Search

In this paper, the electricity consumption model and pressure drop model of humidification-dehumidification (HDH) system is developed. An experimental study is carried out to investigate the effects of operating parameters on the pressure drop of HDH system. The pressure drops in humidifier, dehumidifier and the total pressure drop increase with the increase of air and solution mass flow rate. The values of undetermined coefficient in the pressure drop model are obtained based on the experimental data. Meanwhile, the validation of the pressure drop model is varied though experiment. On this basis, the optimization model for minimum specific total energy consumption (STEC) is proposed. The optimization results show that the value of optimized STEC increase with the increase of evaporation rate requirements. The value of air mass flow rate (mg) should be as small as possible. The adjustment of solution mass flow rate (ml) and solution inlet temperature in humidifier (Tlhi) is a priority. The minimum value of optimized STEC is 822.676 kJ/kg.

In order to investigate the characteristics of school building energy consumption, energy consumption of 17 schools in Tianjin have been counted and discussed. Based on the statistics, the results indicate that the average comprehensive energy consumption of school per unit area is 121.81 kWh/(m2 a), the average energy consumption per person is 36 kWh/(p a) and the average electricity consumption is 36.07 kWh/(m2 a) in 2007. It is found that the energy consumption per unit construction area is lower than the average energy consumption of public buildings, which is 257.61 kWh/(m2 a) in 2015.The main reason is that the quality of the thermal environment is poor and the running time of school is short. However, the school’s total energy consumption is large and we should pay more attention to it. At the same time, we point out the problems of the school energy consumption in Tianjin based on the statistics and proposed energy-saving reforms.

Interactive innovation is the hotspot in the field of innovation. However, after consulting the information, it is found that the interaction innovation focuses on the interaction between the enterprise and the consumer and its effect. In this paper, 300 manufacturing enterprises in 15 sub-provincial cities were selected to conduct a questionnaire. We use the gray correlation to forecast manufacturing industry from 2016 to 2020 based on the total energy consumption and quantify the interactive innovation of manufacturing between enterprises and employees by Likert five-point scale. Using structural equation reveal the impact of interactive innovation on the production of energy-saving transformation. The conclusion shows that there are two types of innovation ,which are active and passive, and two kinds of interactive innovation can promote the transformation of production behavior, but neither of them has been paid attention. In addition, if the interactive innovation does not guide the policy properly, enterprises will enable to form a passive interactive innovation and inhibit the influence on initiative innovation.

Refrigerators, ever since their conception, have always relied upon moving components – whether they are of a pump or of a compressor – to deliver the necessary work and heat input towards producing refrigeration. In today’s energy-driven economy, emphasis must be placed on to reducing the total energy consumption of the populous, as well as the resources involved in manufacturing conventional refrigerators. This is where the Thermo Acoustic Refrigerator (TAR), comes in. The purpose of this study is to design, fabricate and test an economically sound prototype of a TAR, so as to elucidate the technological and economic potential of thermoacoustic refrigeration as a replacement to conventional vapor-driven refrigeration. In the first part, a general introduction of refrigeration and TAR is carried out, followed by the second part, where design parameters are discussed and defined. The third part involves the actual fabrication of the TAR along with its assembly. The last parts document the results and their explanations, as well as the improvements that can be made to any future prototypes.

In order to analyze the factors that affect energy consumption in Hunan Province comprehensively, firstly, this paper used the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) and divided the total energy consumption growth of three industries from 2006 to 2015 in Hunan Province into scale effect, structure effect and efficiency effect. Secondly, the long-term energy alternatives planning (LEAP) system was used, and the LEAP-Hunan model with benchmark, scale effect, structure effect, efficiency effect and comprehensive adjustment scenarios was set up to analyze the impacts of the three kinds of effects on the total energy consumption profoundly. LMDI qualitative decomposition results show that the scale effect promotes the rapid growth of energy consumption, and efficiency effect can reduce energy consumption in Hunan Province, while inhibition of the structure effect is not prominent on the growth of energy consumption. The quantitative results of LEAP model are highly consistent with it, whose influence on the structure effect is reasonably extrapolated. This phenomenon shows that the structure effect and efficiency effect will jointly bear the inhibitory effect on the growth of total energy consumption in the future. In addition, the LEAP model has predictions about energy consumption from 2016 to 2040 in Hunan Province.

Energy consumption in buildings account for a significant proportion of total energy consumed worldwide. Since humans spend about 90% of their time in buildings, it is essential that the indoor environment quality is improved and energy consumption is minimised. This paper presents the development and implementation of a low-cost sensor network system that can be used to monitor important indoor parameters to achieve high indoor environment quality. The prototype system shown in this paper has been tested in an office building and improvements made. The system, with further improvements can be used to control HVACs, and indoor environment conditions automatically and has great potentials for energy saving.

The scheduling of byproduct gases is an important topic in the optimal energy management of steel enterprises. For the past two decades, intensive studies have been implemented on this topic. Because the byproduct gases account for approximately 30% of total energy consumption in steel enterprises, the efficient and effective usage of them is beneficial for both the energy efficiency improvement and the production cost reduction in steel industry. However, due to the complexity of steel-making process, it is difficult to build a comprehensive and reasonable scheduling model to optimise the byproduct gas usage. In this paper, current methods and progresses in byproduct gas scheduling are reviewed and some interesting findings are discussed.

As we strive for better energy efficiency in the systems we use in buildings, this paper examines how nature can play its part in an air conditioning system. This concept is applied in a passive displacement ventilation system which distributes cooled air in a room without the use of a fan. Typically the fans consume some 15% of the total energy used in a building. Save for fans used to draw outdoor air into a building, several buildings in Singapore have been designed to use no fan to achieve thermal comfort. This paper will examine the performance of this innovative system that challenges established norms in air conditioning design.

In a certain climate, the lighting and thermal performance of a building can be improved if the position of a fixed solar protection system of a complex fenestration system (CFS) is changed according to the period of year. The main objective of this paper is to optimize the lighting and energy performance of a fixed exterior horizontal and curved perforated louver used on a fully glazed facade of an office space located in Santiago (Chile) and Oslo (Norway), considering different slats angles of the CFS, depending of the season of the year. Bi-monthly, quarterly and bi-annual position of the CFS has been evaluated. The highest reduction of the total energy consumption corresponds to the bi-annual and quarterly cases in Santiago with 11.6% with respect to the annual case, and the quarterly case in Oslo with 8.3% with respect of annual case.

This paper aims to examine the environmental performance of the multi-crystalline (multi-Si) photovoltaic installations by conducting a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a typical 1-Megawatt on-grid ground-mounted solar power station in China. An energy payback time calculation will be presented with some further suggestions. After a thorough study of the LCA of solar power station, the boundary of the goal is clearly presented, making it feasible to study the total input and the annual output of the system. Specifically speaking, the total energy input, including the energy input of the module manufacturing and the energy input of balance of system (BOS) is 19.5548 x10 6 MJ, while the annual energy output is calculated to be 8.328 x 10 6 MJ. Thus the energy payback time (EPBT) is 2.3 years, revealing the conclusion that the establishment of the solar power station would contribute to a clean usage for more than 27 years, given the assumption of a 30-year operation period. Therefore, the solar power station is much more environmental friendly compared to the traditional fossil fuel systems.

The paper deals with some aspects related to the shape of an indoor surfing platform for an aqua park. The authors have proposed a method and a strategy to modify the shape of the platform in order to be suitable for different types of surfers, beginners or advanced. The membrane is basically a water mattress consisting of 6 independent cushions attached to one another, that will allow different inflation pressures, hence different slopes on the upper surface of the elastic membrane. The scope of the paper is to provide an answer to the questions what is the inflation/deflation time of the mattress and what is the energy consumption for this operation. Thecomputationshave been conducted using EPANETfreewareand the results have shown a total time of initial expansion of more than 3 hours, an inflation/deflation time around two hours and one hour respectively. The total energy consumption resulted of about 2.4 kWh for the initial expansion stage and 1kWh for the inflation stage.

The effective design of sustainable buildings results from an accurate optimization process of all the interrelated variables. The authors developed a replicable methodology for the optimization of the building envelope design. Following a previous work, where in the pre-processing and the optimization phases the minimization of the total energy demand is performed by coupling TRNSYS ® with GenOpt ® , this paper is focused on the post-processing phase of the methodology, in which the results are validated and the comfort filters are applied. As an explanatory example, the application of the methodology to a school classroom located in two different climates is presented.

In this paper we present a new method for simulating and mapping energy demands for European museums for recent past (RP), near future 2020-2050 (NF) and far future 2070-2100 (FF). It is new combination of three recent developments: Firstly, the simulation and mapping of building performance indicators based on European weather stations. Secondly, a multi zone energy model, representing a wide range of museums. The latter consists of 16 different museum zone types equal to all combinations of 4 levels of building construction and 4 levels of climate control. Thirdly, the availability of hourly based, EU wide, external future A1B climate files from the EU FP7 Climate for Culture project. We used 7 performance indicators: (1) mean indoor temperature; (2) mean indoor relative humidity; (3) mean heating demand; (4) mean cooling demand; (5) mean humidification demand; (6) mean dehumidification dem nd; (7) total energy demand, to produce EU maps for 16 museum types and five 30 year time periods: RP, NF, FF, NF-RP and FF-RP. This gives in total 560 maps. The most important mapping results are included and discussed in this paper.

Energy saving has become a hot issue all over the world. To minimize the energy use in buildings, the cooperative control coupled with heating, cooling, lighting and blind control system was proposed in this study. The blind condition is optimized to minimize the total energy of heating, cooling and lighting. In this study, the control behaviors and energy saving effect of the proposed system were evaluated by field measurement. The results show that the proposed control system reduces the cooling energy demand by about 40.8% and 19.6% of the lighting energy compared to the conventional control system with maintaining the same thermal comfort level. The total energy saving rate reached 29.7%.

This paper presents a calculation method to estimate an energy saving for the residential sector in Thailand. The energy saving proposed calculation method adopted from British Standard EN 16212:2012 with top-down energy saving calculation developed by British Standard Institution (BSI). The indicators are proposed to reflect the energy saving for Thailand's residential sector, i.e. the total energy consumption, electricity energy consumption, petroleum product consumption per dwelling, electricity energy consumption in refrigerator, washing machine, and air-conditioner (A/C). The calculation considers an energy saving per indicator in year 2010 and 2014, which based on year 2000. The result shows the energy saving per indicator in washing machine and air-conditioner electricity energy consumption. In the washing machine, the electricity energy that saved in year 2010 and 2014 are 24.57 ktoe and 13.11 ktoe. Similarly, the saving of A/C in 2010 and 2014 are 388.72 ktoe and 625.41 ktoe. The A/C energy consumption indicator shows the highest energy saving.

The load-balancing method is to make the different amount of heating and cooling loads to be similar as possible for handling the more load by the balanced heat recovery (BHR) system which has higher energy performance than auxiliary system. When this method is applied, the zone set temperatures should be in comfort range and the additional energy to BHR system should not exceed the energy consumption by auxiliary system of general method. In result, the total energy consumption is lower, and some zones were more comfortable because heating or cooling set temperature was varied to the middle of comfort range.

This paper presents energy efficiency improvement and CO 2 mitigation in the residential sector between Indonesia and Thailand. The Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model was used to analyze future energy demand and CO 2 emissions during 2010-2050. This study applied the Demand Side Management (DSM) options to reduce CO 2 emissions in the residential sector by implementing energy efficiency improvements such as efficient lighting, cooking, cooling and entertainment devices. The results indicate that in the business as usual (BAU) scenarios between 2010 and 2050, for Indonesia the energy demand will increase from 18147 ktoe in 2010 to 36044 ktoe in 2050. By adopting these scenarios, energy will be saved by 27.6% of total energy demand in 2050 while cumulative CO 2 emission can be reduced by 16% of overall CO 2 emissions in 2050. For Thailand, the energy demand will increase from 1879.1 ktoe in 2010 to 3167.8 ktoe in 2050. The energy will be save by 15.5% of total energy demand in 2050 and cumulative CO 2 emission can be reduced by 13.36% of overall CO 2 emission in 2050.

An effective design of green buildings requires a process of optimization to meet all the sustainability goals through an integrative design approach. The research focuses on the development of a replicable methodology for the optimization of the building features that affects specifically the energy demand and indoor comfort conditions. Optimal design solutions are found following two steps: minimization of the total energy demand for heating, cooling and lighting coupling TRNSYS ® , a dynamic simulation software, and GenOpt ® , a Generic optimization program; a post-processing analysis considering thermal and visual comfort aspects. This optimization methodology was conducted on a school classroom case-study.

Increasing the building sector's energy efficiency while reducing CO2 emissions, constitute the main challenge that most European cities need to tackle. In Europe the building sector is responsible for nearly 40% of the total energy consumption. Considering the slow rates of constructing new buildings, a lot of attention needs to be paid to the already existing building stock. This paper presents some of the major projects carried out in Europe and their achievements regarding the integration of innovative technologies and use of different sources of renewable energy in existing buildings. Special attention has been paid to projects targeting historic buildings, since their significant cultural and historic values make their refurbishment and retrofitting process more complex.

Solar fraction ratio is a key index and reference of solar hot water system design, andis also a key factor to evaluate solar hot water system according to Evaluation Standard for Application of Renewable Energy in Buildings in China. By analyzing relevant inspection data of actual projects, it was found that using solar fraction ratio to evaluate the actual running systems has certain limitation, which cannot reasonably reflect the actual supplementation of conventional energy, especially with the residential buildings applying central solar hot water system. Based on the total energy consumption control concept raised by government during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, the actual supplementation level of conventional energy should be used as a factor to evaluate solar hot water system. This study will analyze the limitation of solar fraction ratio in design and evaluation, and propose corresponding ideas of solution as references for relevant design and evaluation professionals.

A novel recirculation type ICDC solar dryer has been designed, constructed and tested. The solar dryer was comprised of a feed hopper, centrifugal blower, pneumatic conveyor and a transparent structure acting as drying chamber containing a hopper with vortex at the top. Test with 104 kg of rough rice indicated that the drying time required to reduce the moisture content of rough rice from 28.4% wet basis (wb) to the final moisture of 14.3%wb was 5 hrs. During the test the drying temperature was kept constant at 50.1°C and relative humidity (RH) of 21.73%. The required power for the pneumatic conveyor was 581 W with total energy input of 210.7 MJ including LPG and solar radiation. The resulting drying efficiency was 22.4% with specific energy of 15.2 MJ/kg of water evaporated. Another test using 200 kg with initial moisture content (m.c.) of 27.6%wb.of rough rice have shown that the required drying time to achieve the final moisture of 14.3% was 8 hrs. During the test the drying temperature was kept at 46.9 C, and RH of 21.7%. The drying efficiency was 31.7% with specific energy of 10.7 MJ/kg water evaporated.

Drying is the important process to produce wild ginger powder as herbal medicine. Conventional drying of wild ginger under the sun depends to weather and potencies to contaminate by pollutant. Therefore the objective of study is to obtain the performance of Greenhouse-effect solar dryer – rack type to dried wild ginger. Three conditions of drying experiment were carried out to obtain the performance of the dryer; without-product and using product at two different capacities. The best of drying performance is the drying of 60 kg slice wild ginger at 47.2oC for 30 hours represented by drying efficiency of 8% and total energy consumption of 29 MJ/kg vapor. The uniform heat air flow is achieved at temperature standard deviation of 2.32oC.

This study analyzes the characteristics of the heliostat beams in response to various heliostat adjustment methods and the changes of the beam characteristics with time. The measurements are compared with theoretical values predicted by a model of a 1 MW solar power plant's solar flux distribution based on Monte Carlo ray tracing. The appropriateness of the centroid method and the geometric centre method to determine the heliostat beam geometry and centre are evaluated based on comparisons with heliostat beam grey images taken in the DAHAN solar power plant. The results show that alignment of the heliostat by these two alignment method are both acceptable even though the predictions have some differences with the measurements. The geometric centre method more accurately calculates the spot centre because this method eliminates the effect of saturation on the beam characteristics and more exactly analyzes the total energy reflected into the receiver.

In this paper a Logistic Cumulative Distribution Function has been used as approximate analytical expression for predicting the behaviour of thermocline tanks when consecutive charge and discharge processes are performed and also during stand-by periods of no operation. This Logistic-CDF is expressed in dimensionless coordinates, parameterised in terms of working conditions and has been validated with experimental data reported in the literature. For the case of dynamic process, even if a thermocline tank is operated under optimum conditions, efficiency decreases with charge/discharge cycles leading to a tank delivering only about half of the ideal total energy after 5 days of operation. As for stand-by period, the degradation velocity and the full degradation time depends on the thermal diffusivity of the storage materials

To develop high performance chemical CO 2 solvents for high-pressure CO 2 capture, we have evaluated several tertiary amine solutions on CO 2 absorption and desorption rates and CO 2 loading-differences under high-pressure conditions, and also their CO 2 absorption heats have been measured. High performance CO 2 solvents, RH-1, RH-2 series, and RH-3 series, that are regenerable under high CO 2 partial pressure conditions have been developed. These developed CO 2 solvents are able to recover CO 2 under higher pressure than that of supplied CO 2 . RH-3c is estimated to reduce the total energy for CO 2 capture process, including compression process, to 1.2 GJ/t-CO 2 .

Contextual analysis method is used to predict new energy development of Hohhot from 2010 to 2020. Through the structure of different scenarios, we could predict that the new energy in the total energy consumption will reach the proportion of 13.8%, 6.5% and 3% under three different development scenarios by 2020. Then the contextual assessment is carried out and the corresponding policies and measures for the different scenarios are put forward. According to China's Energy Technology Development Roadmap and the actual situation in Hohhot, this paper recommends the optimal situation of the program and the corresponding policies and measures. Practice shows that the contextual analysis for the prediction and policy formulation will have a practical significance.

Mineral carbonation has been identified as a potentially suitable means of CO 2 sequestration in Singapore due to the nation’s lack of land for geological or deep ocean storage of CO 2 . In this article, the total energy, CO 2 emissions and costs of mineral carbonation are investigated using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The life cycle investigation took into account energy and greenhouse gas emissions from mineral mining activities and shipment, the recovery of CO 2 based on amine scrubbing technology and simulated scenarios of the net energy requirements for the carbonation process based on ‘ideal’ and worst case energy requirements. The CO 2 avoided results from a total o f 4 scenarios were in the range of 106.9 kg to 175.9 kg per 1 MWh. The percentage sequestration effectiveness results are from 32.9% to 49.7%. The life cycle costing results are 105.6 USD/tonne CO 2 avoided and 127.2 USD/tonne CO 2 avoided for two of the most favorable scenarios. However, it is highlighted that various engineering challenges have to be overcome before the ‘ideal’ carbonation reaction conditions represented in the simulation model can be achieved. The results will most likely fluctuate somewhere between the ideal and worst case conditions. The main energy penalties and associated CO 2 emissions come mostly from CO 2 recovery, pre-treatment and mineralization process itself.

The selection of building materials is one of the most important issues in the phase of building design. This decision has impact on the energy performance of the building as well asits indoor environmental quality. Energy needed forthe extraction, processing and transportation of materials used in building structures can be a significant part of the total energy within the entire life cycle of the building. The environmental impacts are expressed by indicators such as embodied energy, CO2eq and SO2eq emissions. The aim of this analysis is to identify the environmental quality of material compositions of exterior walls.

This paper presents energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from ceramic tableware production in Lampang, Thailand. All data of energy consumption in ceramic production were collected from a small enterprise manufacturing plant and the unit of analysis was 1 kg of product. A scope of study was gate to gate. The amount of GHG emission in a unit kgCO2e/kg of product was calculated by 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories method and the emission factors were referred from Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (TGO) and IPCC databases. The results showed that the total energy consumption from ceramic tableware production was 24.28 MJ/kg of product and almost 98% of total energy consumption was from liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consumption during firing. The amount of GHG emission was 0.237 kgCO2e/kg of product. The glost firing was found to be a hotspot of energy consumption and GHG emission.

Land transport is the major mode of transportation in Laos where it has consumed about 96% of total energy consumed in the transport sector. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the policy packages, which includes counter measures (CM) relevant to the transport sector, namely 1) fuel switching, 2) advanced technology and 3) modal shift to reduce energy consumption and CO 2 emission during 2010-2050. In this study, the Long-rang Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model was applied to forecast sector-wise transport demand. Results show that the energy consumption in the transport sector will be increased from 548 ktoe in 2010 to 2,823 ktoe in 2050 while CO 2 emission will be increased from 1,656 kt-CO 2 in 2010 to 8,511 kt-CO 2 in 2050. However, implementation of four mitigation actions will reduce energy consumption by 9.3% and CO 2 emission by 20% when compared with the BAU scenario.

This study explores past growth rates of renewable energy sources (1971-2012) and required future ones in 2 degrees scenarios. Results show that in spite of comparatively high growth of renewable energy in the period 2000-2012, the share of renewable energy in total energy use stayed the same (13%). The overall increase in renewable energy amounted to 2.2%/yr in the period 1971-2012 and 2.6%/yr in the period 2000-2012. In order to be consistent with a 2 degrees pathway the growth rate would need to increase to 3-5%/yr. Especially high growth would be required for wind, solar and geothermal (∼10%/yr). This would lead to a change in the mix of renewable energy used, with a much higher share of variable renewable energy sources. However most notable is the strong difference in the growth of energy use, compared to past trends. Primary energy use needs to consistently decrease by 0.1-0.5%/yr for OECD regions, up to 2050, which would require a breach from past trends. But especially for non-OECD regions the needed change is large. Regional growth rates for energy use in the period 2000-2012 range from 1.5%/yr to 6.1%/yr and should decrease to the range of -0.2%/yr to 0.9%/yr.

This paper investigates the influence of the uneven facade design on energy consumption from a integrated perspective. The computer simulation techniques were adopted to assess the effects of the facade sheltering sizes on the total energy consumption. To facilitate the model establishment, some scripts are written by MATLAB. The simulation results indicate that the facade sheltering generally makes the energy consumption increase, regardless of the sheltering types. And the influence range of the sheltering on the total energy consumption relates closely to the sheltering condition and the facade window position.

The simplified operation approach composed of the following strategies that were applied during summer semester and summer vacation in accordance with changes in building use: changing building indoor conditions; scheduling chiller during day and night; operating chillers with reduced heat loss from chilled water piping and adjusting chilled water flow rate. Implementation of these proposed strategies on existed multiple-chillers system serving institutional building that works on hot climate improves the system performance. The results show total energy saving of about 263.2 MWh which represents about 44.7% of the HVAC consumption during summer months of June to August. The simplified operation approach is easy to practice and requires minimal additional cost.

A novel solar heating plant with Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) collectors and Flat Plate (FP) collectors has been put into operation in Tars since July 2015. To investigate economic performance of the plant, a TRNSYS-Genopt model, including a solar collector field and thermal storage tank, was established. The optimization showed that there was a synergy in combining CSP and FP collectors. Even though the present cost per m 2 of the CSP collectors is high, the total energy cost is minimized by installing a combination of collectors in such solar heating plant. It was also found that the CSP collectors could raise flexibility in the control strategy of the plant. The TRNSYS-Genopt model is based on individually validated component models and collector parameters from experiments. Optimization of the cost performance of the plant has been conducted in this paper. The simulation model remains to be validated with annual measured data from the plant.

The coventional flat bed dryer has the demerit of having nonhomogeneous drying results. Therefore, to obtain nonhomogeneous drying result recirculating type solar dryer with pneumatic conveyor as the recirculating equipment will be. As the grains transported within the penumatic conveyor rapid heat and mass transfer occur resulting in even drying process and make the final results of the drying process homogene. The complete solar dryer was comprised of a feed hopper, centrifugal blower, pneumatic conveyor and a transparent structure acting as drying chamber containing a hopper with vortex at the top. Pneumatic conveyor was used to make recirculation of the grain and to perform continuous drying process. Spherical model was used to predict the drying time.Test with 104 kg of rough rice indicated that the drying time required to reduce the moisture content of rough rice from 28.4% w.b to the final moisture of 14.3% w.b was 5 h. During the test the drying temperature was kept constant at 50.1 oC and RH of 21.73%. The required power for the pneumatic conveyor was 581 W with total energy input of 210.7 MJ including LPG and solar radiation. The resulting drying efficiency was 22.4% with specific energy of 15.2 MJ · kg–1 water evaporated.

The effect of heat distribution or inter-heating on the total energy requirement for CO2 stripping is investigated. Here we look at retrofit design of an existing column. It means the height and diameter of the stripper is given. The results show that inter-heating can have both negative and positive effects on the total energy requirement. If only one heat source at constant temperature exist, the inter-heating will increase the total energy requirement. If there are other heat sources at different temperatures, inter-heating can be beneficial. It depends on the energy price of the different heat sources and the temperature profile of the column. If there are some hot streams available to utilize the heat in the inter-heater, the total energy requirement will decrease. As a case study utilizing heat from lean amine in the inter-heater is investigated. The simulation results show a saving up to 6.4 and 11.3 percent by one and two inter–heater respectively

In order to enhance electricity conservation in households, detecting which electric appliances consume high electricity is effective. However, collecting every data of electric appliances needs many devices and it would be high costs. Therefore, data disaggregation from total data to each appliance leads to the reduction of cost and electricity. This paper presents how to disaggregate the consumption of electric appliances from total electricity consumption. In order to disaggregate electricity consumption of electric appliances from total energy consumption, sparse coding has been implemented. However, changes in the use of electric appliances are difficult to express in this method. Therefore, we propose a novel sparse coding method, named, “0-1 sparse coding” to disaggregate which electric appliances were used in the total consumption of electricity. In order to collected sample data for analyzing the methods, we installed smart metering systems in two households. The system collects the data of total electricity consumption and data in the main electric appliances in every 5-minutes. We evaluate two methods, 1) our proposed method, and 2) discriminative sparse coding method. From the results, our proposed method increased the accuracy about 44.8% than the previous method.