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FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 37 (5), 634 - 663. https://doi.org/10.1111/1574-6976.12028 21 Miura, C., Yagamuchi, K., Miyahara, R. et al. (2018) The mycoheterotrophic symbiosis between orchids and mycorrhizal fungi possesses major components shared with mutualistic plant-mycorrhizal symbioses. A comparison among the different mycorrhizal types has revealed some unique and shared features (Genre et al., [13]): the CSSP underpins all three endomycorrhizas (AMs, ericoid- and orchid mycorrhizas), probably regulating the symbiotic interface assembly, while a limited set of fungal carbohydrate-active enzymes is a common trait of AM - and ectomycorrhizal fungi. The resulting symbiosis (mycorrhizas) gives rise to one of the most pervasive ecological process of the planet: not only mycorrhizas probably appeared at the moment in which plants conquered the emerged lands in Devonian times, but also they are present in all the ecosystems, thanks to the relevant ecosystem services they offer. The variety of plant and fungal taxa involved in the symbiosis originates different types of mycorrhizas which diverge in symbiotic features, in evolutionary history, in physiology (Genre et al., [13]) as well as in their distribution (Tedersoo et al., [26]). [Extracted from the article]

The critical importance of the corresponding homeostasis is witnessed by the presence, in minimal genomes of autonomous organisms such as I Mycoplasma mycoides i Syn3.0, of conserved enzymes of purine metabolism ( I adk i , I apt i , I dgk i , I gmk i , I guaC i ), pyrimidine metabolism ( I cmk i , I dcd i , I pyrG i , I pyrH i , I tdk i , I tmk i , I udk i , I upp i ), and both purine and pyrimidine metabolism ( I dck i , I ndk, pnpA i ). Cells and organisms live for a long time in a stable state without growing, and this particular stage of life requires the expression of a limited number of functions that should be understood in priority. gl The necessary passage of time that all organisms face has led, during the long course of life's evolution, to a considerable number of solutions to the problems of development, maturation, ageing and death. Yet growth implies that, unless a particular metabolic control has emerged during the evolution of life, there will always be "too many" precursors to synthesize genes and genomes and thus pressure to lengthen genomes, not shorten them. It will also be necessary to implement concrete solutions to the question of growth homeostasis, which must control metabolism in such a way that the growth of a three-dimensional (3D) cytoplasm is consistent with that of two-dimensional membranes, and finally of one-dimensional genomes. [Extracted from the article]