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Failure processes encountered in the Taylor impact specimen are of two kinds, Mode II cracks initiating within adiabatic shear bands and tensile cracks. Because friction occurring with the single Taylor configuration influences the failure processes, it is necessary to use the symmetric loading procedure providing frictionless interfaces. Numerical simulations of the symmetric Taylor test have been conducted to reproduce the failure processes observed with a highly ductile nickel and a high strength tungsten alloy. Because the adiabatic shear failure process is occurring along a three dimension path, the 3D module of the hydrocode AUTODYN was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lean Duplex Stainless Steel 2404 (LDX2404) is the newest commercial type of duplex stainless steels, recently introduced by Outokumpu®. This paper investigates the dynamic tensile failure (spall strength) of this new alloy under different peak stresses (4.5 GPa to 8.2 GPa) via the recovered plate-impact experiment using a single stage gas gun. The microstructural investigation for the as-received and soft recovered post-shock material conditions were accomplished using Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and optical microscopy. The effect of the radial release waves and the effectiveness of using momentum trap rings on the spall strength and the spall damage during the impact experiment were studied. Results indicate that LDX2404 experienced spall damage for the entire range of tested peak stresses. The spall strength was not affected by the implementation of momentum trapping rings whereas; the damage content was highly influenced. The spall damage of LDX 2404 exists parallel to the phase boundary interfaces, which are normal to the impact direction. Grain orientation, based on Taylor factor values, was not controlling the voids nucleation and voids growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, various tensile tests, including Brazilian disc test (BDT), flattened Brazilian disc (FBD) test and semi- circular bending (SCB) test, were carried out on a highly particle-filled composite by using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). With the consideration of low strength and low wave impedance of the materials, a quartz crystal transducer was embedded in SHPB to measure the loading forces. A high-speed camera was used to capture the deformation and fracture process of materials. Digital image correlation (DIC) method was used to process these digital images to obtain the dynamic deformation information. Based on the measured strain fields, the crack growth path was determined and the failure mechanism of samples was analyzed. Combining SHPB and DIC method, the indirect tensile stress strain plots of disc samples were obtained, and the dynamic fracture toughness of materials was measured using both FBD and SCB tests. The results show that the tensile failure strength and fracture toughness increases with the increase of strain rates, exhibiting strain rate dependence. The high-speed DIC method combined with SHPB is effective to study the dynamic tensile behaviour of brittle materials with low strengths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated plate impact testing with impact stress well below the threshold spall-stress (2.6GPa) on medium carbon steel was carried out to the identical target plate by impacting the flyer plate. Occurrence of spall damage under low-velocity repeated impact was evaluated nondestructively with a low frequency scanning acoustic microscope. We observed the spall damage distribution by the B- and C-scan images. In order to initiate the spall damage (voids in a ductile material or cracks in a brittle one) the particular value of threshold spall-stress should be exceeded what already belongs to a commonly accepted knowledge. Generally, the spall damage development is dependent on the amplitude and the duration of the stress pulse. If the stress is high and duration is long enough to create tensile failure of material, the voids or cracks nucleate along the spall plane, and consequently, they form macrocracks. Therefore, the spall damage does not create when the first impact stress is less than the threshold spall-stress. However, after the fifth low-velocity repeated impact test, the generation of the spall damage was detected, even if the impact stress (1.1-1.7GPa) was lower than the threshold spall-stress (2.6GPa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been known for a long time that spalling (dynamic tensile failure) is a rate dependent process. Spall strength of metals is determined from the pullback velocity of the free surface velocity history in planar impact spalling tests. Conducting these tests for different volume strain rates in the tension zone, it was established that spall strength increases with strain-rate according to a power law: Strengthspall = A*(rate)m, where the power m is a small number compared to unity. Nevertheless, standard spall models in commercial and propriety hydrocodes use constant spall strength, and are not able to predict the rate dependence. We propose here a rate dependent spalling model which is based on the overstress concept. In a constant spall strength model, when the negative pressure reaches the negative spall-strength value, pressure is put to zero within a single time step. In our rate dependent model we allow the negative pressure to go above the current negative spall-strength according to specified rate coefficients (calibrated from tests), while the negative pressure is decreased proportional to the amount of overstress above the current negative strength value. We calibrate our rate coefficients according to experimental data for a Stainless Steel and demonstrate how the model works using a 1D hydrocode for planar impacts with different strain rates in the tension zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-high performance concretes (UHPC) are increasingly used to build protective structures such as headquarters, nuclear power plants or critical civil engineering structures. However, under impact or contact detonation, concrete is exposed to high-rate tensile loadings that can lead to intense damage modes. Such complex damage modes need to be correctly characterised. When a UHPC sample is subjected to a dynamic tensile loading by means of the spalling technique the post-mortem pattern shows a large number of fractures that cannot be seen with a classical observation of the external face (inner crack network). In the framework of the Brittle's CODEX chair project, the fracturing process in spalled samples of UHPC is investigated with X-ray computed tomography. The tensile loading is applied thanks to a spalling technique that is based on the reflection of a compressive wave on a free boundary. The concrete samples are entirely scanned using X-ray tomography prior spalling test to identify the initial microstructure, and post spalling test to analyse the damage pattern. Image analysis tools are used in both steps. The main fracturing properties are related to the microstructure of the tested concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive mechanical study of UHMWPE (Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene) composite material under dynamic loadings. The aim of the study is to provide reliable experimental data for building and validate the composite material model under impact. Four types of characterization tests have been conducted: dynamic in-plane tension, out-of-plane compression, shear tests and plate impact tests. Then, several impacts of spherical projectiles have been performed. Regarding the numerical simulation, an intermediate scale multi-layered model (between meso and macro scale levels) is proposed. The material response is modelled with a 3d elastic orthotropic law coupled with fibre damage model. The modelling choice is governed by a balance between reliability and computing cost. Material dynamic response is unconventional [1, 2]: it shows large deformation before failure, very low shear modulus and peeling strength. Numerical simulation has been used both in the design and the analysis of tests. Many mechanical properties have been measured: elastic moduli, failure strength and EOS of the material. The numerical model is able to reproduce the main behaviours observed in the experiment. The study has highlighted the influence of temperature and fibre slipping in the impact response of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constant increase of composite materials' performances makes them more and more used in recent aircrafts. Structures, as the wings or the fuselage, may suffer from hail impacts that can make critical damages or even perforate them. In order to guaranty the safety of passengers, aircrafts have to be certified and simulations have to demonstrate good agreements with real behaviour of the structures and the hail projectile. The aim of this work is to propose a procedure to analyse the home made manufacturing of the ice generally performed in laboratories, its mechanical characterization and a mechanical model that can predict the time-space profile of the impact force on a rigid structure. Because of the high strain level of the hail during the impact, the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method will be used. Indeed, the finite elements method needs heavy remeshing that are time consuming to avoid mesh distortion. The SPH is a numerical meshless method that calculates interactions between particles at every time increment. Models available in the literature have been studied and the model of J.D. Tippmann (Tippmann, Kim, et Jennifer D. Rhymer 2013) is chosen. In this paper, the Tippman model is presented with its solving using the SPH. A parametric study is proposed in order to catch the relevant parts of this model. A simple experimental procedure is then proposed to feed the model and the results of impact simulations at different velocities are compared to experimental measurements realized in the laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rings of Ti-6Al-4V with aspect ratios (wall thickness:axial length) of 1 : 1, 1 : 2 and 1 : 4 have been expanded to failure at radial strain rates ...r ~ 1 x 104 s-1 using 4340 (EN24T) steel and Cu-ETP cylindrical drivers containing a column of RDX. Expansion velocity was measured using VISAR enabling calculation of the stress-strain history of the ring alongside fragment recovery with up to 98% original ring mass recovered. Using the recovered samples average fragment length and mass and final strain have been measured along with analysis of the fracture sites to determine the active failure mechanisms. Perfect rings (aspect ratio 1 : 1) were found to undergo necking before failure, whereas the longer rings failed though ductile tensile cracking at 45° to the radius. This data is then compared with finite element analysis results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]