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As the world's largest developing country, most Chinese cities are experiencing both population shrinkage and spatial expansion in the context of rapid urbanisation. To address the negative impacts of urban shrinkage in a targeted manner, it is necessary to accurately identify shrinking cities in China. In this study, we utilise the sixth and latest seventh population census data to identify and map shrinking cities in China that are experiencing population loss between 2010 and 2020. As a result, we identified 1507 shrinking districts and counties (52% of all 2896 districts and counties in China), with a total area of 4.4 million km2, covering almost 46% of China's territory. In addition, we further found that from 2010 to 2020, there are 266 shrinking cities in China, an increase of 86 (12%) compared with 2000–2010. This indicates that the situation of shrinking cities in China has become more critical. From the perspective of spatial distribution, Chinese shrinking cities are clustered, mainly in the northeast and central regions. We also plot the proportion of shrinkage in a deformed form to reveal which prefecture-level cities are losing population from 2010 to 2020. Our findings provide policymakers and urban planners with a reference and warning that measures should be taken to adjust the growth-oriented planning paradigm to reverse the negative impact of population loss on urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shrinking cities have spread across the globe in recent decades, characterizing significant population loss, economic decline, and decay in spatial quality. To maintain global economic prosperity in the context of urban shrinkage and support decision making in the direction, it is necessary to accurately identify shrinking cities on a global scale. We utilize redefined natural city boundaries and the LandScan dataset to identify and map shrinking cities experiencing population loss on the globe. As a result, we have identified 5004 shrinking cities worldwide, with a total area of 126,930 km2 during 2000–2019. The ratio of which in number and in area is 27% and 22%, respectively. The shrinking cities are clustered and mainly located in Europe, Eastern Asia, and northeastern United States. There are 41 countries with more than 20 shrinking cities on the globe. The number of shrinking cities in China reached 679, which is the most. Among the 41 countries, the median value of the natural cities' shrinking ratios of Iraq, Iran, Austria, South Africa, Russia, Georgia, and Belarus is >50%, indicating that the urban population loss in these countries is relatively serious. Our findings can be used to inform decision makers and urban planners to adjust the "growth-oriented" planning paradigm and adopt precise strategies, to form a healthier urban development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid spread of COVID-19 has damaged the economy in the United States. To understand the resilience capacities of local businesses, we visualized the spatiotemporal patterns of permanently closed Points of Interest (POIs) after the outbreak of the pandemic. The results show that the counties with more business closures are also the counties with a larger population. The permanent closures of most local businesses occurred immediately after the lift of stay-at-home order. We also found that those business owners, who permanently shut down their businesses, may not open new ones elsewhere. In addition, the permanent closures of entertainment and recreation businesses are significantly less than that of retail and trade businesses and food services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Half the population of Europe's largest economy by population and economic output lives in 30 main urban agglomerations. This paper presents a series of cartogram visualisations of population changes in Germany for these areas that happened in the period 2008–2013. Most of the areas have seen an urban renaissance by regaining growth. After a long period of suburbanisation, growth started returning to city centres. Among the few declining major urban agglomerations, the old industrial Ruhr area stands out, with an overall decline that is larger than any decline in all other major urban agglomerations put together. Population decline in the analysed period almost exclusively took place in suburban areas. Both trends mark an important change in the population dynamics of these major urban regions in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data spanning 70 years (1939–2008), we examine whether Kubitschek’s planned creation of Brasília and its associated highway network had its intended effect of spreading development from Brazil’s coast to its interior. Specifically, we test whether the spatial structure of the country’s urban population and per capita GDP changed as a result of Brasília’s inauguration in 1960. Uniquely amongst studies of Brasília’s impacts, we use a ‘spatial-difference-in-differences’ approach, contrasting pre-Brasília with post-Brasília outcomes. We control for macroeconomic conditions, fixed city-specific factors, convergence forces, changing industrial structure and agglomeration impacts arising from proximity to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. We find a modest impact on population in the western coastal and western interior regions whose share of Brazil’s urban population increased from 4.8% (1959) to 9.0% (2008); our spatial-difference-in-differences estimates show the impact to be statistically significant. We confirm per capita income convergence across regions, but we find no (descriptive or statistical) evidence of per capita income effects related to proximity to Brasília. Thus, even a massive development initiative such as Brasília’s creation is estimated to have had only limited population impacts and zero per capita income impacts on the spatial structure of Brazil’s economy outside of Brasília itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the importance of everyday encounters in underpinning sociality, focusing especially on the located and material aspects of social relations. Bringing together debates about social relations, place attachment and population turnover (or ‘churn’), and using research carried out in the UK city of Leicester, in an inner city neighbourhood with high population turnover, the article investigates incidences of neighbourliness, probing what happens to social relations between neighbours in a place which could be considered to be unstable in terms of population, and where conviviality could be deemed to be under threat by wider structural economic forces. Three overlapping questions are addressed: how does neighbourliness manifest itself in such conditions, where is it practiced, and how do people relate to the material environment around them when the social landscape is apparently so unstable? Drawing on in-depth interviews with inner-city Leicester residents this article considers not only the narrated practice of social and neighbourly relations in a particular setting, but also how important place is to this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores ‘integrative encounters’ between immigrants and Polish people in Warsaw. Rather than focus on new arrivals we pay attention to the integration experiences of the host population in recognition that this is a group who have been relatively neglected in the literature. Post-socialist European countries where population mobility was circumscribed during the communist era and as a consequence became perceived as relatively homogenous white societies but which are now seeing a rise in immigration, have been largely neglected by non-domestic scholars. In Poland organised group activity is an important means to provide the established population with an opportunity to encounter migrants because such encounters are less likely to occur in everyday spaces. Drawing on research with a Warsaw based NGO which runs a football league to bring Polish people and immigrants together, we argue that attention needs to be paid to the issue of ‘motivation' to participate in integration projects and to the significance of sociality. In doing so, we suggest that creating the conditions for spontaneous connections to develop, even in contrived projects, is a way to overcome indifference to difference. Here, we highlight the qualities of football as a bridging activity to facilitate integrative encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maps of Sweden are presented with information on age specific fertility rate in Sweden in the year 2008 and total fertility rate in Sweden in the year 2008 by using statistics from the statistics Sweden.

The author discusses increase in large cities that increases greenhouse gases and the effect of human beings on climatic changes. Topics discussed include various anthropogenic thesis by researchers which shows how human beings effected the environment; the role of Industrialization, economic development, and social change in order to effect climatic changes; and a table related to collective populations of large cities from 3300 before Christ (BC) to anno Domini (AD) 1900.

Most 'progressive' Latin American governments, which have come to power over the past decade or so, continue to rely on agriculture and resource extraction as the primary generators of wealth. Scholars argue that this 'neoextractivism' is made politically possible by directing some profits toward the funding of progressive social programs. The Brazilian Amazon's vast wealth of extractive resources and its large economically depressed population make it the emblematic site for neoextractivism. Its biodiversity and inhabited landscapes, however, mean that the neoextractive program encounters concerted resistance from the global environmental community as well as from traditional, indigenous, and migrant smallholders. In response, neoextractivism must deploy another form of progressivism--environmentalism. The author uses the case of agroindustrial soy production in the Brazilian Amazonian state of Pará to demonstrate how the emergence of environmental governance there facilitates neoextractivism by 'greening' it. Through an analysis of the mechanisms and effects of two programs, implemented through partnerships between nongovernmental organizations and corporations, to manage soy expansion into the Amazon, it is demonstrated that these programs have questionable environmental benefits at best and at worst work to reenforce the hegemony of international environmental organizations, to green the image of agri-business multinationals, and to destabilize strategies of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature, extent, and impact of residential mobility have attracted considerable interest. Little of this work has explored relationships between mobility and outcomes for area-based regeneration schemes. England's New Deal for Communities (NDC) Programme marks a departure from previous regeneration programmes in terms of levels of funding and time span. Evidence suggests that between 2002 and 2006 the thirty-nine NDC areas were subject to complex patterns of mobility, the most important drivers of which were age and tenure. Residents moving out of NDC areas did so for housing and environmental reasons and were less disadvantaged than those who stayed. Those moving into the areas during this period were not more disadvantaged than existing residents. Although there are associations between mobility and outcome change, these are not as strong as might be anticipated and their implications for area-based regeneration policy appear relatively marginal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segregation measures have been applied in the study of many societies, and traditionally such measures have been used to assess the degree of division between social and cultural groups across urban areas, wider regions, or perhaps national areas. The degree of segregation can vary substantially from place to place even within very small areas. In this paper the substantive concern is with religious/political segregation in Northern Ireland-particularly the proportion of Protestants (often taken as an indicator of those who wish to retain the union with Britain) to Catholics (often taken as an indicator of those who favour union with the Republic of Ireland). Traditionally, segrega-tion is measured globally-that is, across all units in a given area. A recent trend in spatial data analysis generally, and in segregation analysis specifically, is to assess local features of spatial datasets. The rationale behind such approaches is that global methods may obscure important spatial varia-tions in the property of interest, and thus prevent full use of the data. In this paper the utility of local measures of residential segregation is assessed with reference to the religious/political composition of Northern Ireland. The paper demonstrates marked spatial variations in the degree and nature of residential segregation across Northern Ireland. It is argued that local measures provide highly useful information in addition to that provided in maps of the raw variables and in standard global segregation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is growing interest in the use of gridded population models which potentially offer advantages of stability through time and ease of integration with nonpopulation data sources. This paper assesses the accuracy of models of the type introduced by Martin in 1989. Population counts for census output areas (OAs) are reallocated to a 100 m grid and then compared with true 100 m cell population counts uniquely available from the 2001 Northern Ireland Census. This analysis is novel, being the first large-scale assessment of gridded population models against true gridded population counts. We find evidence that kernel width and cell size are more important than the distance-decay parameter; that local mass preservation approaches are more appropriate in urban areas; but that the spatial scale of input data is more important than model parameters. It is suggested that more attention needs to be given to the varying spatial structures of population between places and that incorporating this information through geostatistical approaches could yield further insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author discusses the effects of the growth of cities in the world. According to the author, as cities grow, its influence on migration on surrounding populations and will trap small cities into hinterland and forms local and regional cluster. The author also mentions that if some cities grow faster, their threshold is passed if large cities will join within their cluster.

Recent concepts such as 'megaregions' and 'polycentric urban regions' emphasize that external economies are not confined to a single urban core, but are shared among a collection of nearby and linked cities. However, empirical analyses of agglomeration and agglomeration externalities have so far neglected the multicentric spatial organization of agglomeration and the possibility of the 'sharing' or 'borrowing' of size between cities. The authors take up this empirical challenge by analyzing how different spatial structures, in particular the monocentricity-polycentricity dimension, affect the economic performance of US metropolitan areas. Ordinary least squares and two-stage least-squares models explaining labor productivity show that spatial structure matters: polycentricity is associated with higher labor productivity. This appears to justify suggestions that, compared with more monocentric metropolitan areas, agglomeration diseconomies remain relatively limited in the more polycentric metropolitan areas, whereas agglomeration externalities are to some extent shared among the cities in such an area. However, it was also found that a network of geographically proximate smaller cities cannot substitute for the urbanization externalities of a single large city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinema was one of the hallmarks of early-20th-century urban life in the US, and it was quickly seen as symptomatic of a 'crisis of governmentality' faced by a rapidly changing society. Urban reformers debated how best to regulate it, but this was not only a debate over the unprecedented agency of the moving image itself. It was also a debate over how to understand the specific relations that constituted the 'vulnerable and impressionable' spectators who were the special concern of social reform and which underlay the more generic categories of population in reformist discourse. Also problematized was the precise relationship between spectators, the image, and the conditions of exhibition. While the problematization of cinema has largely been seen as a national phenomenon, in fact it had a geography that varied by scale and location and was constituted through local differences in population and governmental strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research on studentification in the UK has examined the ways in which significant growth in student numbers over the last twenty years or so have led to marked change in the nature of the parts of cities in which clusters of students live. Yet these changes do not happen in isolation: the students are also associated with major migration flows into and out of studentified parts of cities. I examine the migration flows associated with a set of wards selected on the basis of having a high concentration of students. Examination of the age profiles of migrants into and out of these wards supports an argument that assumptions can be made that, for most of the selected wards, in-migrants are predominantly new students entering the system, whilst out-migrants are predominantly recently graduated students leaving the system. The specific origins from which new students arrive, and destinations to which former students depart, are examined and mapped, and the role of higher education as a mechanism through which the South East of England gains qualified workers is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the interrelatedness of student population increase and sociospatial concentration to the restructuring of university towns. It states that sociospatial changes have led to the expansion of the higher education system since the 1990s. This is one reason that has been considered for the transformation of university towns and cities. The transformation includes the increase in student population which has resulted in insufficiency of transportation and communications, health services and dentists.

Spatial development plans often aim at defining the level of hierarchy to assign to the urban centers of a region, each level being characterized by a class of facilities. The services provided at the facilities typically include education, health care, public safety, and justice. In this paper we present a multiperiod, multilevel location model for urban hierarchy planning. The objective of the model is to maximize the aggregate accessibility of population to the different classes of facilities, taking explicitly into account the fact that location decisions influence the spatial distribution of population growth. The model was applied to a problem dealt with in Portugal during the preparation of the Centro Region Development Plan 1994: the redefinition of the regions' urban hierarchy. The results obtained through the model demonstrate its potential usefulness in real-world applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employing an historical perspective, the author mounts a quantitative and theoretical assessment of population loss in the large cities of the United States. Three periods are considered: one prior to 1920 when large city population loss was aberrant; a second which captures the severe decline of the decades after World War II, and a third that encompasses the more recent shrinkage of cities. Population loss is measured in terms of prevalence, severity, and persistence and is also analyzed geographically. The author further identifies factors affecting population loss which are common and unique to each period. Although population loss has diminished, a number of cities are locked into trajectories of chronic loss, suggesting that a new phase of urbanization has yet to materialize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate the functional form of distance decay for commuting flows between municipalities in Denmark. Our inference is based on a single equation that includes variables to capture the effect of spatial structure. Special attention is given to a proper estimation method: we estimate the distance-decay parameters by nonlinear weighted least-squares with balancing factors. It appears that neither an exponential nor a power distance-decay function fits the data well. Using a spline regression we find a cost elasticity of -4 for distances around 20km and a much smaller value for shorter and longer distances. It appears that the logarithm of distance decay can be described adequately as a (downward) logistic function of log cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author presents a multistate model for projecting regional populations by Indigenous status. Previous methods employed to project the Australian Indigenous population did not model interaction between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations, in large part because of serious data deficiencies. Improvements in data coverage and quality, particularly in the Northern Territory, now permit the effective use of conceptually preferable multistate methods. The multistate model presented in this paper explicitly incorporates identification change and, in contrast to previous modelling which has assumed all offspring of mixed Indigenous/non-Indigenous couples to be Indigenous, permits babies born to mixed couples to be ascribed either Indigenous or non-Indigenous identities. A hybrid directional—net-migration approach is taken to the modelling of internal migration. Illustrative projections are presented for the Northern Territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that travel-to-work data have been made available for previous censuses and have been integral to a range of applications. The data have now been derived from responses to the UK 2011 Census of the Population and creating counts of people travelling between origin--destination pairs.

The author discusses information on the issue concerning city regions in Great Britain. According to the article, city regions are considered as the most populous places in the country and cites how they offer interesting feats in searching to comprehend the economic and government issues and to explore possible solutions. In addition, it highlights the significance of science in searching solutions and problem-solving for economic and government issues, whether local and national. Moreover, it tackles the responsibility of social science in exploring solutions.

The article evaluates the military surge using nighttime light signatures. It mentions that the so-called surge or escalation of U.S. troops into Baghdad beginning in spring 2007 has led to political reconciliation, lower levels of violence, and improvements in the quality of life of the city's population. U.S. government officials claim that the surge has worked because of an overall decrease in violence during the period in which the number of U.S. troops in the city has increased and because the strategy has changed.

The Barnett formula is the official basis upon which increments to public funds are allocated to the devolved regions of the UK for those parts of the budget that are administered locally. There is considerable controversy surrounding the implications of its strict application for the relevant regions. The existing literature focuses primarily on the equity of the spatial changes to government per capita expenditure that would accompany such a change. In contrast, in this paper we attempt to quantify the system-wide economic consequences—the real, relative resource squeeze that accompanies the financial relative squeeze—on one devolved region, Scotland. The analysis uses a multisectoral regional computable general equilibrium modelling approach. We highlight the importance of population endogeneity, particularly since the population proportions used in the formula are now regularly updated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of spatial regression analysis, several methods can be used to control for the statistical effects of spatial dependencies among observations. Maximum likelihood or Bayesian approaches account for spatial dependencies in a parametric framework, whereas recent spatial filtering approaches focus on nonparametrically removing spatial autócorrelation. In this paper we propose a semiparametric spatial filtering approach that allows researchers to deal explicitly with (a) spatially lagged autoregressive models and (b) simultaneous autoregressive spatial models. As in one non-parametric spatial filtering approach, a specific subset of eigenvectors from a transformed spatial link matrix is used to capture dependencies among the disturbances of a spatial regression model. However, the optimal subset in the proposed filtering model is identified more intuitively by an objective function that minimizes spatial autocorrelation rather than maximizes a model fit. The proposed objective function has the advantage that it leads to a robust and smaller subset of selected eigenvectors. An application of the proposed eigenvector spatial filtering approach, which uses a cancer mortality dataset for the 508 US State Economic Areas, demonstrates its feasibility, flexibility, and simplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the population census is the most important source of information about people in small areas, the government is required by law to prevent the disclosure of information about identifiable individuals or households. In this paper we use data from the 1991 Census to simulate the effects of the disclosure method proposed for use in adjusting the 2001 Census interaction datasets. The results suggest differing impacts on the frequencies of certain counts as data at the level of adjustment are aggregated, with varying implications for the analytical measures of migration used in comparative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religion has survived a period of comparative neglect in social science to become a topic of keen interest. Questions on religion are now often included in censuses and surveys. It does not follow from the perceived importance of the topic, however, that these questions yield useful data. The difficulties and limitations of using survey responses on religion, and the purposes that such information might nevertheless serve, are examined in this paper. The effects of religion may relate either to religious identity or to the degree of religious commitment (religiosity). Neither of these characteristics is easy to measure. The potential importance of religion means that demand for data on the topic is unlikely to disappear, however. Religion can affect age at marriage, marital stability, attitudes to family planning and desired family size, health and morbidity, and propensity to move, that is, fertility, mortality, and migration, the main topics of formal demography. It can also be relevant in various areas of applied population studies, including education, economic activity, social equality, crime, alcohol use, social attitudes, and social capital, making it a factor in public-policy debates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microdata released for public use, such as the Samples of Anonymised Records, Labour Force Survey data, and longitudinal data, such as the Millennium Cohort Study, are subject to statistical disclosure procedures. These measures include data swapping, recoding, postrandomisation, and suppression. Considerable research has been conducted into the extent to which such measures protect respondent anonymity. However, the impact the measures have on the utility of the data is a neglected area of research. In this case study we examine the impact of standard statistical disclosure control measures on the utility of a sample census microdata set. We consulted data users about the impact of the variable recoding on the usefulness of the data and repeated published analyses on a file that had been subjected to perturbative disclosure control measures. It was found that disclosure control measures had a significant impact on the usability of the data (analytical completeness) and on the accuracy of the data in relation to the findings reached when the data were used in analyses (analytical validity). The findings should be of interest to those involved in statistical disclosure control and to data users themselves. Although further research is required in this area, we conclude that data quality assessment should be a central part of disclosure control practice and that universal standards for the relationship between disclosure control and data utility should be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I present two simple checks on the geographical validity of the UK 2001 Census and on the revisions of population estimates which have been made after its release. The huge difficulties inherent in estimating simply the population's human geography, let alone its characteristics, are discussed, and I conclude that current estimates may now be as close as they will ever be to a true estimate of the population—but are in places very unreliable. The slightly haphazard way in which the United Kingdom finally arrived at its 2001 population estimates, by the latter half of 2004, is commented upon. The UK population was reported to have passed the 60 million mark twice: once in 2001 and then again in 2004. With such national uncertainty, confidence in local population estimates is obviously low. This uncertainty also raises issues over the practicality of recent attempts to estimate the size of the supposed illegal population living in the United Kingdom, even before any moral objections are raised over attempts to count those whose existence here is deemed to be illegal. An uncertainty principle is introduced whereby, as the population becomes more mobile, observation becomes ever more unreliable. I end the paper by discussing the implications of changing human geography for its enumeration with a suggestion for a revision to the census form in 2011 to allow us to count better in the future. I conclude that comparisons with administrative records are not a panacea for estimating the population of the United Kingdom. Instead, further checks within the census process are suggested for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell adjustment involves the random perturbation of tabular counts by statistical agencies, prior to publication, in order to minimise the risks of disclosing confidential information about individual survey respondents. A variety of cell adjustment regimes have been applied to past and present census outputs. For each a method of estimating the confidence interval associated with the aggregation of potentially perturbed counts is presented. In this paper I also investigate the impact that alternative cell adjustment regimes have on a variety of standard user analyses—ranging from the summation of cell counts through to the ranking of areas and the fitting of multivariate regression models—including, in addition, the effects of geographical aggregation. The conclusion of the paper is that the choice recently offered to UK census users between the current methods of cell adjustment adopted in New Zealand and those adopted in Australia is finely balanced and analysis specific. What is clear is that both methods have a significant adverse impact on a range of analyses—in particular, the ranking of areas. In consequence, a case is advanced for abandoning cell adjustment, or, at the very least, for publishing independently adjusted counts for all table marginals. Finally, advice is offered to users on minimising the impact of cell adjustment on their analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant nonresponse to the UK census presented major challenges to the estimation of the full population in both 1991 and 2001. In this paper I follow the implementation of agreed quality assurance strategies and their further development in response to the lack of confidence in the initial population estimates, but argue that the published census data are more accurate than in 1991. The strategy to complete the census database with records informed by the quality assurance procedures largely worked and should be maintained. Published census output and population estimates for England and Wales and for subnational areas contain significant uncertainty which is likely to remain for this and future decades. Both the estimates and the remaining uncertainty should be measured more precisely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects the opinion of the author on the changes that emerged in census and data survey. The author stressed that the change of direction has a number of factors including the increased warehousing of data across a wide variety of public and commercial bodies, the increased public surveillance and the increased democratization of data access. Moreover, the author cited the severe changes that occurred in various country in relation to population survey at the turn of the century.

In this study I tested the elastic-city hypothesis within a nonmetropolitan environment. Elastic cities are defined as employing aggressive annexation strategies that result in more effective planning control over the city-region, higher population increases, stronger tax bases, and healthier urban-regional economies than those of nonelastic cities. Principal component analysis was used to analyze and model the elasticity of British Columbia's approximately 100 municipal governments for a thirty-year period, 1971–2001. The findings do not completely support the correlation between a municipality's elastic boundary and growth or development. In fact, the picture is more complex than suggested by Rusk's elastic-cities concept. Annexing municipalities do not exhibit stronger population growth, newer dwellings, or economic development when compared with nonannexing municipalities. Annexation may be contributing to rural - urban sprawl rather than more-compact development patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the Toronto metropolitan region performs well relative to its North American counterparts in terms of density and public-transit use, it does not derive as much walking and public- transit patronage benefit from its high-residential-density areas as it could. The impact of residential density on journey patterns is limited by an imperfect juxtaposition of density and public-transit service peaks. Another impediment is the difficulty of associating density with other variables needed for it to translate into increased walking and public-transit modal shares. We attribute this situation to insufficient planning capacity owing in large part to generalized neighbourhood opposition to high-density residential developments and disagreement between levels of government. In this paper we both narrate events of relevance to the distribution of high residential density over the last five decades and analyze present relationships between high-density areas and journey patterns. We conclude by discussing the possibility of achieving residential-density layouts and distributions that are more conducive to walking and public-transit use than the tower-in-the-park model and the scattering of high-density pockets, both of which predominate in Toronto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in the way migration is measured impede cross-national comparisons of internal migration. In this paper we utilise age-time diagrams to elucidate these problems for Australia and the United Kingdom and present solutions which generate time series of interregional migration for the two countries, harmonised with respect to age-time plans. We achieve this through estimation of the numbers of migration transitions (Australia) or migration events (Britain) for common age-period-cohort (APC) spaces. We derive appropriate population stocks for computation of transition probabilities or occurrence-exposure rates. In the final section of the paper we present a series of migration-intensity calculations based on varying combinations of period-cohort, period-age, and age-period-cohort perspectives, to demonstrate the significance of the variations, and the errors that can arise without harmonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents empirical data from a research project on mobility pioneers. It shows new mobility patterns and constellations of mobility and immobility, movement and motility (mobility potential). The author raises the question as to whether the reported subject-oriented strategies for coping with the modern 'mobility imperative' open up a perspective on a structural change in the modern concept of mobility and mobility practice. The theory of reflexive modernization is used to discuss this question and to help to understand the relevance of the empirical findings. In concluding, the paper focuses on further mobility research and introduces a distinction between 'transit spaces' and 'connectivity spaces' as relevant issues for research on new configurations of spatial, social, and virtual mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores three aspects of the all pair migration experience, through a case study of Slovakians, mostly but not all women, who have returned from sojourns in the United Kingdom. First, it argues that an pairs are distinctive from other migrants working in domestic service. Their positions have to be understood in terms of a particular regulatory framework, temporal restrictions, riving-in conditions, and the blurring of rights and responsibilities. Second, there is a need to consider the full cycle of migration. Returned all pairs have been able to commodify many aspects of their UK experiences, despite the constraints of relatively short visits, and the household and care work allocated to them. Third, understanding au pair migration as being socially and spatially constituted provides greater insights into their experiences and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the results of an extensive project to model interregional migration within England and Wales. The project took place over a two-year period and was sponsored by the UK Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (formerly the Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions). The results of the study are reported in three separate papers. In this paper we present an overview of the project and then describe in detail both the process of modelling out-migration rates from origins across England and Wales and the calibration results from this modelling stage. The results yield important information on the determinants of out-migration and population re-distribution within England and Wales. In paper 2 we describe the modelling of the destination choices of migrants and the calibration results from such models. in paper 3 we tie both the out-migration and the destination choice results together into a mapping and visualisation system (MIGMOD) which can be used to assess the impacts of various policies on population movements in England and Wales. The simple policy scenarios reported in this third paper are illustrative and indicative of the model's potential, rather than necessarily being a true reflection of the effects of policy changes. The three papers contribute substantially to the existing migration literature because they present the most exhaustive analysis of the determinants of both out-migration and destination choice that has ever been under- taken. The number of variables in both modelling processes is far larger than has ever been assembled before and the results therefore provide much greater insight into the role of various attributes in determining out-migration rates and in-migration rates than has previously been possible. The papers also provide an interesting lesson in a problem rarely encountered-that of having too much data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper anticipates the release of a series of new household classifications as part of the standard output from the 2001 UK Census. It contains essential background information for census users interested in using these classifications. In addition to describing the classifications, we outline the background to the classifications, and the consultation undertaken to ensure that each classification reflects real user demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soviet migration literature stresses the importance both of the interests of people and of state policy in shaping the migration process in the Soviet Union. However, most empirical studies are descriptive and rely on bivariate analysis; multivariate analysis is scarcely used. Conventional Western research, in turn, mostly stresses the importance of structural factors in explaining migration in the Soviet Union. The author aims to look at the extent to which structural factors and personal characteristics determine the first residence and first migration of immigrants in Estonia after World War 2. Individual-level data of the Estonian Family and Fertility Survey (1994) on 1067 foreign-born females are used and multivariate analysis applied. The analysis shows that the first residence and first migration of the foreign-born population in Estonia differ significantly by immigration cohort—a variable reflecting structural factors. However, when the personal characteristics of immigrants are included in the model, the role of the immigration cohort (as a determinant of migration) decreases significantly. The results support the belief that migration in the Soviet Union is a complex outcome of the interaction between structural forces and the interests of people, as it is elsewhere in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of migration and financial globalization focus on either the movement of money, with people staying put, or on the movement of people, with little attention to the impact of the money that moves with them. This paper uses in-depth interviews with executives at ethnic-Chinese foreign-bank offices in Los Angeles to consider the comovement of people and money. We find that understanding the causes and consequences of this comovement requires adding both ethnic and macrostructural layers to discussions of financial globalization. The forces that have led to the rise of a ChineseAmerican banking sector and to the opening of twenty-one Chinese foreign-bank offices in Los Angeles are intertwined: immigration from the Chinese diaspora to the USA, the growth trajectory and financial transformation of East Asia, and the financial and economic evolution of Los Angeles. Ethnic-Chinese foreign-bank offices in Los Angeles have dual roles: they function both as global outposts managing their headquarters' cross-border financial flows, and as localized institutions that are gradually becoming incorporated into Southern California's internal banking and financial markets. Foreign and domestic ethnic-Chinese banks play complementary roles in facilitating ethnic-Chinese economic development in Southern California. Framing these cross-border money-population flows and this cross-border institution building, respectively, are macrostructural constraints rooted in aggregate net financial flows and the changing strategies of global megabanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author considers patterns of population growth and density occurring in Canadian metropolitan areas (CMAs) over the 25-year period 1971–96. Two different sets of data, population and household, are examined with the aid of distance-decay density gradients and enumeration of intrazonal change in census tracts defined as core area (census tracts immediately adjacent to the central business district), inner city, and suburban. Important differences are found when household data are used in lieu of population data. In the core and inner city, household change points towards an overall pattern of recentralization and, in the suburbs, to intensification of development—albeit muted. This contrasts with an accentuated trend to decentralization witnessed in the populationbased analyses. The author concludes that centralization is an active force in most CMAs, although it is not as strong a force as decentralization. It is also suggested that there is great diversity between the twenty-two CMAs that make up the dataset. Most important is the demonstration that evidence based on population trends alone is not sufficient to gauge changing patterns of intrametropolitan population distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mathematical model is proposed which describes the dynamics and the spatial distributions of two population groups, where migration is driven by considerations of socioeconomic status. The model associates segregation with instabilities of spatially uniform mixed population states. These instabilities lead to a wide range of segregation forms including: (a) variable (weak) segregation where the population is everywhere mixed and the spatial variability is controlled by a ’status-gap’ parameter, (b)strong segregation, where nearby neighbourhoods consists of pure (unmixed) population groups, and (c) intermediate forms involving enclaves of a pure population group in neighbourhoods of mixed population. The model associates tipping-point phenomena with the existence of an unstable mixed population state which introduces a threshold for population inversion. The model predicts that uneven invasions of one population group into another may result from interface instabilities rather than from urban heterogeneities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzes the degree to which the population of Great Britain has become more or less geographically polarized in 2001 as compared with 1991 and earlier censuses. Statistics for local authorities; Variables from the 26 key statistics tables; Social and geographical divisions in the key aspects of life in Britain.

The most important asset of any organisation or country is its reserve of human resource. The capacity of society to understand and successfully adapt to new situations is highly related to the levels of training and education of its individual members. The education system, therefore, is one of the main foundations of any society's future. Over the last decade, Spain and the Valencia region, in particular, have experienced precipitous drops in fertility that will inevitably reduce school enrolments. In this paper we quantify the magnitude of the reductions and, after some analysis, lay out the potential consequences for the regional education system, and for society as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study which used adjustment models to analyze population and employment changes in regional economies. Main focus of the study; Review of theories; Methodology; Conclusion.

Analyzes the urban-rural population dynamics of China. Life expectations; Net reproduction expectations; Net migraproduction expectations.

Focuses on the use of the synthetic estimation technique methods for obtaining improved local estimates and combining available data for local areas with other data that are not. Provisions of the Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs); Description of an approach which takes advantage of the fact that the SARs comprises individual records; Production of estimates of the proportions of local authority populations suffering serious illness.