Search

The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused an exceptional drift of production, utilization, and disposal of personal protective equipment (PPE) and different microplastic objects for safety against the virus. Hence, we reviewed related literature on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA detected from household, biomedical waste, and sewage to identify possible health risks and status of existing laws, regulations, and policies regarding waste disposal in South Asian (SA) countries. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in sewage and wastewater samples of Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Besides, this review reiterates the enormous amounts of PPE and other single-use plastic wastes generated from healthcare facilities and households in the SA region with inappropriate disposal, landfilling, and/or incineration techniques wind-up polluting the environment. Consequently, the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in sewer treatment plant in India. Moreover, the overuse of non-biodegradable plastics during the pandemic is deteriorating plastic pollution condition and causes a substantial health risk to the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We recommend making necessary adjustments, adopting measures and strategies, and enforcement of the existing biomedical waste management and sanitation-related policy in SA countries. We propose to adopt the knowledge gaps to improve COVID-19-associated waste management and legislation to prevent further environmental pollution. Besides, the citizens should follow proper disposal procedures of COVID-19 waste to control the environmental pollution., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Though mass vaccination programs helped to reduce the severity of the ongoing pandemic, various unwanted effects were reported in Turkey and Bangladesh after taking vaccines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the adverse effects of several vaccines in Turkey and Bangladesh and how the population of both countries prioritizes the continuation of vaccination compared to the side effects. An online survey with a pretest was conducted to gather data over the research period from July 10, 2021 to December 10, 2021. Finally, the questionnaire was shared with the mass population of Turkey and Bangladesh who have received at least one or two doses of the COVID-19 vaccines. The quality of the questionnaire was evaluated with Cronbach's alpha test. The study consisted of 1508 respondents from Bangladesh and 602 respondents from Turkey. Among the total 2110 respondents, 50.0% were male 66.8% were from the 18-30 years age range, and 77.5% reported living in the city area. Among all the respondents, 64.99% of those vaccinated in Bangladesh and 67.28% of those vaccinated in Turkey reported side effects after vaccinations. Participants receiving mRNA vaccines (Pfizer and Moderna) experienced the most side effects, with many reporting pain at the injection site in both nations. Following that, fever, body pain, and headache were common in Bangladesh, whereas body pain, fatigue, and arm numbness were common in Turkey. The study found no significant adverse events reported in Turkey and Bangladesh following the first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccination. These COVID-19 vaccines showed similar patterns of efficacy and safety during the short period of analysis. Vaccines from different manufacturers showed a non-significant level of adverse events during this binational AEFI approach to COVID-19 vaccines. More studies are recommended on the efficacy and safety of several vaccines to discover unexpected effects., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Mangroves provide essential ecosystem services including coastal protection by acting as coastal greenbelts; however, human-driven anthropogenic activities altered their existence and ecosystem functions worldwide. In this study, the successive degradation of the second largest mangrove forest, Chakaria Sundarbans situated at the northern Bay of Bengal part of Bangladesh was assessed using remote sensing approaches. A total of five multi-temporal Landsat satellite imageries were collected and used to observe the land use land cover (LULC) changes over the time periods for the years 1972, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Further, the supervised classification technique with the help of support vector machine (SVM) algorithm in ArcGIS 10.8 was used to process images. Our results revealed a drastic change of Chakaria Sundarbans mangrove forest, that the images of 1972 were comprised of mudflat, waterbody, and mangroves, while the images of 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were classified as waterbody, mangrove, saltpan, and shrimp farm. Most importantly, mangrove forest was the largest covering area a total of 64.2% in 1972, but gradually decreased to 12.7%, 6.4%, 1.9%, and 4.6% for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. Interestingly, the rate of mangrove forest area degradation was similar to the net increase of saltpan and shrimp farms. The kappa coefficients of classified images were 0.83, 0.87, 0.80, 0.87, and 0.91 with the overall accuracy of 88.9%, 90%, 85%, 90%, and 93.3% for the years 1972, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. By analyzing normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and transformed difference vegetation index (TDVI), our results validated that green vegetated area was decreased alarmingly with time in this study area. This destruction was mainly related to active human-driven anthropogenic activities, particularly creating embankments for fish farms or salt productions, and cutting for collection of wood as well. Together all, our results provide clear evidence of active anthropogenic stress on coastal ecosystem health by altering mangrove forest to saltpan and shrimp farm saying goodbye to the second largest mangrove forest in one of the coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs: 232 Th, 226 Ra, 40 K) can reach our respiratory system by breathing of road dust which can cause severe health risks. Targeting the pioneering consideration of health risks from the NORMs in road dust, this work reveals the radioactivity abundances of NORMs in road dust from a megacity (Dhaka) of a developing country (Bangladesh). Bulk chemical compositions of U, Th, and K obtained from neutron activation analysis were converted to the equivalent radioactivities. Radioactivity concentrations of 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K in road dust ranged from 60-106, 110-159, and 488-709 Bq kg -1 with an average of 84.4 ± 13.1, 126 ± 11, and 549 ± 48 Bq kg -1 , respectively. Estimated 226 Ra, 232 Th, and 40 K radioactivities were, respectively, 1.7-3.0-, 3.7-5.3-, and 1.2-1.8-folds greater than the affiliated world average values. Mechanistic pathway of NORMs' enrichment and fractionation relative to the major origin (pedosphere) were evaluated concerning the water logging, relative solubility-controlled leaching and translocation, climatic conditions, and aerodynamic fractionations (dry and wet atmospheric depositions). Computation of customary radiological risk indices invokes health risks. Noticing the ingress of NOMR-holding dust into the human respiratory system along with the associated ionizing radiations, the computed radiological indices represent only the least probable health hazards. Nevertheless, in real situations, α-particles from the radioactive decay products of 232 Th and 238 U can create acute radiation damages of respiratory system. Policymakers should emphasize on limiting the dust particle evolution, and public awareness is required to alleviate the health risks., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Land surface temperature (LST) is defined as a phenomenon which shows that microclimate of an urban system gets heated much faster than its surrounding rural climates. The expansion of buildings has a noteworthy influence on land use/land cover (LULC) due to conversion of vegetation land into commercial and residential areas and their associated infrastructure by which LST is accelerated. The objective of the research was to study the impact of changes in LULC on LST of Southern Punjab (Pakistan) through remote sensing (RS) data. Landsat images of 30-year duration (1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017) were employed for identifying vegetation indices and LST in the study region. These images also helped to work out normalized difference water index (NDWI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) maps. There was an increase from 29620 (3.63 %) to 88038 ha (10.8 %) in built-up area over the 30 years. LST values were found in the range 12-42 °C, 11-44 °C, 11-45 °C and 11-47 °C in the years 1987, 1997, 2007 and 2017, respectively. Regression coefficients (R 2 ) 0.81, 0.78, 0.84 and 0.76 were observed between NDVI and LST in the corresponding years respectively. Our study showed that NDVI and NDWI were negatively correlated with less LST; however, NDBI showed positive correlation with high LST. Our study gives critical information of LULC and LST and will be a helpful tool for policy makers for developing effective policies in managing land resources., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The study goal was to determine spatiotemporal variations in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration using models that combine hydroclimatic and nutrient variables in 150 tropical reservoirs in Brazil. The investigation of seasonal variability indicated that Chl-a varied in response to changes in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), volume (V), and daily precipitation (P). Therefore, an empirical model for Chl-a prediction based on the product of TN, TP, and normalized functions of V and P was proposed, but their individual exponents as well as a general multiplicative factor were adjusted by linear regression for each reservoir. The fitted relationships were capable of representing algal temporal dynamics and blooms, with an average coefficient of determination of R 2  = 0.70. The results revealed that nutrients yielded better predictability of Chl-a than hydroclimatic variables. Chl-a blooms presented seasonal and interannual variability, being more frequent in periods of high precipitation and low volume. The equations demonstrate different Chl-a responses to the parameters. In general, Chl-a was positively related to TN and/or TP. However, in some cases (22%), high nutrient concentrations reduced Chl-a, which was attributed to limited phytoplankton growth driven by light deficiency due to increased turbidity. In 49% of the models, precipitation intensified Chl-a levels, which was related to increases in the nutrient concentration from external sources in rural watersheds. Contrastingly, 51% of the reservoirs faced a decrease in Chl-a with precipitation, which can be explained by the opposite effect of dilution of nutrient concentration at the reservoir inlet in urban watersheds. In terms of volume, in 67% of the reservoirs, water level reduction promoted an increase in Chl-a as a response to higher nutrient concentration. In the other cases, Chl-a decreased with lower water levels due to wind-induced destratification of the water column, which potentially decreased the internal nutrient release from bottom sediment. Finally, applying the model to the two largest studied reservoirs showed greater sensitivity of Chl-a to changes in water use classes regarding variations in TN, followed by TP, V, and P., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Land use land cover (LULC) dynamics is an important aspect of environmental studies. Lahore is one of the wide-ranging urban cities in the world experiencing rapid development in the form of unplanned urban growth and industrialization, which leads to many adverse consequences. This research focuses on the study of spatio-temporal variability of urbanization and its impact on the water quality index (WQI) in Lahore city using remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). Landsat images (Landsat 7 ETM + , Landsat 8 OLI) between 2005 to 2021 were used to observe the changes in urban growth over seventeen years. GIS is used to create the LULC, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) maps, to study the urbanization impact on the WQI. The results of this study indicate that the groundwater quality of metropolitan Lahore city has significantly dropped within 17 years. The extent of the built-up area has been expanded from 22.4% to 953.04% with an increase in the poor WQI area from 1.95% to 37.89%, reveals a general decline in groundwater quality with urbanization. Indeed, the trends observed by the linear regression modelling showed a positive and negative correlation (R 2  = 0.67 and -0.74) of WQI with % of urban and vegetation areas respectively. GIS and RS tools have been found effective in assessing spatio-temporal phenomena of urbanization and its impact on groundwater quality. Furthermore, this research would be very helpful in making decisions for managing groundwater resources and illegal urban expansion in Lahore city., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Urban areas are quickly established, and the overwhelming population pressure is triggering heat stress in the metropolitan cities. Climate change impact is the key aspect for maintaining the urban areas and building proper urban planning because spreading of the urban area destroyed the vegetated land and increased heat variation. Remote sensing-based on Landsat images are used for investigating the vegetation circumstances, thermal variation, urban expansion, and surface urban heat island or SUHI in the three megacities of Iraq like Baghdad, Erbil, and Basrah. Four satellite imageries are used aimed at land use and land cover (LULC) study from 1990 to 2020, which indicate the land transformation of those three major cities in Iraq. The average annually temperature is increased during  30 years like Baghdad (0.16 °C), Basrah (0.44 °C), and Erbil (0.32 °C). The built-up area is increased 147.1 km 2 (Erbil), 217.86 km 2 (Baghdad), and 294.43 km 2 (Erbil), which indicated the SUHI affects the entire area of the three cities. The bare land is increased in Baghdad city, which indicated the local climatic condition and affected the livelihood. Basrah City is affected by anthropogenic activities and most areas of Basrah were converted into built-up land in the last 30 years. In Erbil, agricultural land (295.81 km 2 ) is increased. The SUHI study results indicated the climate change effect in those three cities in Iraq. This study's results are more useful for planning, management, and sustainable development of urban areas., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of change in land use land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST) in Mirpur and its surrounding area over the last 30 years using Landsat satellite images and remote sensing indices, and to develop relationships between LULC types and LST, as well as to analyze their impact on local warming. Using this analyzed data, a further projection of LULC and LST change over the next two decades was made. From 1989 to 2019, 5-year intervals of Landsat 4-5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI images were utilized to track the relationship between LULC changes and LST. The modeled LST was validated with MODIS-derived LST within the study area. Cellular automata-based artificial neural network (CA-ANN) algorithm was used to model the LULC and LST maps for the year 2039. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) were analyzed to determine their link with LST. The relation between LST and LULC types indicates that built-up area raises LST by substituting non-evaporating surfaces for natural vegetation. The average surface temperature was increasing steadily for the last 30 years. For the year 2019, it was determined that roughly 86% of total land area has been converted to built-up area and that 89% of land area had an LST greater than 28 °C. According to the study, if the current trend continues, 72% of the Mirpur area is predicted to see temperatures near 32 °C in 2039. Additionally, LST had a significant positive association with NDBI and a negative correlation with NDVI. The overall accuracy of LULC was greater than 90%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.83. The study may assist urban planners and environmental engineers in comprehending and recommending effective policy measures and plans to mitigate the consequences of LULC., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study aimed to investigate the impact of weather conditions on the daily incidence of the COVID-19 pandemic in late spring 2021 in Taiwan, which is unlike the weather conditions of the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020. Meteorological parameters such as maximum daily temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were included. The Spearman rank correlation test was used to evaluate the relationship between weather and daily domestic COVID-19 cases. The maximum daily temperature had a positively significant correlation with daily new COVID-19 cases within a 14-day lag period, while the relative humidity and wind speed has a fairly high correlation with the number of daily cases within a 13- and 14-day lag, respectively. In addition, the weather characteristics during this period were an increasingly high temperature, with steady high relative humidity and slightly decreasing wind speed. Our study revealed the weather conditions at the time of the domestic outbreak of COVID-19 in Taiwan in May 2021 and the possible association between weather factors and the COVID-19 pandemic. Further large-scale analysis of weather factors is essential for understanding the impact of weather on the spread of infectious diseases., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Human population growth, movement, and demand have a substantial impact on land use and land cover dynamics. Thematic maps of land use and land cover (LULC) serve as a reference for scrutinizing, source administration, and forecasting, making it easier to establish plans that balance preservation, competing uses, and growth compressions. This study aims to identify the changeover of land-use changes in the Bhavani basin for the two periods 2005 and 2015 and to forecast and establish potential land-use changes in the years 2025 and 2030 by using QGIS 2.18.24 version MOLUSCE plugin (MLP-ANN) model. The five criteria, such as DEM, slope, aspect, distance from the road, and distance from builtup, are used as spatial variable maps in the processes of learning in MLP-ANN to predict their influences on LULC between 2005 and 2010. It was found that DEM, distance from the road, and distance from the builtup have significant effects. The projected and accurate LULC maps for 2015 indicate a good level of accuracy, with an overall Kappa value of 0.69 and a percentage of the correctness of 76.28%. MLP-ANN is then used to forecast changes in LULC for the years 2025 and 2030, which shows a significant rise in cropland and builtup areas, by 20 km 2 and 10 km 2 , respectively. The findings assist farmers and policymakers in developing optimal land use plans and better management techniques for the long-term development of natural resources., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study examined 42 mushroom samples and corresponding cultivated substrates. The radionuclide activity concentrations and bioconcentration factor (BCF) from substrate-to-mushroom were determined. The substrate activity concentrations were 59.1-727.5, 4.5-37.6, and 4.0-53.0 Bq/kg dw (dry weight) for 40  K, 226 Ra, and 232 Th, respectively. The average 40  K concentrations were 1546.5, 1115.7, and 749.3 Bq/kg dw; the BCFs were 2.49, 3.56, and 5.58 for A. bisporus, F. velutipes, and L. edodes, respectively. The 40  K concentrations were insignificantly correlated with each species' corresponding substrate concentration. The 40  K BCFs had a significantly negative correlation with the substrate concentration for each species. Each mushroom species' 40  K concentration was almost stable, suggesting that 40  K has a regulated homeostasis for a given species. The average 226 Ra concentrations were 5.5, 5.4, and 3.4 Bq/kg dw; the BCFs were 0.58, 0.17, and 0.50 for L. edodes, A. bisporus, and F. velutipes, respectively. The average 232 Th concentrations were 4.7, 4.7, and 3.0 Bq/kg dw; the BCFs were 0.50, 0.11, and 0.53 for L. edodes, A. bisporus, and F. velutipes, respectively. The 226 Ra and 232 Th concentrations in mushrooms had a weak to moderate correlation with the cultivated substrate concentrations. The absorption of the 226 Ra and 232 Th from substrate-to-mushroom was similar to the hypothesis of the linear model that mushroom concentration yields a positive correlation with substrate concentration., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The detailed analyses of the water balance components (WBCs) of the catchment help assess the available water resources, especially in the arid climate regions for their sustainable management and development. This paper mainly used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to analyze the variation in the WBCs considering the change in the Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) and meteorological variables. For this purpose, the model used the inputs of LULC and meteorological variables between 2001 and 2020 at 5 years and daily time intervals, respectively, from the Chittar river catchment. The developed models were calibrated using SWAT-CUP split-up procedure (pre-calibration and post-calibration). The model was found to be good in calibration and validation, yielding the coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.94 and 0.81, respectively. Furthermore, WBCs of the catchment were estimated for the near future (2021-2030) at the monthly and annual scales. For this endeavor, LULC was forecasted for the years 2021 and 2026 using Cellular Automata (CA)-Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and for the same period, meteorological variables were also forecasted using the smoothing moving average method from the historical data., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Aquaculture is remarkably one of the most promising industries among the food-producing industries in the world. Aquaculture production as well as fish consumption per capita have been dramatically increasing over the past two decades. Shifting of culture method from semi-intensive to intensive technique and applying of antibiotics to control the disease outbreak are the major factors for the increasing trend of aquaculture production. Antibiotics are usually present at subtherapeutic levels in the aquaculture environment, which increases the selective pressure to the resistant bacteria and stimulates resistant gene transfer in the aquatic environment. It is now widely documented that antibiotic resistance genes and resistant bacteria are transported from the aquatic environment to the terrestrial environment and may pose adverse effects on human and animal health. However, data related to antibiotic usage and bacterial resistance in aquaculture is very limited or even absent in major aquaculture-producing countries. In particular, residual levels of antibiotics in fish and shellfish are not well documented. Recently, some of the countries have already decided the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of antibiotics in fish muscle or skin; however, many antibiotics are yet not to be decided. Therefore, an urgent universal effort needs to be taken to monitor antibiotic concentration and resistant bacteria particularly multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria and to assess the associated risks in aquaculture. Finally, we suggest to take an initiative to make a uniform antibiotic registration process, to establish the MRLs for fish/shrimp and to ensure the use of only aquaculture antibiotics in fish and shellfish farming globally., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Endoparasites are the potential source of substantial health complications in animals; exclusively the endoparasites of zoonotic importance are of great concern to researchers and health authorities for diverse perspectives. A coprological study was conducted to inspect the endoparasitic infestation in antelopes kept at three captive localities, i.e., Safari Park, Jallo Wildlife Park, and Lahore Zoo, situated in Lahore, Pakistan. There were 109 selected species of antelopes including nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), urial (Ovis orientalis), and chinkara (Gazella bennettii). The fresh fecal samples of each experimental animal from individual and mixed animal enclosures were collected and tested by an appropriate parasitological method. The fecal samples were examined by applying the modified McMaster technique through the Whitlock chamber method and observed by a compound microscope for identification and fecal egg count. The prevalence (%) of egg per gram (EPG) and diversity of endoparasitic eggs identified from fecal samples of experimental animals from three captive localities were recorded. The analysis revealed species from phylogenetic groups of nematodes cestodes and trematodes along with coccidian occurrence. The prevalence of endoparasites was highest in nilgai (B. tragocamelus) with combined average prevalence (23.88 ± 3.13) from three captive localities followed by chinkara (G. bennettii) combined average prevalence (21.68 ± 2.64), urial (O. orientalis) combined average prevalence (21.41 ± 4.69), and blackbuck (A. cervicapra) combined average prevalence (16.88 ± 2.66). To prevent such infestations which prevail more intensely regarding changing climate and increasing pollution levels, there should be regular monitoring and appropriate prophylaxis combined with epizootiological investigation for future studies and implication of advance technology, for captive animals so that best possible adaptations can be made to reduce the spread of infective diseases that are of zoonotic importance also.

Dynamics of Vibrio populations in aquatic environments are of concern, as they encompass members pathogenic to humans as well as marine flora and fauna. Spatiotemporal distribution of its culturable abundance for a range of physicochemical and biological parameters in the Cochin estuary (CE), one of the largest tropical monsoonal estuary along the southwest coast of India, witnessed a proliferation of this bacterial group (707 ± 196 CFU ml -1 ) in downstream stations during a relative dry period. The study for the first time employed classification and regression tree (CART) along with multiple linear regression (MLR) based approaches to explore the nonlinear and linear interactions, respectively, among environmental variables regulating Vibrio abundance in CE. Both the techniques were on consensus to ascertain salinity as the primary determinant of Vibrio dynamics, during the entire sampling period regardless of the seasons, viz., dry and wet. Nevertheless, CART outperformed MLR in performance index, suggesting that in a dynamic system like estuaries, usage of the latter is limited by complex nonlinear relationships among environmental variables. According to CART, Vibrio proliferation observed in downstream stations of the estuary (salinity ≥ 13.4 psu) during a relative dry period was driven by eutrophication (dissolved inorganic phosphate ≥ 1.48 μM L -1 ) associated with reduced flushing resulting in an oxygen-limited environment (dissolved oxygen < 4.56 ml L -1 ), wherein phytoplankton production diverts to support microbes. Our results imply that anthropogenic activities and sea level rise in future may prompt Vibrio proliferation, to be a concern for public health and impinge on fisheries yield from tropical estuaries.

Land use/land cover (LULC) change has serious implications for environment as LULC is directly related to land degradation over a period of time and results in many changes in the environment. Monitoring the locations and distributions of LULC changes is important for establishing links between regulatory actions, policy decisions, and subsequent LULC activities. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has the potential ability to identify the vegetation features of various eco-regions and provides valuable information as a remote sensing tool in studying vegetation phenology cycles. Similarly, the normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) may be used for quoting built-up land. This study aims to detect the pattern of LULC, NDBI, and NDVI change in Lodhran district, Pakistan, from the Landsat images taken over 40 years, considering four major LULC types as follows: water bodies, built-up area, bare soil, and vegetation. Supervised classification was applied to detect LULC changes observed over Lodhran district as it explains the maximum likelihood algorithm in software ERDAS imagine 15. Most farmers (46.6%) perceived that there have been extreme changes of onset of temperature, planting season, and less precipitation amount in Lodhran district in the last few years. In 2017, building areas increased (4.3%) as compared to 1977. NDVI values for Lodhran district were highest in 1977 (up to + 0.86) and lowest in 1997 (up to - 0.33). Overall accuracy for classification was 86% for 1977, 85% for 1987, 86% for 1997, 88% for 2007, and 95% for 2017. LULC change with soil types, temperature, and NDVI, NDBI, and slope classes was common in the study area, and the conversions of bare soil into vegetation area and built-up area were major changes in the past 40 years in Lodhran district. Lodhran district faces rising temperatures, less irrigation water, and low rainfall. Farmers are aware of these climatic changes and are adapting strategies to cope with the effects but require support from government.