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Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The boreal zone and its ecosystems provide numerous provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. Because of its resources and its hydroelectric potential, Canada's boreal zone is important to the country's resource-based economy. The region presently occupied by Canada's boreal zone has experienced dramatic changes during the past 3 million years as the climate cooled and repeated glaciations affected both the biota and the landscape. For about the past 7000 years, climate, fire, insects, diseases, and their interactions have been the most important natural drivers of boreal ecosystem dynamics, including rejuvenation, biogeochemical cycling, maintenance of productivity, and landscape variability. Layered upon natural drivers are changes increasingly caused by people and development and those related to human-caused climate change. Effects of these agents vary spatially and temporally, and, as global population increases, the demands and impacts on ecosystems will likely increase. Understanding how humans directly affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in Canada's boreal zone and how these effects and actions interact with natural disturbance agents is a prerequisite for informed and adaptive decisions about management of natural resources, while maintaining the economy and environment upon which humans depend. This paper reports on the genesis and present condition of the boreal zone and its ecosystems and sets the context for a detailed scientific investigation in subsequent papers published in this journal on several key aspects: carbon in boreal forests; climate change consequences, adaptation, and mitigation; nutrient and elemental cycling; protected areas; status, impacts, and risks of non-native species; factors affecting sustainable timber harvest levels; terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity; and water and wetland resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of Canada's terrestrial biodiversity is supported by boreal forests. Natural resource development in boreal forests poses risks to this biodiversity. This paper reviews the scientific literature to assess the effects of natural resource development on terrestrial biodiversity in Canadian boreal forests. We address four questions: (1) To what extent have Canadian boreal forests changed due to natural resource development? (2) How has biodiversity responded to these changes? (3) Will the biodiversity of second-growth forests converge with that of primary boreal forests? (4) Are we losing species from boreal forests? We focus on trees, understory plants, insects, fungi, selected mammals, and songbirds because these groups have been most studied. We review more than 600 studies and found that changes in community composition are prevalent in response to large-scale conversion of forest types, changes in stand structures and age distributions, and altered landscape structure resulting from forest management and habitat loss associated with other developments such as oil and gas, hydroelectric, and mining. The southern boreal forest has been more highly impacted than the north due to more extensive forest management and the cumulative effects of multiple forms of development. There is abundant evidence that most species are not in danger of being extirpated from the boreal forest due to these anthropogenic changes. A few species, including woodland caribou ( Rangifer tarandus) and grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos), have, however, undergone long-term range contractions. Significant gaps in our ability to assess the effects of natural resource development on biodiversity in the boreal zone are the lack of long-term spatial and population data to monitor the impact of forest changes on ecosystems and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is affecting Canada's boreal zone, which includes most of the country's managed forests. The impacts of climate change in this zone are expected to be pervasive and will require adaptation of Canada's forest management system. This paper reviews potential climate change adaptation actions and strategies for the forest management system, considering current and projected climate change impacts and their related vulnerabilities. These impacts and vulnerabilities include regional increases in disturbance rates, regional changes in forest productivity, increased variability in timber supply, decreased socioeconomic resilience, and increased severity of safety and health issues for forest communities. Potential climate change adaptation actions of the forest management system are categorized as those that reduce nonclimatic stressors, those that reduce sensitivity to climate change, or those that maintain or enhance adaptive capacity in the biophysical and human subsystems of the forest management system. Efficient adaptation of the forest management system will revolve around the inclusion of risk management in planning processes, the selection of robust, diversified, and no-regret adaptation actions, and the adoption of an adaptive management framework. Monitoring is highlighted as a no-regret action that is central to the implementation of adaptive forest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental Reviews is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Old-growth forests have been identified as a potentially important stage of stand development for maintaining biodiversity in the landscape, yet they have also been targeted by the forest industry in their drive to regulate the forest. We will attempt to propose a definition of old growth, applicable throughout the North American boreal forest, that takes into account the dynamic nature of forest development and that could be useful for management and conservation purposes. We define the start of the old-growth stage as occurring when the initial post-disturbance cohort begins dying off, concurrent with understorey stem recruitment into the canopy. We propose that species longevity and the regional fire cycle can be used to assess the extent of this phase in different regions. Using published data on fire history, we show that the amount of old growth expected to occur in western and central Canada is less than in eastern Canada, where most stands (in area) escape fire for periods longer than that necessary to incur substantial mortality of the initial cohort. At the stand level, we show that the old-growth stage is characterized by small-scale disturbances that engender gap dynamics. Until recently, this process had not been studied in the boreal forest. The old-growth index we present suggests that the relationship between time since the last major disturbance and old-growth status varies most in areas that have not been disturbed for long periods. Both management and conservation strategies have to take into account that old-growth forests are dynamic. To be effective, reserves should contain all stages of development and should be sufficiently large to encompass rare but large disturbances. The abundance of old growth in many boreal regions of North America also suggests that forest management strategies other than even-aged, fully regulated systems have to be developed. Key words: old growth, old-growth index, boreal forest, conservation, forest management, stand development.Les vieilles forêts ont été identifiées comme un stade potentiellement important de développement des peuplements pour le maintien de la biodiversité dans le paysage; elles ont cependant également été ciblées par l'industrie forestière dans ses activités d'aménagement. Les auteurs tentent de proposer une définition des vieilles forêts qui serait applicable à l'ensemble de la forêt boréale de l'Amérique du Nord et qui prendrait en compte la nature dynamique du développement du peuplement forestier tout en étant utile aux fins de l'aménagement et de la conservation. Les auteurs définissent le début du stade de vieille forêt comme le moment où la cohorte initiale post-perturbation commence à mourir, concurremment avec le recrutement de tiges du sous-étage dans la canopée. Pour évaluer l'importance de cette phase dans différentes régions, ils proposent d'utiliser la longévité des espèces et le cycle régional du feu. Avec l'historique des feux, ils démontrent que la quantité de vieilles forêts espérée dans le Canada central et de l'ouest est plus faible que dans l'est du Canada, où la plupart des peuplements (en superficie) échappent au feu pendant des périodes plus longues que celles qui sont nécessaires pour apporter une mortalité substantielle à la cohorte initiale. Au niveau du peuplement, les auteurs montrent que le stade de vieille forêt se caractérise par des perturbations à petite échelle qui engendrent une dynamique d'ouverture. Jusqu'à récemment, ce processus n'a pas été étudié en forêt boréale. L'index de vieille forêt présenté par les auteurs suggère que la relation entre le temps depuis la dernière perturbation majeure et le statut de vieille forêt varie le plus dans les régions qui n'ont pas été perturbées pendant de longues périodes. Les stratégies d'aménagement aussi bien que de conservation doivent prendre en compte le statut dynamique des vieilles forêts. Pour être efficaces, les réserves devraient contenir tous les stades de développement et devraient être suffisamment grandes pour inclure de rares mais vastes perturbations. L'abondance des vieilles forêts dans plusieurs régions boréales de l'Amérique du Nord suggère que des stratégies d'aménagement autre que les systèmes èquiennes visant la normalisation de la forêt doivent être développées. Mots clés : index de vieille forêt, vieille forêt, forêt boréale, conservation, aménagement forestier, stade de développement.[Traduit par la rédaction] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]