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As global warming and the frequency and intensity of heatwaves increases, health service utilization, including emergency department attendances (EDA) have correspondingly increased across the world. The impact of air quality on health adds to the complexity of the effects. Potential joint effects between heatwaves and air quality on EDA have been rarely reported in the literature, prompting this study. To investigate the potential joint effect of heatwaves and air quality on the EDA for vulnerable populations in the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia. A time series design was used. Daily data on EDA, heatwaves (excess heat factor>0) and air pollutants (CO, SO 2 , NO 2 , O 3 , PM 10 and PM 2.5) were collected for Perth, Western Australia from 2006 to 2015. Poisson regression modelling was used to assess the associations between heatwaves, air quality, and EDA. Risk assessments on age, gender, Aboriginality, socio-economic status (SES), and joint effect between heatwaves and air quality on EDA were conducted. The EDA rate was higher in heatwave days (77.86/100,000/day) compared with non-heatwave days (73.90/100,000/day) with rate ratio of 1.053 (95% confidence interval 1.048, 1.058). The EDA rate was higher in males, people older than 60 years or younger than 15 years, Aboriginal people, and people with low SES. Exposure to CO, SO 2 , O 3 and PM 2.5 increased risk on EDA and exposure to PM 2.5 showed joint effect with heatwave and increased risk of EDA by 6.6% after adjustment of all other risk factors. EDA is an important indicator to evaluate heatwave related morbidity for emergency medical service as EDA rate increased during heatwaves with relative high concentrations of air pollutants. As all air pollutants measured in the study were lower than the Australian National Standards, the joint effect of heatwaves and air quality needs to be further examined when it exceeds the standards. • Emergency department attendances (EDA) rate was higher during heatwave days. • EDA rates were higher in males, aged ≥60 or <15 years, people with Aboriginal background. • EDA rate was higher in people with low socio-economic status. • Exposure to CO, SO 2 , O 3 , PM 2.5 increased risk on EDA. • PM 2.5 had joint effect with heatwave, increased risk on EDA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]