15 results on '"Cylindrospermopsis"'
Search Results
2. Effects of a saxitoxin-producer strain ofCylindrospermopsis raciborskii (cyanobacteria) on the swimming movements of cladocerans
- Author
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Manuel Gustavo Leitão Ribeiro, Sandra M.F.O. Azevedo, Simone M. Costa, and Aloysio da Silva Ferrão Filho
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Cyanobacteria ,Movement ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Zoology ,Branchiopoda ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Toxicology ,Daphnia ,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Toxicity Tests, Acute ,Animals ,Ecotoxicology ,Swimming ,Saxitoxin ,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ,biology ,General Medicine ,Cladocera ,biology.organism_classification ,Pulex ,chemistry ,Cylindrospermopsis - Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of a saxitoxin-producer strain (T3) of the cyanobacteria species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii on the swimming movements of three cladoceran species (Daphnia gessneri, D. pulex, and Moina micrura). Acute toxicity bioassays were designed to access the effects of T3 strain, of a nonsaxitoxin producer strain (NPLP-1) of the same species and of a raw water sample from Funil reservoir (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), that contained this and other cyanobacteria. In the acute bioassays, animals were exposed to C. raciborskii filaments or Funil water for 24-48 h and then transferred to food suspensions without cyanobacterial filaments for a further 48 h. During the exposure time to T3 strain filaments there was a decrease in the number of swimming individuals, with animals showing progressive immobilization. The same effect was observed with Funil water sample. Animals stayed alive on the bottom of the test tube and recovered swimming movements when transferred to food suspensions without toxic cells. This effect was not observed with the strain NPLP-1. The cladoceran D. pulex showed to be extremely sensitive to T3 strain and to Funil water containing C. raciborskii filaments, showing complete paralysis after 24-h exposure to T3 cell densities of 10(3) and 10(4) cells mL(-1), and after 24-h exposure to only 10% of raw water. However, D. gessneri was not sensitive to both T3 and to Funil water, whereas M. micrura was intermediate in sensitivity. This is the first report on the effects of cyanobacterial saxitoxins on movements of freshwater cladocerans, showing also difference in sensitivity among closely related Daphnia species.
- Published
- 2008
3. Analysis of cyanobacterial-derived saxitoxins using high-performance ion exchange chromatography with chemical oxidation/fluorescence detection
- Author
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Con Kapralos, John Papageorgiou, Thomas A. Linke, and Brenton C. Nicholson
- Subjects
Cyanobacteria ,Microcystins ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Bacterial Toxins ,Ion chromatography ,Fresh Water ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Toxicology ,Matrix (chemical analysis) ,medicine ,Paralytic shellfish poisoning ,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ,Chromatography ,Cyanobacteria Toxins ,biology ,Ion exchange ,Chemistry ,Australia ,Anabaena circinalis ,Parts-per notation ,General Medicine ,Chromatography, Ion Exchange ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Anabaena ,Spectrometry, Fluorescence ,Marine Toxins ,Oxidation-Reduction ,Quantitative analysis (chemistry) ,Water Pollutants, Chemical ,Cylindrospermopsis ,Saxitoxin - Abstract
A single run HPLC method utilizing ion exchange as the separation mode with a novel mobile phase system coupled to chemical postcolumn oxidation and fluorescence detection has been developed and demonstrated to be applicable to the quantitative analysis of paralytic shellfish poisons (PSPs) produced by Australian cyanobacteria (Anabaena circinalis) and other cyanobacteria. Both the cyanobacterial matrix and natural water constituents did not significantly affect the performance of this method. The daily precision of this method was adequate for it to be considered as a routine analytical tool for direct PSP analysis (prePSP concentration is not required) of cyanobacterial extracts and water bodies containing PSPs (C1, C2, GTX2, GTX3, NEO, STX) in the low parts per billion concentration range (10-70 ppb).
- Published
- 2005
4. Toxicity of the cyanobacteriumCylindrospermopsis raciborskii toDaphnia magna
- Author
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Isabel C.G. Nogueira, Stephan Pflugmacher, Martin L. Saker, Claudia Wiegand, and Vitor Vasconcelos
- Subjects
Time Factors ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Bacterial Toxins ,Daphnia magna ,Branchiopoda ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Toxicology ,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Alkaloids ,Cytosol ,Animal science ,Microsomes ,Animals ,Body Size ,Ecotoxicology ,Juvenile ,Uracil ,Cells, Cultured ,reproductive and urinary physiology ,Glutathione Transferase ,Cyanobacteria Toxins ,Portugal ,biology ,Cylindrospermopsis ,fungi ,Australia ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Coculture Techniques ,Culture Media ,Daphnia ,Cladocera ,chemistry ,Marine Toxins ,Cylindrospermopsin - Abstract
The effect of two strains of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii on the survivorship, somatic growth, and detoxification processes of juvenile Daphnia magna were investigated. Both strains of C. raciborskii (and also Ankistrodesmus falcatus, used as the control) were given to newborn D. magna at equivalent biovolumes. The survival curves for D. magna subjected to the two C. raciborskii treatments differed from those of the starved and fed treatments. After 48 h of exposure, the percentage of D. magna surviving after exposure to Cylin-A (a cylindrospermopsin-producing strain isolated from Australia) and Cylin-P (a non-cylindrospermopsin-producing strain isolated from Portugal) was 10.00% and 93.33%, respectively. The strain that produces cylindrospermopsin caused the greatest toxic effect in juvenile D. magna. Statistically significant differences in D. magna body size between the four treatments (Cylin-A, Cylin-P, A. falcatus, and starved) were detected after 48 h of exposure. The juvenile D. magna that received the two C. raciborskii treatments showed an increase in size (relative to their size at T0) of 2.54% and 38.14%, respectively. These values were statistically significantly different than those of the A. falcatus–fed control (55.54%) and the starved control (11.47%). In both C. raciborskii treatments there was a tendency for increased GST enzyme activities after 24 h of exposure. Cylindrospermopsin was detected (HPLC-MS/MS) in D. magna tissues after 24 and 48 h (0.025 and 0.02 ng animal−1, respectively). The results of this study indicate that C. raciborskii can affect the fitness and growth potential of juvenile D. magna. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 453–459, 2004.
- Published
- 2004
5. Changes in cyanoprokaryote populations,Microcystis morphology, and microcystin concentrations in Lake Elphinstone (Central Queensland, Australia)
- Author
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S.H. White, Larelle Fabbro, and L. J. Duivenvoorden
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Microcystis ,Microcystins ,Photochemistry ,Iron ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Population Dynamics ,Microcystin ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Toxicology ,Peptides, Cyclic ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Water Supply ,Phytoplankton ,Dominance (ecology) ,Water Pollutants ,Micronutrients ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,biology ,Ecology ,Cylindrospermopsis ,General Medicine ,Eutrophication ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Queensland ,Cylindrospermopsin ,Bloom ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
Lake Elphinstone is a tropical inland water body in the far north of the Fitzroy Catchment in Central Queensland, Australia, and has experienced recurrent toxic cyanoprokaryote blooms since 1997. This article reports on an examination of the environmental conditions of the lake and the concurrent cyanoprokaryote species together with their toxicity. The lake was sampled three times during periods of high cyanoprokaryote cell concentrations. Successive changes in the dominant Microcystis species were accompanied by variation in the concentration of the hepatotoxin microcystin. Environmental parameters recorded during dominance by both the highly toxic species Microcystis panniformis and the nontoxic M. botrys are provided. Nutrient status, temperature, and light conditions were associated with species change within the blooms. Variation of microcystin concentrations coincided with speciation change (i.e., morphological variation) within the blooms. Also discussed is the environmental impact of toxin production by M. panniformis with respect to influence on cell division, energy states, and toxin photodegradation. Lake Elphinstone is the first Australian location reported to have M. panniformis.
- Published
- 2003
6. Identification of genes implicated in toxin production in the cyanobacteriumCylindrospermopsis raciborskii
- Author
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Christopher P. Saint, Mark A. Schembri, and Brett A. Neilan
- Subjects
Cyanobacteria ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Bacterial Toxins ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Biology ,Secondary metabolite ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Microbiology ,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Polyketide ,Alkaloids ,Multienzyme Complexes ,medicine ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Peptide Synthases ,Uracil ,Gene ,DNA Primers ,Cyanobacteria Toxins ,Toxin ,Cylindrospermopsis ,General Medicine ,Eutrophication ,biology.organism_classification ,Gene Expression Regulation ,chemistry ,Cylindrospermopsin ,medicine.drug - Abstract
Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is a bloom-forming cyanobacterium found in both tropical and temperate climates which produces cylindrospermopsin, a potent hepatotoxic secondary metabolite. This organism is notorious for its association with a significant human poisoning incident on Palm Island, Australia, which resulted in the hospitalization of 148 people. We have screened 13 C. raciborskii isolates from various regions of Australia and shown that both toxic and nontoxic strains exist within this species. No association was observed between geographical origin and toxin production. Polyketide synthases (PKSs) and peptide synthetases (PSs) are enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Putative PKS and PS genes from C. raciborskii strains AWT205 and CYP020B were identified by PCR using degenerate primers based on conserved regions within each gene. Examination of the strain-specific distribution of the PKS and PS genes in C. raciborskii isolates demonstrated a direct link between the presence of these two genes and the ability to produce cylindrospermopsin. Interestingly, the possession of these two genes was also linked. They were also identified in an Anabaena bergii isolate that was demonstrated to produce cylindrospermopsin. Taken together, these data suggest a likely role for these determinants in secondary metabolite and toxin production by C. raciborskii.
- Published
- 2001
7. Preliminary evidence for in vivo tumour initiation by oral administration of extracts of the blue-green algaCylindrospermopsis raciborskii containing the toxin cylindrospermopsin
- Author
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Ian R. Falconer and Andrew R. Humpage
- Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Bacterial Toxins ,Administration, Oral ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Pharmacology ,Cyanobacteria ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ,Mice ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Alkaloids ,Oral administration ,In vivo ,medicine ,Animals ,Water Pollutants ,Uracil ,Carcinogen ,Cyanobacteria Toxins ,biology ,Toxin ,Cylindrospermopsis ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Toxicity ,Carcinogens ,Cylindrospermopsin - Abstract
New reports indicate that the toxic alkaloid cylindrospermopsin occurs in cyanobacteria in Israel, Florida, South America, and Australia in drinking water sources. This toxin is now recognised as a potential threat to human health. Furthermore, we have recently demonstrated the mutagenicity of cylindrospermopsin in vitro in a human lymphoblastoid cell-line. Therefore it is essential to determine whether cylindrospermopsin is also carcinogenic in vivo. In this preliminary study, 53 mice were treated up to three times orally with Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii extract containing cylindrospermopsin, while 27 control mice were treated with saline. A proportion of each group were then given O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (10 μg/mouse, twice weekly in liquid food) for the duration of the experiment; the remainder were given a control diet. After 30 weeks, the mice were euthanased and the major organs were examined histologically. Five tumours were found in 53 cylindrospermopsin-treated mice while none were found in the 27 controls. Although the number of animals used was too low to provide statistical significance (p=0.16), the calculated relative risk (RR=6.2; 95% CI: 0.33–117) indicates a potential biological and public health significance requiring further investigation. Estimates are given of the size of experiment required to provide statistical proof of cylindrospermopsin carcinogenicity. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 192–195, 2001
- Published
- 2001
8. The effects of the ciliateParamecium cf.caudatum Ehrenberg on toxin producingCylindrospermopsis isolated from the Fitzroy River, Australia
- Author
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Larelle Fabbro, Graham Pegg, Russ Shiel, L. J. Duivenvoorden, and Melanie Baker
- Subjects
Cyanobacteria ,Ciliate ,biology ,Toxin ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Cylindrospermopsis ,Zoology ,General Medicine ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Toxicology ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,medicine ,Cylindrospermopsin ,Paramecium ,Paramecium caudatum ,Bacteria - Abstract
The large ciliate Paramecium cf. caudatum Ehrenberg was found to be a successful grazer of toxin producing Cylindrospermopsis in the laboratory. The feeding rate increased with increasing cell concentration to 1367 cell animal hr-1 at 4.1 x 10(5) cells mL-1 but declined slightly at cell concentrations greater than this. Preliminary studies on the effects of this grazing on toxin concentrations in cultures of both straight and coiled forms of Cylindrospermopsis resulted in the production of different amounts of the toxin cylindrospermopsin in the different isolates. Differences in toxin production were also found between cultured and field populations from the lower Fitzroy River indicating that toxin production may be influenced by a suite of genetic and environmental factors. The proven ability of this ciliate to graze toxic Cylindrospermopsis provides some insight into interactions that may be able to control some toxic blooms in semiarid Australian conditions.
- Published
- 2001
9. Hepatic and renal toxicity of the blue-green alga (cyanobacterium)Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in male Swiss albino mice
- Author
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Suzanne M. Froscio, Peter R. Hawkins, Andrew R. Humpage, Ian R. Falconer, Stephen J. Hardy, and Greg J. Tozer
- Subjects
Kidney ,Necrosis ,biology ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Cylindrospermopsis ,General Medicine ,Anatomy ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Toxicology ,biology.organism_classification ,Epithelium ,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ,Andrology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,chemistry ,Oral administration ,Toxicity ,medicine ,Cylindrospermopsin ,medicine.symptom - Abstract
When administered to mice, either orally or intraperitoneally, extracts of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii strain AWT 205 induced dose-dependent liver and kidney damage. Liver damage was generally centrilobular, becoming more severe and generalized as the dose increased. Damaged hepatocytes were characterized by increased cellular vacuolation, intercellular spaces, and darker nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. Kidney damage was characterized by a reduction in the number of erythrocytes in the glomerulus and an increase in the space around the glomerulus, increased diameter of the tubule lumina, proximal tubule epithelial necrosis, and the presence of proteinaceous material in the distal tubules. Transmission electron microscopy of the same tissue revealed epithelial cell necrosis in the proximal tubules, suggesting the material accumulating in the distal tubules was in part cell debris from this necrosis. The nature, location, and time course of histological damage were similar for oral and intraperitoneal administration, with maximum damage being observed 2–3 days after treatment. The LD50 (24 h) for intraperitoneally administered Cylindrospermopsis preparations ranged from 50 to 110 mg dry weight of lysed cells per kilogram, whereas the LD50 (7 days) ranged between 20 and 65 mg/kg depending upon the batch examined. In contrast, oral administration of 1400 mg/kg, while inducing clear histological damage, was not fatal to any of the animals used in the study. The extent of comparative severity of damage to the liver and kidneys caused by different batches of Cylindrospermopsis of similar cylindrospermopsin content varied considerably, implying the presence of more than one toxin. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 14: 143–150, 1999
- Published
- 1999
10. Seasonal succession of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum blooms with cylindrospermopsin occurrence in the volcanic Lake Albano, Central Italy
- Author
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Milena Bruno, Antonio Di Corcia, Pasquale Gallo, Serena Melchiorre, and Valentina Messineo
- Subjects
Cyanobacteria ,Time Factors ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Population ,Bacterial Toxins ,Fresh Water ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Toxicology ,Aphanizomenon ,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Water column ,Alkaloids ,Botany ,education ,Uracil ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,Cyanobacteria Toxins ,Ecology ,Cylindrospermopsis ,General Medicine ,Eutrophication ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Italy ,Cylindrospermopsin ,Seasons - Abstract
The cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin is rapidly spreading in the European temperate Countries. Cylindrospermopsin was detected for the first time in Italy in 2004; in this study, the presence of this toxin in Albano Lake (Central Italy) has been correlated to the cyanobacterial species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and their population dynamics. In 2004, these two species succeeded in the lake during spring, summer, and early autumn without overlapping, causing superficial blooms. Cylindrospermopsin was detected in lake samples by LC-MS/MS and ELISA immunoassay, showing extracellular superficial values ranging from 2.6 to 126 microg/L, and water column values ranging from 0.41 to 18.4 microg/L. Twenty-six of 30 positive water samples (86%) exceeded the recommended limit of 1 microg/L. Intracellular values up to 42.3 microg/g were measured. Moreover, cylindrospermopsin was detected in tissues from two Salmo trutta trouts (up to 2.7 ng/g) and in a well for drinking water supply (1.6 microg/L). For the first time, two cyanobacterial species producing cylindrospermopsin were detected in the same lake in Italy.
- Published
- 2009
11. Multiple-organ toxicity resulting from cylindrospermopsin exposure in tadpoles of the cane toad (Bufo marinus)
- Author
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L. J. Duivenvoorden, Susan Kinnear, E. M. A. Hibberd, and Larelle Fabbro
- Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Bacterial Toxins ,Zoology ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Biology ,Toxicology ,Cyanobacteria ,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ,Cane toad ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Alkaloids ,Animals ,Bufo ,Uracil ,Cyanobacteria Toxins ,Ecology ,Cylindrospermopsis ,General Medicine ,Environmental exposure ,Environmental Exposure ,Cyanotoxin ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Larva ,Bufo marinus ,Marine Toxins ,Cylindrospermopsin ,Marine toxin - Abstract
Histological examinations were made of cane toad (Bufo marinus) tadpoles after exposure to freeze-thawed Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii whole cell extracts and live C. raciborskii cultures containing sublethal concentrations of the blue-green algal toxin, cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Toxin exposure resulted in tissue injuries to multiple organs, with particular severity noted in the liver, intestine, nephric ducts and gill epithelia. The extent of cellular damage was similar across trials exposing tadpoles to aqueous and cell-bound toxins, despite unequal toxin concentrations being present in each. It was concluded that the presence of cell-bound toxin, which may be directly ingested via grazing, plays a crucial role in the exertion of histological effects in B. marinus. This work provides baseline information regarding the ecotoxicity of CYN toward amphibians. The range of cellular effects noted in CYN-exposed tadpoles suggests that toxic C. raciborskii blooms could represent considerable health risks to amphibian populations and indicate potentially far-reaching ecological impacts of toxic C. raciborskii blooms.
- Published
- 2007
12. First report of cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii from Algerian freshwaters
- Author
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Noureddine, Bouaïcha and Aïcha-Beya, Nasri
- Subjects
Algeria ,Fresh Water ,Seasons ,Water Microbiology ,Cylindrospermopsis - Abstract
This study investigated the first report of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in Algerian freshwaters. The morphological characteristics of the two morphotypes observed in Lake Oubeira (Algeria) conformed to those of natural populations of C. raciborskii species described in the literature. The two morphotypes produced only straight trichomes. During the study (February 2000-September 2001), this species occurred as a codominant with Microcystis spp., and a peak was observed during the autumn (November 2000) with a remarkable density estimated to be 43 x 10(5) trichomes/L. However, difficulty in isolating and culturing these two morphotypes limited the evaluation of their toxic potential.
- Published
- 2004
13. The Palm Island mystery disease 20 years on: a review of research on the cyanotoxin cylindrospermopsin
- Author
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Dilwyn J. Griffiths and Martin L. Saker
- Subjects
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Bacterial Toxins ,Guidelines as Topic ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Toxicology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Cyanobacteria ,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ,Disease Outbreaks ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Alkaloids ,Palm Island mystery disease ,Risk Factors ,Water Supply ,medicine ,Bioassay ,Humans ,Uracil ,Organism ,biology ,Cyanobacteria Toxins ,Toxin ,Ecology ,Cylindrospermopsis ,General Medicine ,Environmental Exposure ,Cyanotoxin ,Eutrophication ,biology.organism_classification ,chemistry ,Cylindrospermopsin ,Public Health ,Queensland - Abstract
Poisoning of humans resulting from consumption of water affected by the toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii was first reported almost 20 years ago from Palm Island, northern Queensland, Australia. Since that time a great deal has been learned about this organism and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), the toxin it produces. This article reviews the information now available to us. It summarizes aspects of the chemistry of the toxin-now known to be produced by some cyanobacterial species other than C. raciborskii-and its biosynthesis and chemical synthesis in vitro, as well as its detection and measurement by chemical and biological assay. Some of the factors affecting toxin production by cultured isolates of C. raciborskii are reviewed and the conditions that cause its release from the cells described. The occurrence of CYN in water bodies and the management strategies used to minimize the harmful effects of the toxin are outlined. These include a range of water-treatment practices now in place to remove CYN-producing organisms and/or to neutralize the toxin together with some management procedures that have been tried, with varying degrees of success, to prevent buildup of blooms of the offending organisms. Some of the public-health considerations arising from exposure to water supplies affected by CYN are summarized along with the risk factors and guidance values as they are currently applied. Among the more recent developments described are those that come from the application of molecular techniques for characterizing toxic and nontoxic strains and for exploring the genetic aspects of CYN production.
- Published
- 2003
14. Allergenic (sensitization, skin and eye irritation) effects of freshwater cyanobacteria--experimental evidence
- Author
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Andrea Törökné, Maria Bankine, and Agnes Palovics
- Subjects
Microcystins ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Bacterial Toxins ,Guinea Pigs ,Fresh Water ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Toxicology ,Aphanizomenon ,medicine.disease_cause ,Cyanobacteria ,Eye ,Peptides, Cyclic ,Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii ,Microbiology ,Mice ,Alkaloids ,Microcystis ,medicine ,Hypersensitivity ,Animals ,Microcystis aeruginosa ,Uracil ,Sensitization ,Skin ,Hungary ,biology ,Cyanobacteria Toxins ,Cylindrospermopsis ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Marine Toxins ,Multiple Chemical Sensitivity ,Rabbits ,Irritation ,Marine toxin - Abstract
Many studies have been published on the human health effects of cyanobacterial toxicity. As a public health concern, we have to mention that the development of contact dermatitis, asthmalike symptoms, and symptoms resembling hay fever during bathing in cyanobacterial blooms have been also described. Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena flos-aquae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii are the most common species found in Hungarian freshwaters. A sensitization test on albino guinea pigs, and intradermal reactivity, and occular irritation test on albino rabbits were carried out with freeze-dried algal suspension in physiological salt solution. The sensitivity of guinea pigs is similar to that of humans. Microcystis, Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, and Aphanizomenon bloom and strain samples were examined in sensitization and irritation tests and no correlation was found between the toxin content and the allergenic character. The most toxic one (Microcystis aeruginosa) was not the most allergenic sample, but the nontoxic Aphanizomenon was the most allergenic one. The axenic strains were not allergenic at all. The pure microcystin LR was only slightly allergenic even in high concentration (1.5 mg/ml). Water and lipid soluble fractions were obtained by water and chloroform extraction of lyophilized algal suspensions. The chloroform fraction was bound on C18 cartridges and eluted by methanol in nine fractions. Only one of the lipid soluble fractions was skin irritative whereas the strongest irritative effect was shown by the water soluble fraction.
- Published
- 2002
15. Toxicity of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii to Daphnia magna.
- Author
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Nogueira IC, Saker ML, Pflugmacher S, Wiegand C, and Vasconcelos VM
- Subjects
- Alkaloids, Animals, Australia, Bacterial Toxins, Body Size, Cells, Cultured, Coculture Techniques, Culture Media chemistry, Cyanobacteria Toxins, Cytosol enzymology, Daphnia growth & development, Daphnia physiology, Glutathione Transferase analysis, Glutathione Transferase metabolism, Marine Toxins analysis, Microsomes enzymology, Portugal, Time Factors, Uracil analysis, Cylindrospermopsis, Daphnia drug effects, Marine Toxins toxicity, Uracil analogs & derivatives, Uracil toxicity
- Abstract
The effect of two strains of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii on the survivorship, somatic growth, and detoxification processes of juvenile Daphnia magna were investigated. Both strains of C. raciborskii (and also Ankistrodesmus falcatus, used as the control) were given to newborn D. magna at equivalent biovolumes. The survival curves for D. magna subjected to the two C. raciborskii treatments differed from those of the starved and fed treatments. After 48 h of exposure, the percentage of D. magna surviving after exposure to Cylin-A (a cylindrospermopsin-producing strain isolated from Australia) and Cylin-P (a non-cylindrospermopsin-producing strain isolated from Portugal) was 10.00% and 93.33%, respectively. The strain that produces cylindrospermopsin caused the greatest toxic effect in juvenile D. magna. Statistically significant differences in D. magna body size between the four treatments (Cylin-A, Cylin-P, A. falcatus, and starved) were detected after 48 h of exposure. The juvenile D. magna that received the two C. raciborskii treatments showed an increase in size (relative to their size at T(0)) of 2.54% and 38.14%, respectively. These values were statistically significantly different than those of the A. falcatus-fed control (55.54%) and the starved control (11.47%). In both C. raciborskii treatments there was a tendency for increased GST enzyme activities after 24 h of exposure. Cylindrospermopsin was detected (HPLC-MS/MS) in D. magna tissues after 24 and 48 h (0.025 and 0.02 ng animal(-)1, respectively). The results of this study indicate that C. raciborskii can affect the fitness and growth potential of juvenile D. magna., (Copyright 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2004
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