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The diseases discussed in this chapter include developmental and congenital malformations of the heart, atherosclerotic thromboembolic vascular occlusive disease, acquired cardiac inflammatory and infectious diseases (rheumatic heart disease and endocarditis in particular), and congestive heart failure. These common conditions have significant impact on dental professionals and their patients. Dental implications include disease detection by cognizance of salient signs and symptoms, management of emergencies, treatment-plan alterations and prophylaxis owing to the patient's medically compromised status, and treatment considerations in the patient who is under pharmacologic management for cardiovascular disease. The clinical tools used to ascertain the presence or absence of cardiovascular disease include the health history, vital sign assessment, electrocardiography, specific serum chemistries, echocardiography and other imaging techniques, and exercise tolerance testing. The findings that one encounters using these tests are detailed in the section on clinical features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary glands are subject to a variety of diseases, including inflammatory, infectious, obstructive, degenerative, and neoplastic processes. Many of these diseases culminate in salivary dysfunction, a problem seen frequently in oral medicine practice. In this chapter, emphasis is placed on xerostomia, followed by a discussion of infectious, obstructive, and neoplastic lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Granulomas are inflammatory lesions that evolve in response to irritation, infectious agents, and foreign bodies (Table 24-1). Those that are represented by localized masses of fibrovascular granulation tissue accompanied by a nonspecific chronic or sometimes subacute inflammatory infiltrate as seen microscopically are simple granulomas; in the oral cavity, lesions of this nature are most frequently encountered intraosseously as endodontically related periapical granulomas. Simple granulomas in the oral cavity are generally localized to the gingiva, yet may actually arise anywhere in the mouth or on the facial skin, where they appear as cherry-red tumefactions, termed pyogenic granulomas (see Chapter 23). Specific granulomas are those in which the histologic picture is augmented by the presence of multinucleated giant cells. The peripheral giant cell granuloma of the gingiva and alveolar ridge is a reactive lesion without an infectious etiology. Such lesions are not included with the specific granulomas, all of which evolve in response to infection with specific microorganisms. In the oral cavity, specific granulomas are usually associated with mycobacteria or deep invasive fungi, appearing microscopically as caseating and noncaseating granulomas, respectively (see Chapters 17 and 18). Certain types of foreign materials elicit a granulomatous reaction characterized by chronically inflamed granulation tissue and giant cell formation, although not all foreign agents are capable of inducing a giant cell response. In most cases, the foreign body can be seen microscopically, and polarized light is frequently used to locate crystalline foreign particles. Oil (from dental handpieces), dental materials, foodstuffs (particularly pulses or legumes), are all common exogenous agents that stimulate foreign body granulomas. The giant cells are fused macrophages, and the foreign agent is usually seen as phagocytized material within the cytoplasm. Noncaseating granulomas with no identifiable infectious agent may occur as single or multifocal nodules or diffuse swellings in the head and neck area. These lesions constitute an enigmatic group of inflammatory disorders that are subsumed under the rubric of orofacial granulomatosis. Other inflammatory conditions discussed in this chapter include Wegener granulomatosis, angioedema, and subcutaneous (submucosal) angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia and a variant form known as Kimura disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 23 of the book "Essentials of Oral Medicine" is presented. It highlights research which involves on the swellings and tumors of the oral cavity and face. The author mentioned that granulomatous inflammation is characterized by granulomas with multinucleated giant cells. Furthermore, a variety of neoplasms arise from the submucosal connective tissues, and such tumors appear as nodular swellings.

Chapter 22 of the book "Essentials of Oral Medicine" is presented. It investigates the pigmentation of the oral mucosa and facial skin. The most common of causes oral pigmentations are genetic, related to ethnicity, and those caused by accidental amalgam implantation. It is mentioned that differential diagnosis on the skin includes senile lentigo, or age spots, melanoacanthoma, and superficial spreading melanoma.

The immunopathologic mucosal diseases (vesiculobullous, vesiculoerosive) as a group present as somewhat commonly occurring inflammatory mucocutaneous lesions. In the mouth they can appear as erythematous mucosal changes with associated keratoses, ulcerations (erosive areas), desquamation, and occasionally, bullae. Frequently there is accompanying pain, varying from mild discomfort to severe symptoms that can alter significantly the ability to function. Although external irritants aggravate existing lesions, the etiology is on an idiopathic autoimmune basis. The exact occurrence has not been established because of an absence of well-designed population-based studies, the often cyclical nature, and asymptomatic patients whose lesions are never diagnosed or recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 20 of the book "Essentials of Oral Medicine" is presented. It is stated that oral cancer is mainly associated with a variety of tobacco-related habits and forms, as well as poor diets with low intake of vegetables and fruits. Furthermore, clinical spectrum of oral premalignant and cancerious lesions were mentioned.

Papillary lesions are those that are tumefactive with a cauliflower surface. Some are pedunculated others are sessile. Some are single, others are multiple or diffusely involve broad areas of the oral mucosa. The vast majority of papillomas are associated with or indeed caused by members of the human papillomavirus (HPV) family, yet there are a few papillary growths that have not been associated with HPV. One lesion in particular, molluscum contagiosum, is caused by a member of the poxvirus group. When the papillomas show minimal surface keratinization histologically, they appear pink, with the same coloration as normal mucosa. When surface hyperkeratosis is extant, the papillary lesions show a white surface. When the clinical appearance is that of multiple projections or stalks, much like a sea anemone, they are usually said to be papillary; conversely, when the lesions are white and keratotic with a roughened surface, they are said to be verrucous. Because most papillary and verrucous lesions are of viral origin, they are transmissible. In general, oral mucosal papillomas are only, mildly contagious and transmission requires direct mucosal contact. Viral transfer or inoculation to another individual probably requires an erosion or laceration of the recipient's mucosal epithelium for virus to gain access to the basal cells of the stratified epithelium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human herpesviruses (HHV, numbered 1 through 8) represent a large group of DNA viruses that share some common biologic features that account for a great deal of oral pathology. Human herpesvirus infections often lead to acute oral signs and symptoms, are a challenge to diagnosis, and are frequently difficult to treat. This family of viruses includes the herpes simplex viruses (HSV) (HHV-1 and -2), the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) (HHV-3), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (HHV-4), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (HHV-5), and the relatively more recently identified viruses, HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8. Because of their different expressions of disease, each of the herpes family viruses is discussed separately. Although the occurrences of HHV in both health and disease are worldwide, their exact prevalence is uncertain. Because their modes of clinical expressions differ, HHV infections pose frequent and common global problems for both patients and clinicians. The worldwide problem of immunosuppression has an effect on the frequencies and control of HHV oral disease. The details of frequency, severity, diagnosis, and treatment of HHV and immunosuppression are covered in detail in Chapter 14. Human herpesviruses have a large spectrum of associated pathologic effects on cells and tissues. They are associated with both acute and chronic infections as well as neoplasia. Whereas the history and clinical features sometimes allow an accurate diagnosis, at other times, sophisticated laboratory testing is required to identify and classify the specific HHV member. Following identification, the management regarding initial treatment, recurrences, and prevention often becomes a challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 12 of the book "Essentials of Oral Medicine" is presented. It highlights the mechanisms of infection and host defense. It is said that the majority of infections germane to the practice of oral medicine are viruses, fungi and bacteria. It presented a brief overview of host response to challenge by foreign proteins and glycoproteins that are present on microbial cell wall, envelopes, and capsids.

Chapter 8 of the book "Essentials of Oral Medicine" is presented. It highlights the association of anemia with oral mucosa lesions. It pointed out the molecular and pathologic correlation of anemia. Furthermore, the author mentioned oral complications of cancer chemotherapy and marrow transplantation.

Chapter 7 of the book "Essentials of Oral Medicine" is presented. It explores the clinical features and diagnosis of bleeding disorders during dental care. It was pointed out that hemorrhagic diathesis can be a serious life-threatening event to patients undergoing an oral or periodontal surgical procedure.

Chapter 6 of the book "Essentials of Oral Medicine" is presented. It highlights the diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. The signs, symptoms and complications of liver failure is presented. Furthermore, it is cited that primary dental management concerns for patients with hepatobiliary disease are infection control for hepatitis viruses. drug metabolism and potential coagulopathy.

The respiratory system includes the nasal and oral cavities: the sinuses and larynx as the upper airway, and the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli as the lower airway. Many of the diseases that occur in the oral cavity are also found in the upper airway regions. Inflammatory lesions, both infectious and allergic are found in the nose, sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and larynx. Tumors of the upper air passages are similar to oral neoplasms, with a few lesions being unique to the sinonasal region. The respiratory mucosal lining overlies mucinous glands, and these glands can give rise to salivary type tumors. Since these tissues are in close proximity to the oral cavity, the dentist should be familiar with the basic disease processes that are diagnosed and treated by the otolaryngologist. Diseases of the lower tract are typically referred to as pulmonary diseases. Acute and chronic pulmonary infections are of concern to the dental team since some of these infections are transmissible in the dental office. Pulmonary infections can compromise respiratory function and pose a risk during inhalation anesthesia. Allergic reactions of the airway, particularly anaphylactic shock, can be induced by a variety of drugs and may constitute a medical emergency. Asthma is also an immunopathologic condition that is characterized by airway constriction and can become an emergency when a severe attack develops. A group of chronic pulmonary diseases progressively lead to a loss of pulmonary function, a condition known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Patients with COPD have difficulty breathing, particularly when reclined, and they also pose a risk during inhalation anesthesia. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the major causes of death each year in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal diseases have significant implications for dental practice. When kidney failure surfaces, patients are managed by either peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. Dialysis patients await the opportunity for a renal transplant, a procedure that requires tissue human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching. The more prevalent renal diseases are glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis. The former is an immunopathologic disease, the latter is an infectious disease. Both forms of inflammatory renal diseases predispose to hypertension. The dental implications revolve around metabolic disturbances that occur during renal failure, medications that affected patients are taking, and specific considerations that are required for renal transplant patients. Neoplasms of the kidney are uncommon, yet cases of renal cell carcinoma have been reported to metastasize to the oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 2 of the book "Essentials of Oral Medicine" is presented. It assesses patients with complaints relevant to oral medicine problems. It is stated that physical examination is important to determine the problem. This examination involves the assessment of vital signs and clinical evaluation of the tissues in the head and neck region.

Chapter 1 of the book "Essentials of Oral Medicine" is presented. The author stated the importance of database in determining the variety of dental diseases and treatment. It is mentioned the establishment of rapport is the most important part of the patient workup. Furthermore, the history and physical examination is the procurement of the medical history.