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The increasing population and plateaued capture fishery landings have led to increasing demand for aquaculture products. However, environmental challenges are critical barriers to the sustainable development of aquaculture in developing countries. This review critically evaluates the environmental barriers facing aquaculture development in Bangladesh while laying out a roadmap for future development and spatial planning. An increase in the area used for aquaculture most often results in increasing pressure on natural resources such as land, water, energy, and the sources used for feed. Some of the negative externalities that this review focuses on are effluent discharge, the spread of diseases, and conflicts over land use with other ecosystem users. A way forward is to internalize these negative externalities and their costs into production decisions by farmers. Formulation of incentive-based pragmatic regulations can pave a forward path to increased environmental sustainability., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Population in South Asia is increasing ever than a faster rate, subsequently; food security, climate change, and capital intensive agro farming techniques are the prevailing challenges in this region. This is a tri-country penal analysis, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh, and the study covers the data throughout (1973-2020). This study has used modern farm input data besides demographic variables in the study. In this study, we use panel data set, ARDL (PMG) approach, autoregressive distributed lag model pooled mean group, which is an extensively dynamic modeling technique for heterogeneous data. The results of the study explore that transition in the demographic pattern in Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh is the real cause of low crop productivity and land intensification. Technology innovation is the only ray of hope to fulfill the food demand of the future ahead and climate agriculture practices can hamper the further deterioration of the small farmlands., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The presence of high levels of carcinogenic metalloid arsenic (As) in the groundwater system of Bangladesh has been considered as one of the major environmental disasters in this region. Many parts of Bangladesh have extensively reported the presence of high levels of arsenic in the groundwater due to both geological and anthropogenic activities. In this paper, we reviewed the available literature and scientific information regarding arsenic pollution in Bangladesh, including arsenic chemistry and occurrences. Along with using As-rich groundwater as a drinking-water source, the agricultural activities and especially irrigation have greatly depended on the groundwater resources in this region due to high water demands for ensuring food security. A number of investigations in Bangladesh have shown that high arsenic content in both soil and groundwater may result in high levels of arsenic accumulation in different plants, including cereals and vegetables. This review provides information regarding arsenic accumulation in major rice varieties, soil-groundwater-rice arsenic interaction, and past arsenic policies and plans, as well as previously implemented arsenic mitigation options for both drinking and irrigation water systems in Bangladesh. In conclusion, this review highlights the importance and necessity for more in-depth studies as well as more effective arsenic mitigation action plans to reduce arsenic incorporation in the food chain of Bangladesh., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Bangladesh government is in the final stage of setting up one nuclear power plant with two units at Rooppur, Ishwardi, each having 1200 MW capacity, to be launched in 2023 to meet the energy shortage urgently. The financial cost of the project is the US $12.65 billion. The primary purpose of this paper is to calculate the economic cost of setting up this plant by using the estimation method developed by Du and Parsons (2009), MIT (2003; 2009; 2018), and Singh et al.  (2018). It has been found that the economic cost is amounted to 9.36 cents/kWh for the capacity of 2400 MW. In contrast, for a similar plant in Kudankulam, Tamil Nadu, India, the corresponding cost figure is 5.36 cents/kWh for 2000 MW. Even though it seems costlier than India, the study suggests that policymakers should prefer nuclear power, as it is cost-competitive, considering the production cost of other electricity facilities. The main advantage of nuclear power is cost-competitive baseload power generation with zero carbon emission. This nuclear power plant (NPP) project is expected to boost the energy sector of Bangladesh by transforming the country from an energy deficit country into an energy surplus country., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

In recent years, South Asian economies have observed rapid urbanization along with expanding informal economy that poses a serious threat to environmental quality. This study examines the impact of urbanization and informal economy on the ecological footprint of selected South Asian countries. Results indicate that urbanization and informal economy increase the environmental degradation in South Asia and the estimates are statistically significant in the long run. In the short run, urbanization positively affects the ecological footprint in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal except India, while the informal economy also enhances environmental degradation for all the selected countries except Bangladesh. Most surprisingly, the interaction term of urbanization and informal economy has a negative impact on ecological footprint, and the coefficient is statistically significant as well. To combat the environmental issues in South Asia, detailed policy recommendations have been suggested at the end., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

While the agricultural sector contributes the economic growth, it also induces GHGs and causes environmental degradation. The effect of agriculture activities on environmental degradation receives attention last several years in environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) literature. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of agriculture activities (AGRI), energy consumption (EC), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade openness (TO) on CO 2 in the context of EKC hypothesis for the Next Eleven countries in the period of 1991-2019. For this purpose, we employ common correlated effects mean group estimator (CCEMG) to obtain panel and country-specific results. In addition, Dumitrescu-Hurlin panel causality test is used to examine the pairwise causal relationship between variables. The results show that the EKC hypothesis, the inverted U-shape relationship between CO 2 and GDP, is valid for Bangladesh, Mexico, Nigeria, Turkey, and the panel. FDI has significantly positive association with CO 2 for South Korea and the panel. TO has significantly negative association with CO 2 for Bangladesh, Indonesia, Mexico, and the panel but significantly positive relationship with CO 2 in Philippines. Moreover, the focus variable AGRI has significantly negative association with CO 2 for Bangladesh, Turkey, and the panel but significantly positive relationship with CO 2 for Mexico., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Bangladesh's recent doorway to the spectacular growth trajectory is largely associated with the shared contributions of globalization, FDI, trade, economic growth, urbanization, energy consumption, innovation, and institutional quality that affect its natural environment. Earlier studies hardly incorporated these dynamics together especially innovation and institutional quality to examine their impacts on environmental degradation in Bangladesh. This study attempts to scrutinize the effect of globalization, foreign direct investment, economic growth, trade, innovation, urbanization, and energy consumption on CO 2 emissions in the presence of institutional quality in Bangladesh over the period 1972-2016 by utilizing dynamic ARDL simulations' model by Jordan and Philips (2018). The investigated results depict that globalization; foreign direct investment, and innovation have a negative effect on CO 2 emissions in improving environmental quality while economic growth, trade, energy consumption, and urbanization positively impact CO 2 emissions and hence stimulate environmental degradation both in the long and short run. Besides, institutional quality measured by the political terror scale (PTS) affects CO 2 emissions positively and thereby degrades the quality of the environment in both the long and short run. Therefore, policy implication should go toward encouraging globalization, foreign direct investment and innovation; and the sensible utilization of income growth, trade potentials, energy consumption, urbanization and institution is required for the sake of environmental quality in Bangladesh., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The Garua bacha, Clupisoma garua, holds considerable commercial and nutritional significance as a fish species. This study investigates the relationships between GSI (gonadosomatic index) and eco-climatic conditions, and provides comprehensive insights into several facets of reproduction, such as size at first sexual maturity (L m ), spawning season, peak spawning period, and proposes sustainable management strategies for C. garua in the Ganges River, northwestern, Bangladesh. Since January to December 2017, 570 female individuals have been gathered from the Ganges River using cast nets, gill nets, and square lift nets on a monthly basis. The total length (TL) of the specimens varied from 3.90 to 26.30 cm. L m was estimated as 14.30 cm based on the results of the TL vs. GSI, MGSI (modified gonadosomatic index), DI (Dobriyal index), 14.00 cm through TL-FL regressions, and 15.18 cm depending on L max for this species. Furthermore, the spawning period was observed from May to August, peaking in June and July, based on greater GSI, MGSI, and DI values. Throughout the peak spawning season, there was not a significant differ from a value of 100 in the relative weight (W R ) of the female species. During the spawning season, a substantial association between temperature and GSI (p = 0.0038); rainfall and GSI (p = 0.0043); DO and GSI (p = 0.0043); pH and GSI (p = 0.0002); and alkalinity and GSI (p = 0.0001) was detected. Analyzing a 55-year data series (1964-2018), it became clear that an increase in average air temperature of 0.0289 °C and a decrease in rainfall of 2.988 mm per year might possibly delay the spawning season of this species. As a consequence, the results of this study provide crucial information for developing management strategies to safeguard C. garua populations in the Ganges River and its adjacent ecosystems., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is home to a range of commercially important species with different food habits and feeding features. Microplastic (MP) contamination in the fish of BoB, like in many other marine environments, is a significant environmental concern. The study aimed to investigate the presence of microplastics (MPs) in the gastrointestinal tracts (GITs) of selected commercial marine fishes from the Bangladesh coast of the BoB. Six fish species (Escualosa thoracata, Tenualosa ilisha, Johnius belangerii, Trichiurus lepturus, Planiliza parsia, and Mystus gulio) were investigated (n = 120) following hydrogen peroxide digestion, and floatation (saline solution) protocols. After analyses, a total number of 696 MPs (dimension 0.3 to 5 mm) were identified. Moreover, the highest occurrence of MPs in fish GITs was found in planktivorous fish (average of 7.7 items/individual), followed by omnivorous (average of 5.2 items/individual), and carnivorous fish (average of 4.6 items/individual) (p < 0.001). However, planktivorous E. thoracata showed the highest number of MPs per g of GIT (average of 30.99 items/g GIT), whereas T. ilisha showed the lowest count (average of 0.77 items/g GIT). Different types of MPs (fibers (19 to 76%), fragments (6 to 61%), films (8 to 35%), microbeads (0 to 5%), and foams (0 to 2%)) were also observed. In terms of the color of MPs, the transparent, black, green, and blue types were the most common. Polymers were found as polyethylene (35 to 43%), polyethylene terephthalate (28 to 35%), polyamide (20 to 31%), and polystyrene (0 to 7%). The study provides a significant incidence of MPs in fish from the Bangladesh part of the BoB, which is very concerning. Therefore, long-term research is indispensable to ascertain the variables affecting the presence of MPs in fish, their origins, and their potential effects on the BoB fisheries. Stringent policies on plastic use and disposal should be strongly urged in this coastal region., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Trace element pollution from anthropogenic sources is increasingly widespread. This pollution in terrestrial environments threatens agricultural crop production, while in aquatic environments, it threatens fish cultivation. The contamination of these crucial food sources raises significant concerns regarding food safety, security, and its potential adverse effects on human health. Coastal areas are particularly vulnerable to heavy metal pollution due to their proximity to industrial and urban centres, as well as their susceptibility to contamination from marine sources. In attempting to identify the sources of heavy metals (As, Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and measure their contributions, we collected soil samples from thirty sites along the three coastal districts (Patuakhali, Barguna, and Bhola) in Bangladesh. Using atomic absorption spectroscopy, heavy metal concentrations in soil samples were measured and three receptor models (PMF, PCA-MLR, and UNMIX) were applied to detect their sources. Pairwise correlation analysis of metal concentrations in 30 sites across 3 coastal districts showed all possible patterns, including both significant and insignificant positive and negative relationships between different metals, except for As and Hg which did not display any significant relationships with other metals. The concentrations of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn exceed the US-EPA sediment quality standard. The applied PCA-MLR, PMF, and UNMIX models identified several sources of heavy metal contamination, including (i) mixed anthropogenic and natural activities: contribution of 59%, 37%, and 43%, and (ii) vehicle emissions: contribution of 23%, 26% and 29%. The recognized metal sources should be prioritised to avoid the discharge of poisonous pollutants from anthropogenic factors and any possible future exposure. This study's findings have implications for ongoing monitoring and management of heavy metal contamination in coastal environments to mitigate potential health and ecological impacts and can inform policy development and management strategies., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Mangroves provide essential ecosystem services including coastal protection by acting as coastal greenbelts; however, human-driven anthropogenic activities altered their existence and ecosystem functions worldwide. In this study, the successive degradation of the second largest mangrove forest, Chakaria Sundarbans situated at the northern Bay of Bengal part of Bangladesh was assessed using remote sensing approaches. A total of five multi-temporal Landsat satellite imageries were collected and used to observe the land use land cover (LULC) changes over the time periods for the years 1972, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. Further, the supervised classification technique with the help of support vector machine (SVM) algorithm in ArcGIS 10.8 was used to process images. Our results revealed a drastic change of Chakaria Sundarbans mangrove forest, that the images of 1972 were comprised of mudflat, waterbody, and mangroves, while the images of 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were classified as waterbody, mangrove, saltpan, and shrimp farm. Most importantly, mangrove forest was the largest covering area a total of 64.2% in 1972, but gradually decreased to 12.7%, 6.4%, 1.9%, and 4.6% for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. Interestingly, the rate of mangrove forest area degradation was similar to the net increase of saltpan and shrimp farms. The kappa coefficients of classified images were 0.83, 0.87, 0.80, 0.87, and 0.91 with the overall accuracy of 88.9%, 90%, 85%, 90%, and 93.3% for the years 1972, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively. By analyzing normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and transformed difference vegetation index (TDVI), our results validated that green vegetated area was decreased alarmingly with time in this study area. This destruction was mainly related to active human-driven anthropogenic activities, particularly creating embankments for fish farms or salt productions, and cutting for collection of wood as well. Together all, our results provide clear evidence of active anthropogenic stress on coastal ecosystem health by altering mangrove forest to saltpan and shrimp farm saying goodbye to the second largest mangrove forest in one of the coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The evolution towards a green economy integrating social, economic, and environmental concerns has opened a new window to pursue the sustainable development goals (SDGs), especially for emerging nations. Nonetheless, despite being a pressing concern on a global scale, empirical research into the potential for green economy development in the context of Bangladesh has remained notably inadequate. To fill this void, this study is an attempt to evaluate the connection among economic growth, carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions, education, life expectancy, and technology to conclude the ecological and socio-economic repercussions of a green economy in Bangladesh's framework of achieving SDGs. Considering the statistical features of the annual data from 1990 to 2019, the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method has been employed to analyze the connections between the chosen variables. The empirical outcomes show that an upsurge in CO 2 is accompanied by a 3.66% increase in GDP over the long term, suggesting a positive and statistically significant relationship between the two variables. In addition, GDP increases by about 4.2% for every 1% increase in life expectancy. However, the relationship between technological innovation and education found an insignificant positive linkage with GDP. The most important takeaway from these findings is that the growth of Bangladesh's economy is occurring at the expense of the environment. Hence, this research recommends that, as a developing nation, Bangladesh should concentrate on environment-friendly alternatives, which can be done through the introduction of a green economy to achieve a sustainably developed economy., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Water quality has recently emerged as one of the utmost severe ecological problems being faced by the developing countries all over the world, and Bangladesh is no exception. Both surface and groundwater sources contain different contaminants, which lead to numerous deaths due to water-borne diseases, particularly among children. This study presents one of the most comprehensive reviews on the current status of water quality in Bangladesh with a special emphasis on both conventional pollutants and emerging contaminants. Data show that urban rivers in Bangladesh are in a critical condition, especially Korotoa, Teesta, Rupsha, Pashur, and Padma. The Buriganga River and few locations in the Turag, Balu, Sitalakhya, and Karnaphuli rivers have dissolvable oxygen (DO) levels of almost zero. Many waterways contain traces of NO 3 , NO 2 , and PO 4 pollutants. The majority of the rivers in Bangladesh also have Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, As, and Cr concentrations that exceed the WHO permissible limits for safe drinking water, while their metal concentrations exceed the safety threshold for irrigation. Mercury poses the greatest hazard with 90.91% of the samples falling into the highest risk category. Mercury is followed by zinc 57.53% and copper 29.16% in terms of the dangers they pose to public health and the ecosystem. Results show that a considerable percentage of the population is at risk, being exposed to contaminated water. Despite hundreds of cryptosporidiosis cases reported, fecal contamination, i.e., Cryptosporidium, is totally ignored and need serious considerations to be regularly monitored in source water.-3 pollutants. The majority of the rivers in Bangladesh also have Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn, As, and Cr concentrations that exceed the WHO permissible limits for safe drinking water, while their metal concentrations exceed the safety threshold for irrigation. Mercury poses the greatest hazard with 90.91% of the samples falling into the highest risk category. Mercury is followed by zinc 57.53% and copper 29.16% in terms of the dangers they pose to public health and the ecosystem. Results show that a considerable percentage of the population is at risk, being exposed to contaminated water. Despite hundreds of cryptosporidiosis cases reported, fecal contamination, i.e., Cryptosporidium, is totally ignored and need serious considerations to be regularly monitored in source water., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The coastal areas of Bangladesh have poor accessibility to fresh drinking water and the groundwater is not suitable for drinking, cooking, and other domestic uses due to high levels of salinity and potentially toxic elements. The current study focuses on understanding of the distribution of some physicochemical parameters (temperature, pH, EC, TDS, and salinity) and chemical elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Co, Pb, As, Cr, Cd, and Ni) with health perspective in drinking water from the southwestern coastal area of Bangladesh. The physicochemical properties of the water samples were examined with a multiparameter meter, while the elemental concentrations were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometer. Water quality index (WQI) and irrigation indices were utilized to determine the drinking water quality and irrigation feasibility, respectively, whereas hazard quotients (HQs) and hazard index (HI) were used to assess the probable pathways and the associated potential risks to human health. The concentrations of some toxic elements in measured samples were relatively higher compared to drinking water guidelines, indicating that ground and surface water are not apt for drinking and/or domestic uses. The multivariate statistical approaches linked the source of the pollutants in the studied water body mostly to the geogenic origin including saline water intrusion. WQI values ranged from 18 to 430, reflecting excellent to unsuitable categories of water quality. The assessment of human health risks due to exposure to contaminated water demonstrated both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks in the exposed residents of the study area. Therefore, appropriate long-term coastal area management strategies should be adopted in the study region for environmental sustainability. The findings of this research will be supportive in understanding the actual situation of fresh drinking water in the area for policymakers, planners, and environmentalists to take effective necessary measures to ensure safe drinking water in the study area., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Drinking water contamination is one of the most pressing concerns for the people of Bangladesh as they rely on groundwater to meet their water needs. The existing water sources of Bangladesh are losing potability due to natural, anthropogenic, and geogenic factors, resulting in acute to severe health consequences. To address the issue of safe drinking water, researchers are constantly examining potential sources that cause the pollution of drinking water. Through bibliometric and systematic research, the current work seeks to review the past research on microbiological and chemical contamination of drinkable water in Bangladesh. The bibliometric review provides insights into the research trends, notable authors, countries, and institutions, whereas the systematic review unfolds the key research areas, the contamination process, and the strategies used to mitigate the contamination process. The results show that arsenic and various coliform bacteria are the most commonly reported sources of chemical and microbiological contaminants that degrade water quality. The study demonstrates that the most crucial factors influencing arsenic mobilization include microbial decomposition of organic matter (biologically available organic matter, for example, peat), arsenic adsorption by metal-oxyhydroxides, Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide, chemical fertilizers, pond excavation, and altering of groundwater hydrology. The studies also indicated the sources that contribute to the microbiological quality decline. The current work has addressed the scope of future research., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Waterlogging due to rain-fed floods is considered a natural calamity worldwide that causes lands in the north region of Bangladesh to remain underwater and uncultivable for most crops during the rainy season. This unused wasteland has immense potential for additional earnings for the marginal farmer by converting it to cultivable land through proper utilization by cultivating water chestnuts. Increasing the productivity and efficiency of water chestnut farming in these wastelands would facilitate higher food production for the growing populations. Therefore, this study estimates the farmers' profitability of water chestnut production along with technical efficiency (TE) and land use efficiency (LUE). Primary data from 150 farmers of Natore, Naogaon, and Jamalpur districts were used and stochastic frontier analysis was employed. Results reveal that no farmers had any training in water chestnut farming. Human labor and land use costs incur more than 80% of the total cost and laborers shortage was found due to skin problems working in the water. However, water chestnut farming was profitable in all districts and the average benefit-cost ratio was 1.37. TE results indicate that there was an opportunity to increase the water chestnut production by 20.2% using the same amount of inputs. LUE by the water chestnut farmers was found to be very low; hence, they were using their land inefficiently and this inefficiency was positively affected by farm size and number of family members and negatively affected by age, year of schooling, and income. The study suggests research focusing on improved management of water chestnut without affecting laborers and training to facilitate higher productivity and LUE., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Climate change's impact on crop production is a global concern. A better understanding of farmers' perceptions of climate change and adaptation strategies will benefit farmers and policymakers in outlining an effective adaptation mechanism to climate change. Therefore, this study assessed wheat farmers' perceptions of climate change, identified major adaptation strategies, factors influencing adaptations, and barriers to effective adaptation by surveying 160 wheat farmers in northwest Bangladesh. The results revealed that farmers experienced more frequent droughts due to higher temperatures, decreased and irregular precipitation, reduced ground and surface water availability, and shorter winter seasons over the last two decades. Key adaptation strategies identified were more irrigation, switching to other crops, and changing fertilizer and insecticide usage. Multinomial logit model results indicate that farming experience, access to climate information and extension services, access to subsidies, farm size, family size, and electricity for irrigation were the significant factors influencing farmers' adaptation decisions. Limited access to climate information, inadequate knowledge of appropriate adaptation measures, and low price of wheat represented major adaptation barriers. The study recommends strengthening agricultural research and extension services to farmers, including education and training, to develop effective adaptation strategies to climate change., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The concentrations of eleven heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, As, and Ag) were assessed in both groundwater and seawater collected from the ship-breaking industrial area of Bangladesh using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The investigation aimed to estimate the water quality and pollution level employing several indices, and its associated health risks for the first time in that area. This study found that Cd, Cr, Fe, Pb, Mn, and Ni were higher in both groundwater and seawater compared with WHO standards. Based on the WQI (water quality index) and EWQI (entropy water quality index) classifications, the quality of most of the groundwater is extremely poor or unsuitable for drinking purposes. Furthermore, the HPI (heavy metal pollution index), HEI (heavy metal evaluation index), and CD (degree of contamination) values of most groundwater and all seawater samples exhibit a higher degree of pollution. In addition, the results of NI (Nemerow pollution index) come to an end that both groundwater and seawater in the study area are mostly polluted by Fe, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cd. Although the HI (hazard quotient index) values of almost all studied heavy metals in both cases of adults and children are within the safe limit, the HI value of Cr for an adult is near the threshold limit and the maximum HI value of Cr for children exceeds this limit. The carcinogenic risk reveals that Cr, Pb, As, and Cd produce detrimental effects on local people through the direct ingestion of groundwater. The pollution source is identified using principal component analysis and a Pearson correlation matrix as being primarily anthropogenic and attributed to intensive ship-breaking activities or other industries in the area., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of change in land use land cover (LULC) and land surface temperature (LST) in Mirpur and its surrounding area over the last 30 years using Landsat satellite images and remote sensing indices, and to develop relationships between LULC types and LST, as well as to analyze their impact on local warming. Using this analyzed data, a further projection of LULC and LST change over the next two decades was made. From 1989 to 2019, 5-year intervals of Landsat 4-5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI images were utilized to track the relationship between LULC changes and LST. The modeled LST was validated with MODIS-derived LST within the study area. Cellular automata-based artificial neural network (CA-ANN) algorithm was used to model the LULC and LST maps for the year 2039. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) were analyzed to determine their link with LST. The relation between LST and LULC types indicates that built-up area raises LST by substituting non-evaporating surfaces for natural vegetation. The average surface temperature was increasing steadily for the last 30 years. For the year 2019, it was determined that roughly 86% of total land area has been converted to built-up area and that 89% of land area had an LST greater than 28 °C. According to the study, if the current trend continues, 72% of the Mirpur area is predicted to see temperatures near 32 °C in 2039. Additionally, LST had a significant positive association with NDBI and a negative correlation with NDVI. The overall accuracy of LULC was greater than 90%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.83. The study may assist urban planners and environmental engineers in comprehending and recommending effective policy measures and plans to mitigate the consequences of LULC., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Several studies have highlighted the significant impact of climate change on agriculture. However, there have been little empirical enquiries into the impact of climate change on marine fish production, particularly in Bangladesh. Hence, this study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on marine fish production in Bangladesh using data from 1961 to 2019. Data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization, Bangladesh Meteorological Department, the World Development Indicators, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to describe the dynamic link between CO 2 emissions, average temperature, Sea Surface Temperature (SST), rainfall, sunshine, wind and marine fish production. The ARDL approach to cointegration revealed that SST (β = 0.258), rainfall (β =0.297), and sunshine (β =0.663) significantly influence marine fish production at 1% and 10% levels in the short run and at 1% level in the long run. The results also found that average temperature has a significant negative impact on fish production in both short and long runs. On the other hand, CO 2 emissions have a negative impact on marine fish production in the short run. Specifically, for every 1% rise in CO 2 emissions, marine fish production will decline by 0.11%. The findings of this study suggest that policymakers formulate better policy frameworks for climate change adaptation and sustainable management of marine fisheries at the national level. Research and development in Bangladesh's fisheries sector should also focus on marine fish species that can resist high sea surface temperatures, CO 2 emissions, and average temperatures., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Dhaka is one of the highly populated cities in the world. Increased urbanization and population growth in Dhaka are mostly dependent on groundwater, with 78% of the supply water coming from the Plio-Pleistocene Dupi Tila aquifer. This research was conducted with the objectives of identifying ion chemistry, hydrochemical processes and their relationship to groundwater quality and finding out the impact of over-exploitation on Dupi Tila aquifer. Three consecutive semi-confined aquifers have been delineated up to the explored depth: the Upper Dupi Tila aquifer (UDA), Middle Dupi Tila aquifer (MDA) and Lower Dupi Tila aquifer (LDA). Hydrogeochemical processes and water quality have been inferred from bivariate plots, correlation of major ions, piper plot and stable isotopes analysis. The total dissolved solids show an increasing downwards trend from an average of 267 mg/l in UDA to an average of 284 mg/l in LDA. Waters in all three aquifers as well as surface water (SW) are mainly of Ca/Mg-HCO 3 type. The weathering of aluminosilicates controls the concentration of the major ions. Even though there is a significant decline in piezometric level both in UDA (> -85 m Public Works Department reference datum (PWD)) and MDA (> -65 m PWD), there is no evidence of groundwater recharge through direct infiltration from the river. The stable isotopes indicate most of the UDA, MDA and LDA waters are mainly from local precipitation. Increasingly enriched mean values for stable isotopes for the subsequent aquifers UDA, MDA and LDA, as well as increasing P CO2 for UDA < MDA < LDA, indicate increasingly warmer recharge conditions. The overall groundwater quality in the aquifers is good. At present, we have no indication that groundwater exploitation has altered groundwater quality of the Dupi Tila aquifer. Therefore, it is of vital importance to regularly monitor water quality for the purposes in order to timely detect any potential water quality alteration that could be aggravated by the vast decline in piezometric level, in view of the long-term sustainable development of the groundwater resources of this city., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Water is the most fundamental need for better yield in agriculture. Worldwide, diesel and electricity are typically used to pump water which contributes to atmospheric pollution. Besides, a power outage affects the irrigation process badly. Without water, the crop may wither away, causing a substantial economic loss. This paper discusses the resilience of a solar PV system during a power outage. HOMER Pro software was used to perform the techno-economic analysis of solar-based irrigation for four major divisions of Bangladesh, while 1-hour power outage was assigned in REopt lite to model the survivability of the system against the grid outage. The simulation outcomes showed that the energy cost is $0.1496/kWh, $0.1502/kWh, $0.1557/kWh, and $0.1576/kWh for Rajshahi, Sylhet, Dhaka, and Chattogram, respectively. About 45% of excess electricity can be stored after fulfilling all requirements. The system is more economical than a microgrid-based water pumping system and a diesel-based system, and the photovoltaic system is technically and economically suitable to pump water if the nearest grid connection is impossible. When connected to the main utility grid, the system can survive without grid power for several hours, subject to daytime outages., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Water is the main sources for domestic purposes and as well as for both farming and industrial activities. Therefore, this study investigated the quality of groundwater at Ishwardi, Pabna district of Bangladesh. This study showed that the heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Fe were remaining in trace amount. The groundwater quality index (GWQI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), heavy metal pollution index (HPI), and degree of contamination (C d ) revealed that all of the groundwater samples belonged to good quality condition for drinking purposes. Nevertheless, C d provided better index than other indices. Subsequently, hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) values for heavy metals indicated that there was no significant noncarcinogenic health risk due to oral ingestion of groundwater except three sites. However, the paired student t-test ([Formula: see text]) revealed that child was found to be more exposed compared to adult for noncarcinogenic health risk due to oral ingestion of the same groundwater samples. This study revealed that pH, EC, TDS, salinity, Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Cl - , SO 4 2- , PO 4 values in water samples are in tolerable limit according to Bangladesh (DoE) and international standards (WHO, IS, FAO, USEPA, UCCC). Subsequently, combined approaches of numerous irrigation water quality indices, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), total hardness (TH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Kelley's ratio (KR), were applied to appraise the appropriateness of water for farming purposes. The irrigation water quality index (IWQI) revealed that majority of the groundwater samples were suitable for agricultural purposes. Classification based on Wilcox and US salinity hazard diagram indicated a consistent conclusion, which indicated that the water quality was in good condition for farming in the study area.3- , and NO 3 - values in water samples are in tolerable limit according to Bangladesh (DoE) and international standards (WHO, IS, FAO, USEPA, UCCC). Subsequently, combined approaches of numerous irrigation water quality indices, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), total hardness (TH), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Kelley's ratio (KR), were applied to appraise the appropriateness of water for farming purposes. The irrigation water quality index (IWQI) revealed that majority of the groundwater samples were suitable for agricultural purposes. Classification based on Wilcox and US salinity hazard diagram indicated a consistent conclusion, which indicated that the water quality was in good condition for farming in the study area., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Bangladesh has significant natural gas reserves, and total demand has climbed substantially in recent years. The study uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model for cointegration and the vector autoregressive(VAR) Granger causality model to analyze a long-run link between natural gas (NG) consumption, economic development, urbanization, and CO 2 emissions. The objective is to investigate the relationship between the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and Bangladesh's NG consumption using data from the years 1990 to 2018. According to the ARDL model, economic growth, urbanization, and NG consumption, all have a positive and significant influence on CO 2 emissions. Despite having a negative coefficient, the square of economic development has a significant impact on CO 2 emissions. In the long run, it verifies the EKC hypothesis in Bangladesh. Both linear and nonlinear economic development determinants display statistically significant positive and negative signals in the short run. From Bangladesh's perspective, this also demonstrates the presence of an EKC. The impact of NG consumption in the short run is insignificant; nevertheless, urbanization has a significant effect. The VAR Granger causality demonstrates that economic development and urbanization have a bidirectional response; however, NG consumption and CO 2 emissions have just one-way causality. The key policy implication of the study is that NG use is expected to raise emissions. Increasing the share of clean energy in the energy utilization system, such as nuclear power and renewable energy, is a plausible policy choice., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Among alternative tillage practices, conservation tillage (CT) is a prominent greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation strategy advocated in wheat cultivation, largely because of its low energy consumption and minimum soil disturbance during cultural operations. This paper examines the agricultural production and GHG emission trade-off of CT vis-à-vis traditional tillage (TT) on wheat farms of Bangladesh. Using a directional distance function approach, the maximum reduction in GHG emissions was searched for within all available tillage technology options, while increasing wheat production as much as possible. The underlying institutional, technical, and other socio-economic factors determining the efficient use of CT were analyzed using a fractional regression model. The average meta-efficiency score for permanent bed planting (PBP) and strip tillage (ST) was  0.89, while that achieved using power tiller operated seeders (PTOS) is 0.87. This indicates that with the given input sets, there is potential to reduce GHG emissions by about 11% for ST and PTOS; that potential is 13% for farmers using PTOS. The largest share of TT farmers cultivate wheat at lower meta-efficiency levels (0.65-0.70) compared to that observed with farmers practicing CT (0.75-0.80). Fractional regression model estimates indicate that an optimal, timely dose of fertilizers with a balanced dose of nutrients is required to reduce GHG emissions. To develop climate smart sustainable intensification strategies in wheat cultivation, it is important to educate farmers on efficient input management and CT together. Agricultural development programs should focus on addressing heterogeneities in nutrient management in addition to tillage options within CT., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The study's goal is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI), tourism, electricity consumption, and economic development on CO 2 emissions in Bangladesh between 1990 and 2019. Empirical results reveal that FDI, electricity consumption, and economic development variables have significant and positive long-term effects on CO 2 emissions. Tourism, on the other hand, has a long-term negative effect. The square of the GDP variable has a substantial negative coefficient. This indicates that in Bangladesh, the nexus between CO 2 emissions and economic development is U-shaped inverted. As a result, the EKC postulate is proven to be correct. In the short term, electricity consumption, economic development, GDP 2 , and tourism have no substantial effect on CO 2 emissions. Only the coefficients of FDI are negative and significant. The expected ECM coefficients are also negative and statistically significant. According to these data, the system as a whole adjusts at a rate of 60%. The Granger causality study reveals one direction of causation between electricity consumption and CO 2 emissions, CO 2 emissions and economic development, electricity consumption and economic development, FDI, and CO 2 emissions., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Road dust, which reflects ambient air quality, receives various pollutants including toxic metal(oid)s from several natural and/or anthropogenic sources. This manuscript reports a comprehensive evaluation of the levels of seventeen metal(oid)s in road dust of a megacity (Dhaka, Bangladesh). Different evaluation approaches were implemented including statistical analysis and GIS mapping, besides environmental, ecological, and human health risk indices. From 30 sampling sites, representative samples were collected, which were analyzed by neutron activation analysis. The average concentrations (± SD) of Na, Mg, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Rb, Sb, Cs, Ba, and W were 11,738 ± 560 µg g -1 , 12,410 ± 1249 µg g -1 , 62,127 ± 5937 µg g -1 , 8.89 ± 0.47 µg g -1 , 5224 ± 1244 µg g -1 , 66 ± 8 µg g -1 , 66.7 ± 6.9 µg g -1 , 547 ± 110 µg g -1 , 25,150 ± 1723 µg g -1 , 8.39 ± 0.65 µg g -1 , 125 ± 17 µg g -1 , 3.63 ± 0.56 µg g -1 , 87 ± 9 µg g -1 , 0.75 ± 0.28 µg g -1 , 4.40 ± 0.48 µg g -1 , 397 ± 87 µg g -1 , and 3.82 ± 1.77 µg g -1 , respectively. The distance-based redundancy analysis showed that the northern region was enriched with Na, Mn, Al, Fe, Zn, and Rb, while the southern region was enriched with Fe, Al, Ti, Cr, and Mg. The GIS mapping shows hot spots of Sc, Cr, Zn, and Cs were observed mostly in heavy traffic areas. Significant positive correlations of Fe-Sc, Al-Mg, V-Mg, V-Al, Cs-Rb, Cs-Sc, Rb-Sc, As-Na, and Cs-Rb invoked their inter-dependency and persistence in road dust. Depending on a set of environmental and ecological index-based calculation, the degree of metal(oid) pollution followed the descending order as W > Sb > Zn > Cr > As > Ti > Sc > V, while no pollution was recorded by Mn, Fe, Al, Rb, Cs, Co, and Ba. Importantly, the total hazard index values for adults and children were higher than unity, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health risks from exposure of road dust. Furthermore, the total carcinogenic risks from Cr and As through ingestion and dermal contact exceeded the standard guideline values. The implementation of different evaluation approaches strengthens the findings of metal(oid) source apportionment., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Currently, a well-developed combination of irrigation water quality index (IWQIs) and entropy water quality index (EWQIs) for surface water appraisal in a polluted subtropical urban river is very scarce in the literature. To close this gap, we developed IWQIs by establishing statistics-based weights of variables recommended by FAO 29 standard value using the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) compared with the proposed EWQIs based on information entropy in the Dhaleshwari River, Bangladesh. Fifty surface water samples were collected from five sampling locations during the dry and wet seasons and analyzed for sixteen variables. Principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis (FA), Moran's spatial autocorrelation, and random forest (RF) model were employed in the datasets. Weights were allocated for primary variables to compute IWQI-1, 2 and EWQI-1, 2, respectively. The resultant IWQIs showed a similar trend with EWQIs and revealed poor to good quality water, with IWQI-1 for the dry season and IWQI-2 for the wet season is further suggested. The entropy theory recognized that Mg 2+ , Cr, TDS, and Cl - for the dry season and Cd, Cr, Cl-, and SO 4 2- for the wet season are the major contaminants that affect irrigation water quality. The primary input variables were lessened to ultimately shortlisted ten variables, which revealed good performance in demonstrating water quality status since weights have come effectively from PCA than FA. The results of the RF model depict NO 3 - , Mg 2+ , and Cr as the most predominant variables influencing surface water quality. A significant dispersed pattern was detected for IWQImin-3 in the wet season (Moran's I>0). Overall, both IWQIs and EWQIs will generate water quality control cost-effective, completely objective to establish a scientific basis of sustainable water management in the study basin., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study analyzes the effects of credit constraints on technical efficiency of Boro rice growers in the district of Pabna in Bangladesh. Using a simple random sampling technique, the data was collected from 570 Boro rice growers from the Pabna district of Bangladesh. Before conducting a field survey, a theoretical model was designed to identify credit-constrained and non-constrained rice growers. We have analyzed the collected data in two phases: first, we investigated the technical efficiency of Boro rice growers using the stochastic frontier model (SFA); and second, we used an inefficiency effect model to estimate the influence of credit constraints on technical efficiency. Findings indicate that credit-constrained rice growers (CCRG) are 6.7% less technically efficient than credit non-constrained rice growers (CNRG). Findings further indicate that the education level of the household head, family size, certified seed, sowing time, access to extension services, off-farm income, and household savings have significant effects on the technical efficiency of both groups of rice growers. Furthermore, credit size has a significantly positive impact, whereas the interest rate imposed on the principal amount has a significantly negative impact., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Even though remittance inflow in Bangladesh is a significant earning source for recipient individuals and one of the vital factors to the development model, its environmental impacts have been ignored in the empirical investigation. To fill this research gap, this article aims to elucidate the asymmetric effectiveness of remittance inflow on environmental degradation in Bangladesh by addressing foreign aid as an additional multiplier in a carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions model, a first for this country. This paper, in doing so, utilizes the newly advanced nonlinear autoregressive distributive lag (NARDL) approach. Data examined are yearly observations throughout 1980-2016, and empirically, the results of the NARDL bound test confirm a long-run cointegrated causality between remittance and CO 2 emissions via approving the theoretical linkage. The asymmetric findings interpret that the intensity of CO 2 emissions raises in the long run relative to the positive shock in remittance, while the elasticity of CO 2 emissions is significant and negative due to the negative shock in remittance. The estimation also reveals the presence of a long-run asymmetric association between the variables. In addition, foreign aid is favorable to ameliorate the quality of the environment over a long period. Focusing on the findings, this paper recommends that the government should concentrate on environment favorable projects and also take measures of tax incentives to remittance investors., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Nowadays, the aviation industry is one of the significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. An optimum solution to this concern is the substitution of conventional electricity consumption with clean energy sources. Barren lands are available in airport sites as buffer zones. These lands can be utilized to generate electricity from clean energy sources like solar, wind, and others. This study proposed a 5 MW grid-connected solar power plant at airport sites by utilizing the substantial barren area of the airport. The targeted airports for this study are Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, Dhaka, and Shah Amanat International Airport, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Mathematical and simulation analyses have been performed for this purpose. Besides, sustainability analysis has also been incorporated for the grid-connected solar power plant. The energy efficiency varies from 18.74 to 7.79% for the Shah Amanat International Airport, and for the Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, it ranges from 17.71 to 7.45%. Based on the project outcome, the revenue earned was 25% higher if the total cost was invested in power plants rather than keeping it in the bank as a deposit. On the other hand, emission analysis presented that a gross reduction of 3827.5 tons of CO 2 /MWh can be achieved from the Shah Amanat International Airport, while 3926 tons of CO 2 /MWh can be removed from the Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport. Based on the sustainability analysis, the energy depletion ratio for Shahjalal Airport varies from 0.82 to 0.93, while for Shah Amanat Airport, it is in the range of 0.81 and 0.92. The findings of this study suggested that investment in grid-connected solar power plants is economically viable and environmentally benign., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Even if developing nations are entitled to take part in the attempts of decreasing carbon emissions to elude alarming environment change, the consequences of carbon lessening goals in Human Development Index of developing nations continue an issue of dispute. Based on the decoupling relationship and index decomposition, the aim of the study is for determining the nexus between the Human Development Index and CO 2 emissions from the year 1990 to 2018 in Bangladesh. The outcomes exposed that Bangladesh accomplished weak and strong decoupling all through the analysis time. From the index decomposition of different factors point of view, it is revealed that variation in economic activity factor produces a significant amount of CO 2 emissions which is 0.0623 tonnes, and in terms of percentage, it stands for 105%. While energy intensity and economic structure factors act an indiscernible part in the rise of CO 2 emissions and in terms of percentage, it stands for 10.77% and 2.77%, respectively. Contrary, CO 2 emissions' coefficient and energy structure factors are liable for decrease carbon emissions to some extent, and in terms of percentage, it replicates 7.27% and 11.97%, respectively. Based on the outcomes, the paper offers regulations for the energy policymaker of Bangladesh on carbon emissions' alleviation policies and an important decision-making indication to speed up low-carbon growth., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The uncertain fate and transport pathways of applied pesticides are the key hidden threats with respect to the safety and quality evaluation of foodstuffs in Bangladesh. The risk assessment of and uncertainty about applied pesticides are poorly explored due to weak regulatory systems, farmer ignorance, intensive agricultural practices, and lack of available research data on improper handling of pesticides on farming lands with poor phytosanitary management. However, increasing evidence suggests that the prevalence of pesticides in common foodstuffs is due to their uptake by crops and improper management of crop protection practices. Besides, the biotransformation of pesticides in common Bangladeshi food products is poorly understood. Several studies have reported higher concentrations of pesticides than allowed by European Union guidelines in Bangladeshi foodstuffs. However, to date, no systematic review with critical discussion on current research findings and knowledge gaps concerning fate, uncertainty, and health risks of pesticides in the foodstuffs of Bangladesh is published. Therefore, this review summarizes the findings of existing literature on pesticide residue in foodstuffs and points out the weaknesses in the regulatory system and risk assessments for highlighting the critical challenges to food safety in Bangladesh as compared to global food policy. In addition, strategies for the sustainable management of residual pesticides are also discussed., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Bangladesh has a huge potential for utilizing renewable energy with the availability of sources for solar, wind, hydro, and biogas. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the potential for renewable energy sources and predicts optimal sites for renewable plant implementation in Bangladesh. A country-wise mapping approach is followed by validation of prediction using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) known as the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) which will aid in the planning and execution of Bangladesh's upcoming expansion of renewable farms and will also be a useful tool for policymakers. Moreover, an economic analysis for 50 MW solar and wind power plant has been presented to estimate the levelized cost of electricity (LCoE) of the system and society. This work predicts the enormous potential for the expansion of renewable energy by assessing the appropriate future sites, economic viability, and provides several suggestions on the basis of the analysis from Bangladesh's perspective., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Urban stormwater runoff is considered as one of the major contributors to nonpoint source that contributes to the pollution of all water resources in the surrounding environment. Pollutant concentrations of urban stormwater runoff are directly or indirectly linked with land use types in a catchment that is quite different in different places, and hence, site-specific studies are necessary, unless otherwise the modelling of runoff quality using modelling tools may not be rationally reflected the actual field scenarios. This paper portrays the influence of land use types on stormwater runoff physicochemical quality in Chattogram city, where land use's demarcation is often complicated due to the different natural and human-induced anthropogenic factors. The stormwater runoff samples were collected from the residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial land use types, in the city of Chattogram, Bangladesh, during the period from July to September 2020. The standard laboratory protocol for elemental concentrations and principal component analysis was performed in addition to basic statistics to identify the influence of urban surface characteristics on the quality of stormwater runoff. In general, pollutant concentrations were identified by analysing key physical and chemical quality parameters including colour, temperature, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH 3 -N) and exhibited 2 to 3 times higher concentrations than reported elsewhere. Furthermore, the present study reported the greater concentrations of few pollutants, such as TSS, BOD 5 , and EC, derived from the residential land uses compared to other land use types that are surprising; however, it confirmed the distinct complexity of unplanned land use patterns that should not be overlooked rather discussed. The strong correlation between land use types and stormwater runoff quality indicates the site-specific influences of runoff quality. The outcomes of this study would be particularly helpful in calibrating water quality models considering different land use types. Additionally, datasets and information obtained from this research will assist engineers and practitioners in developing decision-making tools for effective stormwater management., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The current paper examines the effect of public-private partnerships investment in energy (PPIE) on CO 2 emissions while taking economic growth (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade openness (TOP) into consideration for Bangladesh from 1997 to 2019. This paper utilizes Bayer and Hanck cointegration approach, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares, canonical regression, and frequency domain causality technique. The outcome of this paper reveals that (i) the cointegrating association among PPIE, GDP, FDI, TOP, and CO 2 emissions is verified; (ii) PPIE, GDP, and TOP affect environmental sustainability negatively; (iii) in the long term, PPIE, FDI, and TOP Granger-cause CO 2 emissions in Bangladesh. This research suggests technical development for a greener production procedure and public-private partnership funding in green energy. Therefore, as a policy endorsement, this study proposes to invest in the latest technological advancements to manufacture environmentally sustainable goods via public-private partnerships., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating effect on the global food production system. Large-scale food producing countries restricted exports for food  sovereignty, while small and import-dependent countries are at risk. After COVID-19 pandemic, integrated and planned action is necessary to overcome this global stalemate. In this review paper, we have tried to show the damage caused to global agriculture as well as in Bangladesh due to COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, the prospects and tasks of Bangladesh in the post-pandemic global economy have also been discussed. Due to the middlemen-based marketing system in Bangladesh, farmers have been deprived of their profits from  the early period. The government should move forward with a long-term planning to find alternative food market such as processing and export alongside the one-way marketing system. On the other hand, it will benefit the farmers' community of Bangladesh, as well as ensure global food security after this pandemic., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)