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This paper presents the «new» way of organizing production in the automotive industry in Mexico. The new role of the auto parts supplier industry is highlighted. It is a global model, applied in Mexico as well as in other regions of the world, however, the strategies differ in different countries and companies. The concept of a productive model that considers structural and institutional aspects, as well as thinking about processes considering space is used. The objective is to show the current production model in the automotive industry based on networks of suppliers that make up a complex system of production and services where structures (economic, political, etc.), as well as the policies of the different actors are involved. We study the production model of the automotive industry in Mexico in which the global policies of corporates stand out, such as the outsourcing of terminal activities. This leads to a deeper study on the new role of auto parts companies, as well as state participation in the configuration of the flexible production model and its spatial correlations. It is concluded that the automotive industry is governed by a new organizational form of production, with companies that are governed under the principles of flexible production in complex production networks, where organizational and technological changes are important and affect the redistribution of economic activities that include trade and services. Finally, the productive and spatial integration of the productive and commercial sector with the partners of the North is consolidated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instead staying limited to an 'originary' or 'primitive' stage, accumulation by dispossession and its diverse ways of labour super exploitation constitute a permanent and important force of the historic geography of capital. Considering such premise, this paper analyses the course of the practices of semi-slavery, violence, fraud, labour superexploitation and cutting and seizure of rights suffered by the yerba mate harvesters of the provinces of Misiones and Corrientes (Argentina) from the middle of the XIX Century to nowadays. In order to do this, five categories of analysis were considered: the regimes of recruitment, precarization and discipline of the workforce, which are linked with the loss and violation of workers' rights; the intensity and duration of the labour workday; wages and frauds; child labour and the dispossession of the right to health; and the state complicity. The results show that the old ways of labour exploitation do not only were initial mechanisms of accumulation of capital at regional scale, but were reorganized to become structural features of a secular pattern where the relations between capital and workforce have been mostly based in looting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the socio-environmental problem from Critical Geography, a necessary current in a context of socio-environmental crises that express the contradictions and limits of the capitalist system in Latin America and the world. From this position, the proposal is to introduce the subject considering the territoriality that the society-nature relationship contains. Emphasis is placed on the tendency, under the logic of the market economy, for socio-environmental conflicts to be triggered by social groups with environmental interests and other territorial organizations that fight for resources, nature, territories, and democracy. These social movements in their actions contribute to the knowledge of the cases in which they become involved and promote the installation on the public agenda of topics censored, unnoticed or misrepresented by the media and government agencies. The contribution of these lines is to review concepts, reinterpret them, rehearse working methods, and organize them for didactic purposes, in order to stimulate a critical awareness of the environmental and territorial in students at the educational levels in which Geography is taught. Throughout the article, different examples were used to clarify the proposed terms and method questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes an analysis of the nearness of the elderly population to the public green spaces (PGS) of the municipalities of Santa Fe and Rafaela (Argentina), with the aim of recognizing the proximity of elderly population to the PGS and identifying in which urban areas can be found the deficits, according international parameters. The purpose of this paper is to generate a reflection which could be useful to increase the level of details about urban strategies in this matter, in both intermediate cities. The methodology is based on the Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas (INDEC, 2010) and different surveys carried out by own resources from municipal cartographies. The study integrates the identified PGS into a spatial data matrix that makes it possible to quantify the available green area, and to map and identify urban areas which lack for these spaces, from the delineation of an «optimal proximity area» suggested by the WHO. The main results indicate, with respect to the amount of green area per inhabitant, that both urban centres accomplish the recommended standards of the WHO, although the participation of the different PGS according to «size ranges» indicates a general predominance of small spaces, with little contribution in the total green area. On the other hand, the analysed municipalities present an unequal proportion of elderly population residing inside the «optimal proximity area» to the PGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The territory and its inherent natural conditions to each place are given as environmental assets and their configuration respond to dynamic processes which are changing through long time periods. Though, as showed in this paper, the territory may also be understood as the changing element of development. In the simple development model the two more important factors that decide the trajectory, dynamics and structure of changes that favor the geographic landscape are the human and economic capital. To these we may add the relative location which as it interacts, conditions the intensity of processes positioning a region as peripheral or central. In this paper we present an analysis of the development conditions of some Peruvian regions and their status of the peripheral rural economies in contrast with the dynamic development of the central regions (as it is the capital of the country or other urban-industrial and mining regions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the health and environmental impacts caused by Waste Cooking Oils (WCO) are presented, considering the requirements of Law 1278 and its regulations contained in the Supreme Decree 014-2017-MINAM-PERU for solid waste. This paper explains why this regulation --whose title and orientation focuses on solid waste-- is relevant and applicable to liquid oils, as well as the concept of prioritized goods, their regimen and how the law's principles are related to WCO. The situation of WCO is reviewed for each of the policies contained in the regulations. The traditional life cycle for WCO is presented, as well as the new life cycle approach under circular economy. The possibility of utilizing WCO in the production of biodiésel is presented in order to give value to the first, under the Principle of valorization of waste. The responsible actors and partners are identified under the principles of Extended Producer Responsibility (REP) and Shared Responsibility. The eco-toxic and toxic effects that WCO represent, when inadequately managed, are identified, under the principle of Protection of the Environment and Public Health. In the broader development of the REP, this work emphasizes the role of responsible actors and demonstrates that WCO meets the criteria to be considered within the special regime for prioritized goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will analyse the coverage of basic services in the 55 municipalities of Santa Fe Province. In a broad sense, the growth of this kind of services is a constant challenge; its improvement reflects the progress in the quality of life. It is also an important factor to explain development. In the first place, we will determine and compare rates of the coverage of basic services from 2001 to 2010. In order to do so, we will analyse the coverage variation of that period taking into account housing increment. In the third place, we will examine changes considering population size--cohorts--and the regional belonging of the municipalities, seeking to understand the related factors to coverage variation along the aforementioned period, Regarding the methodological approach, we will combine different relevant rates of the provision of basic home services for urban life. Our information sources are the Censos Nacionales de Población, Hogares y Viviendas de Argentina (INDEC, 2001) (INDEC, 2010), and also statistics of the Instituto Provincial de Estadísticas y Censos de la Provincia de Santa Fe -Argentina- (IPEC, 2017). The achievements gave us the opportunity to appreciate the quantitative change process of the coverage of basic services in the area between the years 2001 and 2010. We have detected non-causal connections between the coverage of basic services and municipalities' demographic size with its location in the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze and describe the historical, institutional and structural factors of deforestation taking into account the dynamics of intensification or «extensification» of land use in the Amazon region of Tena in Ecuador. A first conclusion was finding the reproduction of an extensive pattern of agriculture in Tena as an important direct agent of deforestation. We believe that this agricultural system originates in historical processes from the sixties, when the state intervenes promoting certain policies of extensive land use, through road construction and specific mechanisms of land titling. The current social and institutional dynamics have failed to reverse such situation, since deforestation is still playing, although there is a tendency to close the agricultural frontier. The indicated form of farming and the corresponding rates of deforestation are played today as a result of structural factors, such as farm size, proximity to roads, the type of technology used and unfavorable market linkages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the various debates on globalization, it has often been understood as a process that empowers multinational capital vis-à-vis local communities and workers. This paper is an attempt to uncover some alternative effects of globalization, or more precisely, how globalization can also open political spaces for local communities to campaign and negotiate for their livelihoods. Through a case study of the conflicts around mining in Tambogrande, the paper shows how this community managed to stop a mining project that it considered destructive. The study explores the political strategies of narrative construction, and the way the opposition narrative was articulated across scales. The opposition narrative was strategically constructed to draw on the national identification with lemon-based dishes and the international strength of the democratization discourse. The Tambogrande case illustrates how a local community can be empowered by aspects of globalization that enables networking and rescaling of narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the strategic planning method linked to the territory's sustainable development as it is currently being proposed by various organisms involved in public policies in Peru. It is aimed to discuss the methodology in terms of its validity as a new theoretical paradigm. Its ultimate goal is to bring about a new comprehension of the strategic planning process within the present competitive framework -among districts, provinces, regions, etc.- featured by factors such as human resources assessment, expressive technological investments and emphasis on inter-connectivity, among others. The paper starts by revising the strategic planning model genesis within the public initiative sector and its relationship with the attraction of private investments at local scale. The percourse which links one point to the other goes through both the perspective of economists and administrators and the vision of prominent planners. It ends up by showing the possibilities of a new prospect in the strategic planning of development at local scale, as well as existing doubts regarding the model: firstly, if we lack adequate information in reference to the objective capacities of our closest competitors, we will hardly be able to elaborate competitive strategies favorable to us in a specific environment; secondly, we consider that, in the current context of our country, the goals in the territory development process must be guidelined by employment and income generation for local population and this, without doubt, relies on systematic planning of investment attraction; and finally, we accept that strategic planning may constitute a tool that will enable to consolidate the decentralization and territorial integration processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is on territorial management in the frontier zone of Peru, Brazil and Bolivia, and its relation to the construction of the transoceanic highway. Its main objective is to discuss the processes of urban growth in the settlements of Iflapari (Madre de Dios, Peru), Assis Brasil (Acre, Brazil), and Bolpebra (Pando, Bolivia), and their connection to the wider process of international South American integration. Another objective is to bring a new comprehension to the planning and management process of the Amazon territory from a decentralized viewpoint, taking care of the environmental conservation and the protection of the Rio Acre basin. The discussion departs from the view that the construction of the road will stimulate an organized urban growth that may dramatically enforce the problems in relation to the social and environmental degradation, to finally propose a new strategy for territorial and urban management through the building of an international city that includes the three urban settlements already mentioned above. Finally, this paper shows that the best development possibilities for the region are in the integral management of the urban services, infrastructure and equipment. It is hoped that the perspective of an international city will ameliorate and even control the appearance of problems typical of frontier urban settlements, such as delinquency, prostitution, drugs traffic and consumption, smuggling, unemployment, lack of cultural identity, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It appears that the situation of spatial planning policies in Peru is complicated. Several attempts to simplify legislations have failed. However, a coherent policy framework is necessary in order to efficiently implement a comprehensive spatial planning strategy. Therefore this paper considers the question of spatial planning through an analysis of public policy, in order to understand who has the power to make changes to create a common vision of spatial planning in Peru. It analyzes which were the obstacles of change so far to illustrate how change did not happen (or happened only in a limited way). The first part sheds light on the conflicts between different levels of government. The second, analyzes how to conflicts of interest between actors within the government impede the elaboration of a coherent legislative framework. The last part discusses the possibility of a paradigm shift in Peruvian spatial planning policy and possible alternatives to the current model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem services (ES) are defined as the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. Social values of ES may be described as the socio-cultural perception of human well-being provided by ecosystems. The inclusion of the ES is being acknowledged as very important, as well as the local actors knowledge and getting an estimation of the perceived social, economic or biophysics values in order to evaluate the complete range of ecosystem values. Alto Mayo, in San Martín Region, is part of an Andean-Amazon watershed which offers a great variety of ES and unusual characteristics; it is also a territory that is under major transformations with different negative impacts both on human and natural capital, which could lead to a decline in the quality of life of its population. In the last ten years the Regional Government of San Martín, along with the collaboration of various NGO, has carried out several initiatives to revert environmental degradation of the area. This paper presents part of a research project which aims to study the knowledge and perception of local actors within the Alto Mayo territory and the ES. The project's purpose is to contribute to the conservation of ecosystems in the area. We focus on the work methodology used, that is, the study conducted through questionnaires, interviews and participatory mapping with various actors in the area and the use of the GIS tool «the Social Values for Ecosystem Services - SolVES». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most work on old maps has been to explain the forms of representation, its various uses and applications. At mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries it has developed historical cartography, means by which maps were made with old information or data mapping planes. In this paper the goal is to use the current mapping methods to reconstruct maps, based on the platform of geographic information systems (GIS); international conventional symbols; physical-geographical context of the time and current reference system for mapping and as a tool for spatial analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cerros de Amotape National Park (CANP) is a vast Natural Protected Area (NPA) in northwestern Peru, which contains a great diversity of plants and animals, many of which are endangered and are unique in our country. Currently, this park is being reduced due to logging and cattle ranching. Most of the studies in the area have identified the inhabitants of the buffer zone of the CANP as responsible for its degradation, without investigating exhaustively their points of view and knowledge, which is considered essential for understanding social and environmental problems. This is the reason why I decided to investigate the deterioration of this park from the people's perspective (adults and children) of the villages «Los Encuentros de Pilares» (LEP) and «El Chaylo» (ECH), both settled in the buffer zone of the park. My focus in this paper is only on the children's perception of these villages about the CANP. The main objective is to explain the behavior linked to the park by the population of both villages, and the specific objectives are to characterize their perceptions and knowledge regarding the CANP. Researches on the perception of the populations of the NPA, and specifically the children, are very rare in our country. Thus, this study aims to provide a small contribution to the knowledge of the subject. On the methodological side, I adopted the approach and instruments of the geography of perception, and used a qualitative methodology, which demonstrated to be very effective in understanding the problematic. Also, the use of mental maps proved to be a quite valuable resource that allowed children to reveal their perceptions in a fun and dynamic way. Among the results, I found that the children's perceptions from the two villages are contrasting. Whereas the children from ECH possess a strong ownership and identification with the CANP, they have not been instructed about their problems; in LEP instead, the children do make a difference between their village and the park, and they have a strong awareness of their problems and the importance of their protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to show the Strategic Environmental System (SAE) as a tool to strategic planning, and a model to territorial competitivity applied in practice with long run objectives to integrate the environmental aspects in the development planning processes, increasing the knowledge level about the environmental context and the interrelations with other dimensions of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social movements are mobilization groups of stakeholders who seek to change the status quo, given the unfavorable conditions regarding their demands, rights, warrants, etc. As a fundamental effect of the change, social movements become leading actors of institutional change. One of these effects is given in the environmental issues, in the use, control, legislation and appreciation of nature. The insurgent policies developed by these movements are, in the current context of globalization and development of information technology and communication, the center of analysis in this paper, focusing on the U.S. environmental movement. We, therefore, believe that insurgent policies determine the beginning of institutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central idea of this paper is to make a critical review of the gaucho archetype analyzed from his corporality and identity. Corporality that recreates during a particular territoriality: the pilgrimage on horseback to the Our Lady Basilica at Lujan, Argentina. The purpose of this reviewing is the search of empirical connections among the diverse social objects, the traditionalist displacement and the religious practice, where corporality becomes substantial as catalyzer of those subjacent differentiations, non-viewed, under an apparent homogeneity. From there, it looks to break up the ingenuous vision of a unique and universal model of being gaucho, pilgrim and Argentine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lima, capital of Perú, together with El Callao configure a large urban agglomeration of near nine million people that makes one third of the total Peruvian population. It is characterized by huge social and spatial inequalities and serious governance and urban management problems; and it is the siege of the national public establishments, the administrations, banks and big enterprises, which results in the concentration of half of the Peruvian economy. From this perspective, any perturbation of Lima by a disaster might affect not only the city and her inhabitants but also the Peruvian territory as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to argument the need to develop a strictly geographic focus in the scientific research on the management of emergency situations. This demonstration is based on a study made by PACIVUR about the resources available to attend the disasters in Lima and El Callao, under the hypothesis of the occurrence of a great earthquake followed by a tsunami. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes traditional migration processes in Perú and their influence on resource conservation. In the coast as well as in the sierra and selva, migration has been part of human coexistence with fragile ecosystems, allowing their conservation. However, these processes have not been recognized by the political administration. The State should recognize the existence of migration circuits to manage resources and include them within in the planning and development strategies. That must be reflected in the ecologic and economic zoning and in the territorial land management. At the same time, the State should look for the means to get a dialog among the diverse actors that form the migration circuits. Here, I propose to involve the migration processes within the public policy in planning as well as in the regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present a joint initiative of the Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico (Ingemmet) and the Research Group of Physical Geography in High Mountains of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid (GFAM-UCM), to promote at Peru the research on geomorphology and climate change. The plan is to elaborate geomorphological maps of Lima Metropolitana and header watersheds (Chillón, Rímac and Lurín), to generating analytical instruments to achieve the following objectives: 1) Decoding the record of climatic changes in landforms. 2) Delimit water reserves stored as ice masses (cryosphere). 3) Recognize the relationship between the geomorphology and the geological hazards which may affect to people and their economic activities. 4) Design a methodology that can be extrapolated to other Peruvian regions. To this end, geomorphological mapping will be integrated into geographic information systems (GIS): will be identified the morphoclimatic units and the related genetic processes. Also, their relative chronologies will be proposed. Then, the absolute dating of key units will be established to confirm or correct the relative chronologies. The information will be compiled in databases to be contrasted with other evidences and paleoclimatic proxies. This is intended to produce models of climate evolution, to contribute to the assessment of geological hazards, and the knowledge of current state of cryosphere, including recent trends and future forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to reveal the socioeconomic impact of industrial activity on women at the Municipio de Ixtlahuaca, State of México. The manufacturing industry at the State of Mexico by the end of2009 represented 16.6% of the total population occupied, of which men participated with 66.9% and women with the 33.1%. The industrial activity loses importance in the percentage redistribution of the occupied population by economic sectors, where commerce and services gain importance. Notwithstanding, the economic dynamics of the region continues being determined by the industrial sector. If it is true that job increment in the industrial activity is at fewer rates than the others in the tertiary sector, the job market on industrial activities continues incrementing in much due to the women participation. Since the 1990s the interregional labor markets are increasing, and the modern industry maintains its leadership in the accumulation process in the region. Since then, the productive heterogeneity deepens, that is, the breach between the globalized industry and the rest of it is widest. The Toluca-Lerma region and the nearby municipalities are sites where modernization processes or productive restructuring have been implemented, and the installation of industrial capital with new interregional mobility to give way and control new regional labor markets, is made by the strategy of productive fractioning. At the Ixtlahuaca Municipality the manufacturing activity is relatively recent. Viewing the women labor from the perspective of activity sectors, they have some spaces in the industrial sector. Here we examine the repercussions of socioeconomic changes occurred from the 1990s on, where there was a period of economic restructuring and openness. The analysis based on economic censuses is clear to indicate the role of industry in providing employment by incrementing the participation of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers some knowledge about the utility of Economic Valuation of Assets out of market methods, to allow management in general and as a guide to the planning of natural areas with valuable ecologic and landscaping aspects. Here, I show the importance of the Protected Natural Areas (ANP) in the national economy and their economic value. I describe the most used techniques in the valuation of ANPs with special attention to the direct using values through the application of cost of travel and contingent valuation methods. As an example of the use of these techniques, I present the application results at the Private Conservation Area-El Cañoncillo Natural Forest, with the objective to analyze the pertinence of the economic valuation by the adoption of conservation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of urban waste management in less developed countries permits us to put into evidence different systems. Each of these has its own logic, but they are strongly inter weaved. Their «modelization» (that is, their simplification), which we propose to do in this paper, looks to illuminate the principal characteristics of a very complex reality. We propose to observe three systems that respond to both geographic and historic logics. They refer to «self management» of the «public management» and of the «shared management». These three systems are imbricated to allow the management of waste in a city such as Lima (Perú), finally building a «compound system» Following the example of the management of solid waste in the Northern countries, most part of the public policies of the South cities look for technically modernize the management of their waste. The hypothesis of this text is that this strategy builds strong inequalities in such cities, related to the quality of service, because they do not have the resources to put them into functioning in all their territories. On the contrary, some experiences, even minor, look for taking advantage of the present condition, taking in account the best way of the different dimensions of sustainable development, by using the strong practice points of certain populations, such as the recyclers. This voluntarist adaptation should, however, make malabar with the different population vulnerabilities, designed to a progressive attenuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditionally, Geography is understood as an academic science which main function is to provide basic knowledge about territories but of less use for practical means; that is why it has been associated to History and therefore the least interest given by the Latin American policy makers when designing educational programs. The objective of this paper is to show that geographers are significantly contributing to sustainable development issues in different geographical environments, be these urban and rural. To do this I will show an experience on sustainable rural development in the Sierra of Piura, as an example of the application of the geographic and environmental knowledge, sensitizing the rural people to their ecosystems' potential and the strategies for action in front of climate change. In a preliminary study there were identified the structural problems that impede sustainable development by information workshops and awareness to the teachers and community and municipal leaders. In a second stage we are working with peasants of two different ecological zones to inform them of their potential in plant resources and the ways how they may take advantage to put them at the urban markets, thus increasing their economic assets. To do this, we propose to help them in searching for those markets and provide advice in order to get just prices for their products. It is too early to quantitatively talk on the results because plants have a production cycle that needs to be experimented before they are distributed to the final stakeholders. Of course, this research is interdisciplinary and the geographers' participation is due to their fine knowledge of the ecosystems and places where the experience is being done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different economic and subsistence activities respond to changes or dynamics that are formed in each context. At present, globalization appears as one of the main factors that influence on the economic activities. That is, it is undeniable that all economic activities transform their processes induced by that phenomenon as well as the distinct regions have required to get integrated to that process. In that sense, the states, procuring to get integrated to the global context have contributed to the configuration of the new commercial scenery. This implies that many societies with distinct living patterns have had to adequate to a new commercial dynamics, where exports are the principal connection to the global market. The main objective of this paper is to identify and analyze the spatial dynamics originated as result of agro exports such as the case of the asparagus' «boom» at the Ica Valley. Moreover, there is a revision of some environmental dynamics or impacts that the process has given way in order to have a correct vision of the topic. To do this, there was a spatial review of the study area based on satellite images in identified dates, from which it was possible to see gross evidence of a spatial transformation and the appearance of new land use forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to show a concrete experience of territorial management of the frontier zone of the Axis Road N° 1 Piura-Guayaquil formed by Zarumilla Province (Perú) and Huaquillas and Arenillas Cantons (Ecuador), from a binational and sustainable perspective, having as regional framework the Region of Tumbes (Perú) and El Oro Province (Ecuador). In this study area there are social inequities, such as scarce educational opportunities, insufficient youngsters' training and health access. Thus, the university education supply is short, which gives way to youngsters' emigration to Tumbes, Machala and other cities when they want to get a university education. Health services are also insufficient in terms of infrastructure, equipment, human resources, and quality of the services offered, which justifies a territorial management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, inserted in the framework of the Cid studies, aims to identify the existence of a strong presence of the cult to the Virgin Mary in the Poema de Mio Cid (PMC), which articulates the battle scenes of the poem and is presented as a projection of Castile's expansionist intentions in the context of the wars of Spanish reconquest. Likewise, it seeks to demonstrate the strong French influence in the Marian cult, which can be seen throughout the text, and its adoption by the religious Peninsula, particularly in relation to the ideology of crusade that matches the changing notion of reconquest and constitutes one of the main motives of the poem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to quantify the socioeconomic importance of seven phonetic characteristics (seseo, yeismo, /s/-aspiration, /x/-aspiration, /i/-assibilation, /r/-assibilation, and /n/-velarization) whose presence or absence allows distinguishing among twenty-four Spanish dialects. In order to accomplish this goal, we perform a least-square regression analysis to calculate "hedonic prices" for the abovementioned characteristics. The result is that the three more significant characteristics, which seem to operate as signs of a lower per-capita income, are seseo, /x/-aspiration and /r/-assibilation. The first of those characteristics keeps its statistical significance as a sociolinguistic marker when we restrict our analysis to the case of Spain, while /r/-assibilation keeps its statistical significance when we restrict our database to Colombian observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashibo-Cacataibo is a Panoan language spoken in the Peruvian Amazon. Despite its relatively small number of speakers this language features a rich dialectal diversity. Although this dialectal situation has previously been documented by G. Tessmann and L. Wistrand, among others, in this article we aim to offer an approach to the dialectology of this language from firsthand data and with an emphasis on the documentation of the phonological aspects that determine the isoglosses separating the Cashibo-Cacataibo dialects. The paper also include references to lexical and morphosyntactic aspects. The conclusions from the data we have collected converge with the results obtained by other scholars: the Cashibo-Cacataibo language consists of four extant dialects (plus an extinct one) with varying degrees of similarity between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last decade, the number of local public utilities has experienced a significant increase in Europe. The provision of public services by means of this type of companies requires municipalities to establish different forms of control and regulation in order to align economic and social interests. This paper analyses the Spanish system of local public utilities from the point of view of the characteristics of the governance style applied by municipalities to steer and monitor the activities. The results evidence that, among other things, the percentage of equity participation influences on the mechanisms adopted by local authorities to apply external control on public utilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aims of the formation, related theoretically to the performance of human resources, self-training, information and effectiveness, have been identified as the amount in which the company goes further from knowledge to learning. In this paper three hypotheses applied to the Spanish aquaculture are proposed to model the differential aim follow-up and the achievements of the formation plans. The empirical analysis has been carried out with the data of 99 representative companies of the aquaculture sector. The SPSS 19 statistical program was used for the data analysis. A factor analysis was made by the method of principal components. Eighteen nonparametric tests of Kruskal-Wallis type were applied, as well as 36 chi-squared tests. As a result, three principal components were identified that explain 80% of the variance of the aims: the first one refers to policies of implication of human resources, the second one is related to objective circumstances and the third one is associated to dynamism. It was confirmed that the relevance of aims is proportional to the percentage of expense in formation and, specifically, it is greater in suppliers. Finally, significant differences in the results of the formation with respect to the reduction of errors were observed, this reduction being greater in fish distribution and production. Significant differences were also observed in the effect of the formation on the motivation of the employee, this being greater in fish suppliers and producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly integrated global business arena, local singularities still play a crucial role in many aspects. Business ethics is affected by this duality in profound ways. Legislators have tried to provide uniform ethical guidelines for transnational companies. In this effort to streamline the ethical management of the multinational corporation, regulation could be thought of as an attempt to reduce the role of the leader. We argue that this solution mistakenly presumes a high degree of uniformity across countries. In this paper, we consider how different legal traditions can be used to explain the divergences in implementation and configuration of ethics hotlines. We find that although national regulators established a legal standard (Sarbanes Oxley Act) for global companies, significant differences exist across legal traditions, which sometimes go even deeper, to region and country specific nuances. Legal regulation may never substitute a leader in ethical matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an exploration of major traded derivative instruments in Chile, the interest rate swaps, and most commonly used valuation methods, addressing financial risk management in the context of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). We analyze the requirements for adopting hedge accounting, particularly with regard to evidence of effectiveness, and discuss particular aspects of the Chilean case that companies must face the time to prove the validity of contracts and contract coverage. The study's findings suggest that the local market still has problems of efficiency and availability of information to (i) properly manage financial risks and (ii) demonstrate the effectiveness of hedges under IFRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural and urban worlds are the two columns that support a society within a given territory. Often, we dedicate much attention to the urban sector because it contains near 60% of the world population and generates and dynamics the contemporary economies. We talk much of the rural sector but do little to solve its problems, especially to bettering the quality of life of the poorest, which in global terms are living in the mountain areas of the world. In this paper I analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the mountain environments to sustainable human development that allows bettering the quality of life of their populations. I insist on resources quality and control and urban demand. I also point out to the infrastructure difficulties and its effects in the circulation of goods and services. The case study is settled at the Sierra of the Department of Piura, northwest Perú, where there is a rural population mostly dedicated to subsistence activities while in the coastal lowlands dominates commercial agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is land management? How important it is as instrument for environmental monitoring? In this paper the author tries to answer to this and other issues related to the importance of this concept as a tool for sustainable development. Moreover, it presents an exegetic analysis of how this concept has been attended by governmental administrations linked to the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper refers to the unevenness on the quality of life originated by the environmental settings that are calibrated by the different human activities on the natural systems. We emphasize the issue of vulnerability of the poorest societies, looking for explanations that support that condition and the social responsibility of administrators to change those inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper underlines the returning interest to the importance of regional studies after a period of stagnation during the last decades of the XXth century. Moreover, there are the questions related to the new geopolitical condition brought about by the globalization process and the creation of spatial webs and a-geographic links. At present, we have again the regionalization issue as part of our agenda in the land management processes, and thus, it is very alive among politicians, especially in the Less Developed countries. There is trust that the territorial changes should lead to the bettering of the political, economic, and social system of each country. However, this regional interest is not always backed by a deep knowledge of the basic theory of the «conceptual framework» to practice it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as its goal to study the perception of the dwellers from Pimenteira community in relation to the conservative actions of the Private Reservation of the Natural Patrimony (PRNP) SESC Pantanal - Barão de Melgaço-MT. It is characterized as a research mostly qualitative done in two stages. The first, conducted through field research guide-book containing the main aspects of the community, and the second stage was done through semi-structured interviews for the obtainment of data on the perception of the community. The results revealed that the under-structure is poor which compromises the basic needs of the population. On the second stage of the work, it was diagnosed that the PRNP is a positive thing to the community because it brought jobs and income and the environmental conservation was left in a third plan. Most of the population do not know actions of handling and its importance to the environment. The few people who mentioned some actions pulled out the fight against the forest fires as a job opportunity. These results point to a reformation of the techniques of handling, searching for participative techniques to achieve integrated maintenance among all dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

«Place» is a word that have many applications and meanings in the daily talking. This has given way to different conceptual interpretations that may confuse to some geographers, especially those too close to social sciences. There are already some anthropological opinions in the sense that in opposition to places that reflect some identity to their users, there are the «non-places»; that is sites where people may transit without any feeling of their existence. Such are the cases of modern shopping centers, express highways, airports, etc. The argument in this paper is that those sites are in some way stable in time and their permanence makes them part of a local landscape. In this sense, these artifacts become part of the landscape and are adopted by local people as part of their goods that develop some identity feelings alike the ones for places. This is shown when comparing with other places that have some similar spatial arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate studies are of main importance to explain the external geodynamics of the Pacific Basin of the Central Andes between 15°S and 19°S. This is because the processes by which the relief modeling or morphogenesis develop are controlled by pluviometric variables and phyto stabilization. Moreover, the internal geodynamic of the region is related to the climatic conditions that determine the amounts of sediments aported to the Ocean basin (Kulm et al. 1977), affecting the erosion rate by subduction in the plane of contact between the tectonic plates and the composition of the magazas formed below the Andean erogene. In this paper we analyze the climatic effects in the external geodynamics, within a theoric framework that considers a morphoclimatic system as a set formed by the morphogenetic agents and processes that work the relief modeling in a territory, in function of its bioclimatic characteristics; and a morphoclimatic dominion is the spatial environment where a specific morphoclimatic system develops. First, we present the clima of the Central Andes, the factors that control its mean configuration and its main characteristics with diagrams made from the pluviometric data collected in a series of stations regularly distributed in the region. Second, we differentiate two climatic dominions, one in the Altiplano, related to Amazonia precipitations and the other at the Pacific side, associated to the anticyclonic permanency in the western cordillera. Third, we propose a subdivision of the western façade of the cordillera in altitudinal intervals or bioclimatics sections using bioindicators such as the vegetation absence or presence with altitudinal change. Fourth, we give a new division in altitudinal intervals or morphoclimatic zones, using the existence of some geoindicators, such as the endemic geomorphic units of each morphoclimatic zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide an approximate description of the territorial differences of the Peruvian population from a social-demography perspective. The structure of inequalities is searched through factorial analysis, which would let us know a better description of the spatial distribution of these inequalities among provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Third Milleniun shows a world with a great population mobility where to some extend people try to hedge the great income disparities among regions. Migrations are a human process of socio-relational and multi-dimensional character, highly selective and differential that obligates at distinct levels of interaction degrees not only migrant individuals but also receptive societies that support the adaptation processes, which later may give birth to cultural hybrids very significant to the places. In this paper I analyze the condition factors of migration and their effects on the definition of migratory potential and decision to emigrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first Arabian communities arrived to Argentina by the end of the xix century. As it occurs in other cases, the motives of this immigration were economic, social and political. A second wave of immigration was from 1945 to 1974 due to the civil war in Lebanon. Not all settled in the Pampa region but extended all over the country, especially in the northeastern such as Salta where the landscapes reminded them much of their own homelands. In this paper I make an introduction to the Arabian migration to Argentina, its insertion to the productive system and its role in the political, economical, cultural and gastronomical life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the main characteristics of natural order associated to touristic practices that subsist in the San Luis Potosí territory, located at the meridian limit of the ancient Aridoamérica and occupies a central portion of the United States of Mexico. This federative entity differs from the national context by its demographic growth and important industrial development, condition that is more relevant in the State headquarter. However, in spite of its varied and abundant natural attributes that include desert zones, steppes, tropical perennial forest and other vegetation associations of transcendental importance that complement the natural attractions, good for economic activities. Even in the xxi century the touristic activity in San Luis Potosí has had a marginal dynamics out of the state planning policies, which shows that the natural conditions have not been, by themselves, a significative sparkling to push its growth. The proposed results of this research are part of the project «Natural and socioeconomic potential for ecotourism development in the State San Luis Potosí, México», financed by a concurrent fund of the National Council of Science and Technology and the government of the State of San Luis Potosí. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of geomorphologic-hydro sedimentlogy study done in the hydrographic basin of the Aquidorobó torrent and its area of influence in the municipio of Poxoréu, southeast of the state of Mato Grosso, in the geomorphic unit know as «meseta de los acantilados». The torrent studied is affluent of the Poxoréu River in the San Lorenço basin. The geomorphic-sedimentlogy works were made in the municipio Poxoréu and are related to the open-pits of common wells and artesian wells in some houses, farmsteads and others built to get water for common use. In general, companies charged of building the wells make water chemical analysis to show the owners the quality of the resource and abilities for personal consumption and other uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show the results of studies made in order to present a proposal and implementation of the Route Pantanal Pacífic. This proposal is an M.A. thesis project linked to the Graduate Program in Geography of the Federal University of Mato Grosso - UFMT. The main objectives are within the potential framework of the touristic destines of center and south South America have to the integration processes, especially to Brazil, Bolivia, Perú, Chile, and Argentina. It also will study the dynamic relation among their borders, which may be worked as integration instruments and tie-formation of their territories. As a scientific work, the theory references will cover social and tourist concepts adopted by geography and official organisms. Methodologically, this study is based on research carried out in loco by scientific trips along the central axis of the inter oceanic route and will pay special attention to the existing potentials along the frontier zones. Another important support will be the Program of the Ministry of Tourism coordinated by the National Secretary of Tourism Politic - Department of International Relations for Tourism, a dependency of the Federal Government that looks to establish touristic and social relations with its border countries. The results of this research will be divulgated in a thesis and latter by electronic means in a page generated with the help of the Pantanal Pacific Institut, considered as one of the by products of this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main problems of urban land use is the environmental impacts caused by inadequate use of it. This worry comes from the moment that there is lack of preserved areas in cities due to land occupation and inadequate planning for urban use. This paper tries to establish in a systematized form a reference on planning for recuperation of degraded areas in urban environments emphasizing some basic aspects to the recuperation of those. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows some reflexions about tourist potentials and possibilities for a better management of the existing natural and cultural patrimonies along the Pantanal Pacific Route and its surroundings. The approach to the topic brings together some concepts of tourism, in terms of economic activity that is most spread in the world; that has most contributed to the preservation of natural and cultural biodiversity; that is least polluting; that contributes to a better social inclusion and rising the quality of life of the poorest. Nowadays social responsibility is one of the most important requirements to the positioning of business, institutions and professionals in a market. Thus, we look for the possibilities of this activity to enhance the development of the Pantanal Pacific Route. We also look for the role of the academia which is responsible for generating knowledge. That project was born in the academia, in a Graduate Program, Master in Geography. We hope governments will participate in this process by elaborating policies and support strategies to private initiatives for investment, nothing more. From the private sector, supported by the governments and the information given by the academies, to foment investments and the construction of support infrastructure, and the touristic products of the route, giving way to the so hoped development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Queries related to environmental degradation, climate changes, quality of life, sustainable development and thermic comfort have brought great interest and worries not only among scientists but within the most diverse social sectors. The objective of this study is to analyze the climate behavior in the city of Cáceres-MT, which is located on the left bank of the Paraguay river, in southwest of State Mato Grosso, central Brazil. To verify the behavior of the climatic elements ( temperature, atmospheric pressure, evaporation, moisture and precipitation) in the city of Cáceres-MT during the 1971-2003 period, there were fulfilled the following steps: (a) data collection; the meteorological data was analyzed in four periods: 1971-1980; 1981-1990; 1991-2000; and 2000-2003; (b) construction of climate graphics and their comparative interpretation which ended in this paper. Annual precipitation mean is of 1200 mm, with a well defined rainy period (from October to April, with major incidence from December to March), and another considered dry from April to September. Temperature analysis in three decades show variations: in the first decade (1971-1980) there was a mean of 24,7 °C; this rose to 25,1 °C in the decade of 1980 (1981-1990), continued rising in the decade of 1990 (1991-2000) to reach 25,4 °C and to 26 °C in the last three years of the period studied (2001-2003). Air pressure varies in general from 997 to 998,5 milibars. This variation keeps relation with the mean temperature changes in the region. Contrary to the evaporation that showed high and low fluctuations, moisture was almost stable and the variation was les than 3,5% in 33 years. As for precipitations, it was found that in the decade of 1970, the pluviometric mean was 1.402,2 mm; it was 1.259,5 in the following decade, rising to 1.358,2 mm in the decade of 1990, and went down to 1.172,1 mm in the last three years analyzed. In correlating the climate variations to the urban expansion of the city of Cáceres we may say that the temperature increase is due to the disappearance of the forest cover and its replacement by constructions and pavement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]