through the first decade of the century. Based on the concepts of political rationalities and technologies of government, addresses the changes that have experimented and unfinished realize traffic has led to a form of disciplinary attention (represented by massive assistance and welfare interchangeably) to another control (represented by a less treatment and management assistance), which has resulted in an increasing state of helplessness process towards these children, while some groups to criminalize them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes dominant relations of market that promote the development of agrifuels in low productivity lands in the State of Yucatan. According to the study, the yield of Jatropha curcas es very variable depending on environmental and sociotechnical conditions in agroecosystems. Based on the principles of agroecology, association of pinion with other crops can be an alternative for local use and advisable if it does not compete with subsistence agriculture, due to the risk of displace staple crops and aggravate food scarcity for rural families. From ecological perspective, is not recommended to continue with monocrop in long term despite its high profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The local-global relationship was investigated in this paper; this was exploring the use of endotecnologias and exotecnologias in the management of maize in Cohetzala, Puebla, México. With this aim, a survey was conducted to 64 farmers. The use of endotecnologias was estimated based on Appropriation Index Modern Technology (IATM) as well endotecnologias. This is because the Grade of Rural Technology (GETC), and the maize farmers were classified in low, medium and high, according to AITM and GETC. In this work was found that in the maize management was used a syncretism originated from local and global processes, where predominate the local processes. This is because GETC is higher 40.6 than IATM. This is because this kind of technology is intensive, complex, productive, and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze the results of an assessment of the current situation of gender violence in different scenarios, in Sonora, Mexico, based on data from the National Survey on the Dynamics of Household Relation-ships (2006). Violence more frequently reported by women was that of community. Mobbing and bullying occur in smaller proportions. The results suggest the need of expanding areas of analysis in Endireh to enhance its ability to identify violence in different settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of a collaborative science-industry-government program called the Strategic Services (PES). It was implemented to sup-port competitiveness of food industry small and medium enterprises (SMES) in the municipality of Hermosillo. The program is a package of technology services provided by Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo (CIAD). The effects of its implementation are evaluated by means of a set of indicators associated with the competitive performance of the beneficiary companies: increased sales, new products and processes, process improvement and quality. To evaluate PSE, information was obtained through follow-up surveys applied to a sample of participating companies. The final effects of the program and the role played by the characteristics of the firms themselves are evaluated using cluster analysis, as a tool for differentiation and classification of enterprises according to size and the diversity of positive effects caused by the program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the thematic of the science-industry relationships for the knowledge transfer in Mexico. The research is based on the case study of interactions developed between research groups of a federal research center (CINVESTAV Irapuato) and agro-biotechnology companies, analyzing their patterns of interaction from informal, formal and commercial-based transfer channels. The paper argues about the isolated and successful profile of these networks. On the one hand, the study confirms that the construction of science-industry networks is exceptional in a national innovation system incapable to construct dynamic interactions that favor knowledge flows among its main innovation agents, and to define priority areas for innovative development. Also, the case shows the importance of intermediation from organizational mechanisms and public programs of S&T to shape new types of relationships between actors, and also the relational character of the technology and knowledge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article takes the view that competitiveness and social cohesion are complementary variables. In Yucatan non-inclusive models of economic growth have prevailed: the production of sisal during the twentieth century and the maquiladora industry for export, particularly clothing, in the last two decades. Currently, the maquiladoras are leaving Yucatan; nearly 100 companies have closed down and around twenty thousand jobs have been lost; however, there remain about two thousand micro and small businesses from the garment industry which are an important economic asset. The paper explores the possibility of moving towards an inclusive model of economic development that simultaneously promotes competitiveness (efficiency) and social cohesion (equity) in the garment industry with a resolute policy of promoting the development of technological capabilities and the formation of human capital, as an objective basis for improving workers' income and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various social sciences (economics, history, anthropology) have addressed the issue of food street vending. However, very few studies have seriously taken under consideration one of the most emblematic dishes of Mexican food: street tacos. This article outlines the genesis of street taco's markets through a social-historical perspective. Contrary to the belief that street taco's market is immemorial, this historical ethnography shows how it arises in the mid-20th century. Some structural macro factors such as industrialization of the tortilla, population growth, the limits of import-substitution model and undernourishment explain the emergence and proliferation of taco's stands in Monterrey's streets. Coupled with a micro analysis, this ethnography identifies the main characteristics of street taco's market (qualitative uncertainty, asymmetry of information, discrepancies of evaluation). These features allow us to understand how this market works. Through a detailed ethnographic description this paper shows the social background behind the economic transactions of food's dubious condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper health is analyzed as a constitutive element of human development theory. The social, political and institutional determinants that allow access to health are considered crucial to achieve a sustainable society. Also, a measurement of health indicators in Mexico and Nuevo Leon state is presented. These indicators have been considered by international strategies such as the Human Development Index (IDH), Agenda 21 and the Millennium Development Goals (ODM). Additionally, the analysis uses the Gini coefficient applied to health indicators in order to determine population equity advances and development of health opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides information on the background, social regulation and problems faced by the Civil Society Organizations that take care of street kids in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico and the role these institutions play in society. For this purpose, we applied a survey to 30 users and 15 employees working in these organizations in the state of Sonora, Mexico. The findings indicate that although there is a legal framework that protects kids, teens and young adults, and that there is a number of organizations with broad experience in their care, most of these young ones are not integrated into one of the institutions. Our conclusion is that the state government has not solved the homeless kids issue, and the organizations that take care of them do not meet the objectives for which they were created, thus limiting the possibilities of integrating the social group they are supposed to be serving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an investigation, inspired by environmental pragmatism, on the patterns of agreement that students of Tourism Management of the Universidad del Mar (Mexico), Mexican tourists visiting Huatulco, and Huatulco's tourism workers show about the articles 3, 1.5 and 5.4 of World Code of Ethics for Tourism. In order to do that, a methodology was applied in two phases: qualitative (in-depth interviews), and quantitative (surveys). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central goal of this paper is to present a Social Accounting Matrix of the Mexican economy for the year 1996, detailing the methodology we follow in building it. And, as a second goal, to illustrate its usefulness we carry out a basic structural analysis to study the impact of some exogenous shocks, applying an extension of Leontief's model. Specifically, we compute the Matrix of Generalized Multipliers to analyze the impact on income distribution of an increase in aggregated demand uniformly distributed, of an increase in investment, of an increase in exports, and of an increase of public expenditure in public health or education. On the other hand, besides constituting a useful tool by itself, and of being the object of study of a wide array of analytical tools of the structural analysis, a SAM also constitutes the base data on which models of applied general equilibrium are designed and implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has calculated the Mexican family tax burden for every kind of taxes. The period studied take account almost twenty years, from 1984 to 2002 which cover the structural change suffered by the Mexican economy. The approach was based on microdata, basically the National Household Surveys (ENIGH). Since, there are not continue surveys about Mexican families, were employed four years (1984, 1989, 1996 and 2002) to capture a dynamic behavior. As well, were calculated the progressivity degree for every kind of taxes, through inequality indexes such Concentration and Kakwani. By other side the tax redistributive impact was estimated applying Reynolds- Smolensky Index. In accordance with the results the whole tax system is lightly progressive, almost neutral; where such proggresivity is found exclusively on the personnel income. Disaggregating, the direct taxes registered certain progressivity while the indirect taxes were significative regressive. Finally was simulated an increase for the VAT rate with two possible scenarios, the fist one with a reduced tax of 6% for food and medicines, and the second one, with a general rate of 10%. The result, cast a VAT system 50% less progressive, and a bigger burden tax for low income families, with only a 26% more collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an approach to three different aspects of the relation between culture and nutrition risk. The first of them deals with the food habits of the Sonoran people, its nutritional preferences, its impacts in health, as well as the meaning and symbolic representations that orient these actions. The second one makes reference to the influence of the market and the large agro-business companies in the production and assimilation of risks. And third emphasizes the different forms of organization, and the institutional and non institutional responses from the civil society to face the risks caused by food ingestion. The article highlights the problems and agreements of nourishing consumption that induce the local globalization and traditions, like two of the social forces that configure and transform the nutritional security of the Sonoran people and its culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]