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This research aims to study a potential of biogas in Thailand as a fueled for the Direct Biogas Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (DB-SOFC) system. The data from the Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (DEDE) were used in the study. The primary study shows that total biogas production in the country is 1,405.58 million m3/yr, which generated by 1,788 biogas plants. The electrical characteristics of the DB-SOFC systems (ES-5700 model, 200 kW and ES-5710 model, 250 kW) by the Bloom Energy were used in the study. The proper biogas plant for the DB-SOFC system was characterized by compared the biogas flow rates supply and demand. The study result shows that the biogas plant with a potentially used in the DB-SOFC system is estimated by 275 plants, which generated by 1,091.65 million m3/yr of biogas. The total installation capacity is estimated by 152.60 and 147.55 MW for the 200 and 250 kW DB-SOFC systems respectively, which has potential to produces by 1,069.42 and 1,035.32 GWh/yr of electricity respectively. Moreover, the 200 kW DB-SOFC system provides possibility to generated electricity by 45.25% higher than the typical heat engine generator. However, the DB-SOFC system has low value for economics investment due to the high LCOE value. The DB-SOFC system has a technical prospect to application in biogas plant system in Thailand. The subsidization could be increased value for economics investment of the DB-SOFC project.

Energy and water insecurities are global challenges, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This paper proposes an optimal energy-water nexus management approach in residences using alternative energy and water resources, these alternatives are rainwater harvesting system, greywater recycling system, water storage, and gravity-fed distribution system. The Solving Constraint Integer Programming (SCIP) solver, in MATLAB’s OPTI toolbox, is used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. Simulation results show that the optimal tank sizing and system operations will minimize the capital and operational cost of the system. The solver produced a potable water savings of 20.5% and an energy savings of 62.54%.

Methanol vehicles, as a type of alternative energy vehicle, become an approach to mitigate the dependence on petroleum and to reduce emissions. A number of policies for implementing methanol vehicles have been promulgated by the Chinese government to achieve sustainable development. This paper summarizes existing policies for pilot projects, methanol fuel and fuel stations, technological improvement and manufacturer engagement. Then, the paper systematically reviews the released policies based on their categorisation and timeline. Whilst the released policies for pilot projects were sufficient and effectiveness, there was a lack of incentive policies for other aspects. Based on the policy assessment, it is necessary to enhance the continuity and effectivity of the existing policy mechanism. As a contribution, this paper provides some suggestions including: developing follow-up policies after the accomplishment of pilot projects; providing more incentive policies to encourage technological improvement of methanol vehicles; creating a trans-provincial methanol fuel region and enhancing manufacturer engagement by narrowing the subsidy gaps between methanol vehicles and other AEVs.

Presently, the crisis of energy has become a growing concern all over the world and a serious barrier for the developing nations. Conversely, the resources of fossil fuels are limited and depleting due to the exploration and higher production activities around the glove. The impact of fossil fuels exploration has become a serious threat for naturalism and creates environmental hazardous accidents. However, the demand for energy in Bangladesh is increasing day by day and fossil fuel reserves continue the countries demand almost only 50 years. So, it is the high time to utilize its natural biomass resources to fulfill energy demand. The climate condition and waste generation rate of Bangladesh is key factors for biomass energy production. Nowadays the Bangladeshi government has made an agenda “waste to electricity” thus the utilization of biomass resources has become a blessing for the static economic growth in the nation. Recently Bangladeshi government has made an extra effort for the commercialization and marketable of biomass energy engendering and production in the country. This paper explored the potential of biomass energy as a sustainable energy source and their future implementation challenges in Bangladesh.

Global inclination towards renewable energy projects, facilitates deployment of alternative energy systems in various scales. However, due to the noise in usable energy generation and fluctuations in the source availability, battery units are deemed as an integral part of any mini-grid energy generation system. Although, sharp turns in battery prices have taken place over the last few years, batteries are still one of the largest capital components of such systems. On the other hand, like many other heavy industries, mining industry is also closely interested in renewable energy generation on site because of certain environmental and financial reasons. Nonetheless, the size of feasible energy generation and attached storage units are still forcing mining companies to reconsider. In this regard, renewable energy based coolth storage systems can help mining companies to enhance the financial outcomes of mine air-conditioning projects where heavy refrigeration is demanded. This paper promotes power generation via renewable energy systems and proposes coolth/energy storage by analyzing two options. The financial impact of substituting battery storage units and downsizing the refrigeration plant size by storing the peak demand as coolth was also studied.

The environmental degradation caused by the increased use of fossil fuels in the energy sector, call for an urgent switch to alternative energy sources which can assure sustainability, energy security and reliability. So far, solutions based on Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have been proved reliable in providing energy even in autonomous networks, if they combine different sources (e.g. solar and wind) or combined with conventional energy generators. Among the promising solutions to the energy problem is the geothermal energy which consists of stored energy in the earth in the form of water or steam at high pressure and temperature. The countries which are most likely to possess a high geothermal potential are those located in seismic zones close to destructive and constructive plate margins. Greece is among the countries that, due to location, possesses a remarkable geothermal potential of medium and high enthalpy fields. The interest in exploiting geothermal energy in Greece for electricity generation is mainly focused on non-interconnected islands, where energy is produced from oil-based generators with high energy cost, mainly during the summer months which is a period of rapid increase in energy demand. In this respect, the present study investigates, through an economic evaluation, the optimum sizing of a hybrid solution, which includes a geothermal power plant and a solar field of concentrated collectors able to cover the energy needs of an isolated island. The combination of solar and geothermal energy source aims to maintain the long-term productivity of the geothermal field by reducing its degradation ratio. The thermal energy, generated by the solar installation, increases the temperature of the geothermal brine before injected it back into the well and therefore reduces its energy degradation. In this study, different cases of solar field sizes are evaluated in order to achieve the optimum combination of the geothermal power plant and the concentrated solar array. According to the results, the proposed installation can guarantee energy autonomy with increased economic efficiency and competitive energy production cost, compared to the current prices in small isolated Aegean Sea islands.

Nigeria energy industry remains in limbo, almost six decades after independence and the reason for this is not farfetched; the persistence present of corrupt leaders and active players in the sector is one major reasons. With the growing Nigerian population expected to reach over 400million in 2050 becoming third most populated country, only led by china and India in first and second positions respectively. Energy demand in the country is expected to further skyrocket. At present, the country has not been able to meets its energy need despite the various policies set in place. Though there exists a huge potential in hydroelectricity but it has been underutilized. The viability of hydroelectric as sustainable energy form was examined, and the huge potential it can play in the energy industry of Nigeria. At the same time an alternative energy form that can set the pace for better use of renewable energy was discussed; with solar energy used as a case study. At the end of the study it was revealed that both hydroelectric energy and solar energy will play critical roles in the actualization of Nigeria stable and sustainable energy bid in the foreseeable future.

Despite large investments to modern centralised mixed municipal waste (MMW) management plants (mechanical biological treatment (MBT)), environmental impact has been decreased less than was expected due to several determined reasons in Lithuania. Energy consumption for MMW management exceeds production volume of alternative energy in municipal biodegradable waste (BDW) fermentation equipment. Produced “technical compost” does not correspond to the requirements for contamination and quality of compost to be used in agriculture and can be used only as a stabilate for overlay of landfill layer and landfill restoration. This article presents the results of optimization possibilities of municipal BDW management in one of the Lithuanian regions. A few alternatives were suggested, but the source separation of municipal BDW from individual household was selected for implementation as the best available alternative for the target region from a technical, environmental, and economic point of view. The results of the carried out experiment with the source separation of municipal BDW and processing in the tunnel of the existing MBT plant have shown that biogas output can increase up to 114 m3 per tonne of the municipal BDW. This approach would allow increasing alternative energy production in MBT plant by 4.9 times and producing compost instead of the stabilate. In case of the target region, overall alternative energy production would exceed energy demand (including for BDW transportation), by over 7 thousand GJ per year. Thus GHGs (without biogenic CO2) would decrease by approximately 600 tonnes per year.

4th International Symposium on Hydrogen Energy, Renewable Energy and Materials (HEREM) -- JUN 13-14, 2018 -- Bangkok, THAILAND, WOS: 000450517200019, Decreasing of fossil fuels and increasing global warming lead researchers to find cheap and environmentally friendly alternative energy sources. In this regard, ammonia (NH3) is a widely used feedstock. This carbon free fuel can be combusted in gas turbines or internal combustion engines, producing only nitrogen and water vapor. Nevertheless, ammonia is hard to burn because of low laminar burning velocity. In this paper, the effect of ammonia fuel fraction on the exergetic performance of a Turbec T100 micro gas turbine is investigated. Three different fuels are considered to operate the gas turbine: (i) natural gas (100%CH4), (ii) natural gas blend with %10 ammonia fraction (10%CH4-90%NH3) and (iii) natural gas blend with %20 ammonia fraction (20%CH4-80%bal3). The operating data of the micro turbine is obtained from the literature and the micro turbine is modelled with EBSILON software. It is found that %20 ammonia fraction is more environmentally benign compared to %10 ammonia fraction and natural gas fuels. The exergetic sustainability indicators are also determined as 3.168, 2.864 and 3.7 for the natural gas, 10% ammonia blend and 20% ammonia blend combustions, respectively. So, the controlling of ammonia fraction is important to sustain exergy efficiency of the micro turbine. More detailed combustion and environmental analyses are also necessary for better evaluation of environmental effects on the micro turbine during ammonia and natural gas combustions. Copyright, Int Energy & Environm Res Inst

With the popularity of ammonia fuel cell, nitrogen-containing compounds are becoming an alternative energy sources. However, most of those nitrogen compounds, especially ammonia, are dispersed in domestic wastewater and their treatment is often energy consumption. Therefore, the nitrogen retrieval from wastewater is becoming urgently needed of development. Adopting a new five-compartment electrodeionization technology, this paper demonstrates the possibility to concentrate ammonia nitrogen in synthetic wastewater. The result indicates that the optimum current is 0.18 A in artificial domestic sewage with low concentration ammonium ions among 15 mg/L. The nitrogen concentration can be enriched for about 12 times in single stage. The removal rate of nitrogen can reach over 90% with energy consumption of 19.104 g/kW·h. It explores a feasibility of recovering the ammonia nitrogen in wastewater.

The Southern African development community is having a major challenge in connection with desires for energy in the region. There is the need to increase energy security and admittance to modern energy services immediately, particularly in the rural areas as well as addressing the challenges posed by the current energy systems on human health and the environmental. The rapid growth of renewable energy capacity in the region contains all the potentials that can answer to quite a lot of problems for instance: rapidly increasing electricity saturation, including remote areas detached from the grid infrastructure. Old resources need to be replaced as well as producing new once to adequately generate to meet the growing demand. Renewable energy and energy-efficient technologies in addition to services are an essential part of the new energy dynamic in the region. To meet these demands, the region needs to, rapidly develop and connect existing renewable energy resources and embrace energy efficiency, as a matter of priority. The existing potential sites in the region are mentioned and Small-scale hydropower is one of the most cost-effective energy technologies to be considered for electrification in the countries since it has low environmental impacts and can have a significant benefit if implemented in rural areas for electricity production. There is therefore the need for all development community, policy makers and regulators, local and global investors, developers and project promoters to support by providing funds, making good policies to protect the energy sector in other to solve the problem.

Alternative energy is one of the methods for decreasing fossil fuel consumption. However, conventional fossil fuel process improvement is also considerably interesting issue due to the fact that adjusting existing process is easier and cheaper comparing to the development of the process compatible with the alternative energy. At present, the global warming and climate change phenomenon cause the increasing of average earth temperature. The CO2 emission to the atmosphere is mainly produced by fossil fuel combustion from power industry. This is because the CO2 has high heat capacity. Therefore, in order to use the conventional fossil fuel process efficiently, CO2 should be eliminated from the flue gas before releasing it to the environment. Currently, there are many methods that use to capture CO2 such as using circulating fluidized bed riser with solid sorbent. The advantages of circulating fluidized bed riser are uniform solid particle and temperature distributions, high contacting area between gas-solid particle and suitable for continuous operation. In this study, the effect of operating parameters on CO2 capture in circulating fluidized bed riser with solid sorbent is investigated using 2D computational fluid dynamics model. The basic simulation step has to find the suitable computational mesh cells or grid independency test (5,000, 10,000, 15,000 and 20,000 cells) and compare the simulation result with the real experimental result. According to the simulation results, the suitable mesh cell is 10,000 cells and the obtained result is matched with the experimental results. Then, the effect of operating parameters on the CO2 capture conversion is optimized.

This paper presents CO2 mitigation potential in the power sector of Thailand regarding to the Power Development Plan (PDP 2015) and Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP 2015). Renewable energy and advanced technology have the potential to play an important role in providing clean energy. The Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) model is used to analyze future electricity demand, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions reduction in the long term planning during 2010-2050. Regarding to those plans, implementations of renewable energy and advanced technology are proposed for mitigation options. The mitigation scenarios offer sustainable potential of renewable technologies and advanced technologies such as solar, wind, biomass, nuclear, hydropower, hydrogen fuel cell, tidal, geothermal and fossil-fuel power plants with carbon capture storage (CCS). Four mitigation scenarios are modeled along with the BAU scenario. The Mitigation 1 (MIT01) scenario is the base-case mitigation scenario based on the target of PDP2015, which target of renewable energy is 19,634 MW in 2036. In the Mitigation 2 (MIT02) scenario, the technologies in the MIT01 plus new technologies such as hydrogen fuel cell, tidal and geothermal are implemented. Clean fossil fuel technologies with CCS, for example natural gas and coal technologies, are applied in the Mitigation 3 (MIT03) scenario. In the Mitigation 4 (MIT04) scenario as the peak CO2 scenario. Results show that, in the BAU scenario, electricity demand and CO2 emissions from the power sector will increase to 52,770 ktoe and 345,959 kt-CO2eq, respectively in 2050. By adopting mitigation options, total CO2 emissions in 2050 can be mitigated by 69.66% in MIT04, following by 50.83% in MIT02, 47.22% in MIT03, and 41.71% in MIT01 when compared to the BAU scenario. Moreover, regarding to the MIT04, Thailand can meet its peak CO2 emission by 2036.

Thailand’s final energy consumption has increased continuously. The government policies used to up more alternative energy consumption in all sectors; especially the agroindustry wastes which the most of the wastewater from the production and has the potential to produce biogas. Currently, Thailand has over 1,700 biogas plants and over 150 plants of industrial waste which joined the biogas promotion project for industry supported by Energy Conservation Fund, Ministry of Energy. The projects of Thai government have been applied biogas to produce Compressed Bio-methane Gas (CBG) which for Natural Gas for Vehicles (NGV) and to replace liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for use in industrial ceramic kilns. Biogas is an important raw material in the production of CBG. It can be used as renewable fuel in the production and transportation. So, this article presents an overview of biogas production potential from agroindustry in Thailand. The selection from 5 types of agriculture industry which was organic waste; ethanol, rubber, cassava starch, palm oil and food processing industry for the years 2008-2015. This research using secondary data of yield and wastewater quantity for a calculation to the potential of CBG production. The results show that the agroindustry has the most of CBG production potential were cassava starch, ethanol, rubber and food processing industry respectively and increasing trend.

Solid waste is generally disposed as landfills due to the simplest and cheapest disposal procedures, as compared to incineration and composting. High amount of organic material, particularly food waste (approximately 45%) can be found in the solid waste in this country. Being the most practical solution, landfilling however does not seem to be the most rational approach considering its byproducts, i.e. methane gas and fluidic leachate which could cause high contamination to the air and water. Lately, researchers have placed emphasis in food waste as its high organic content has a great potential of being turned into ethanol or a source of biofuel. Bioethanol is one of the most promising alternative energy sources to diminish the dependence on fossil fuel. It could be produced by the fermentation of sugar-rich crops and food wastes. This paper investigates the use of an electrostatic separator to segregate the food waste and non-food waste from the waste mixtures. Electrostatic separator is capable of separating particles based on the conductivities of the constituent components. It is widely used to sort out particles with high conductivities from those with relatively low conductivities, e.g. to recover conductors from non-conducting mixtures, serving as an environmentally friendly way for recycling without negative impact to the surrounding. In this study, influences of various volumetric ratios of non-food waste, i.e. plastic and glass, on recovery process of food waste would be studied. The findings contribute to reduction of landfill size with rare existence of organic matters in landfills. In addition to the environmental protection, the proposed food waste recovery process would enable the Waste-to-Energy (WtE) development and economical growth from biogas and potential biomass energy generation.

The industrial sector is one of the main energy consuming sector in Thailand, and accounted for 36.2% of total energy consumption in 2013. The increase of population and economic growth affected energy demand and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thailand has the long-term climate plans related to energy saving and GHG mitigation in the industrial sector namely; Energy Efficiency Plan 2015 (EEP2015) and Alternative Energy Development Plan 2015 (AEDP2015). Both plans have the same periods and end at 2036. This paper analyzes the changes in GHG emissions during 2005-2036. Energy demand depends on population, gross domestic product, and fuel prices. The GHG mitigation can be evaluated by using Long-range Energy Alternative Planning system (LEAP) under various scenarios. The business-as-usual (BAU) scenario can be expressed as a frozen-scenario where new technology deployment and energy efficiency improvement are excluded. However, mitigation (MIT) scenarios are introduced by using the existing measures in the EEP2015 (MIT_EE scenario) and AEDP2015 (MIT_RE scenario). In this study, Thailand’s industries are categorized into eleven categories: food and beverage, textile, wood and furniture, paper and pulp, chemical, nonmetallic, basic metal, fabricated metal, construction, mining, and other industries. Fossil fuels are the main source of GHG emission accounted for 86% of total GHG emission in this industry. GHG emission will increase from 77.6 Mt-CO2eq in 2005 to 222.5 Mt-CO2eq in 2036. This study found that nonmetallic industry is the major GHG emitters. Full implementation of the EEP2015 and AEDP2015 can reduce GHG emissions by 36% and 9% in 2036 under MIT_EE and MIT_RE scenarios, respectively. Such GHG reductions can be achieved from the implementation of EEP2015, due to the financial incentives for energy performance achievement and enforcement of energy standards in the designated factories.

Thailand’s energy consumption from alternative sources continues to increase in recent years. This is largely due to the Thai government’s policy in promoting alternative energy development in all sectors, especially in biomass energy which accounts for a significant share of the total amount of alternative energy. Moreover, over the next 20 years, Thailand wants to double the amount of energy from biomass sources from 2,812 MW to 5,570 MW by 2035. In order to meet this ambitious target, the Thai government provides financial incentives through a program called Feed-in-Tariff so as to attract private developers to implement alternative energy projects. As for biomass power plants, however, a major risk is an input biomass price, which can be fluctuated according to season and availability in the area where the project is located. This paper is therefore to present a method that can help mitigate the risks stemming from biomass price fluctuation using a flexible design called “Fuel Switching Flexibility (FSF)”. The FSF is a design concept that takes advantage the notion that fuels for biomass projects can be from several sources. Then, project managers have the option to select the appropriate sources of input materials for the energy production of the project. Valuing the biomass power plants embedded with the FSF can be done with real option analysis. The results of the study showed that projects with FSF have increased in its financial values, without the help of government in handing the financial subsidy. However, the project with only the FSF may, during a certain period, still face financial difficulty, and this is why the government subsidy is still needed for alternative energy projects like biomass power plants.

Climate change is a critical issue causing awareness of greenhouse gases (GHG) emission managements in many other countries around the world. The energy sector is the highest contributor of the global GHG emissions. In 2013, it contributes about 36 percent of total GHG emissions in Thailand. In 2015, Thailand submitted the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) to the UNFCCC. The target of GHG reduction is 20 percent from the projected business-as-usual (BAU) level by 2030 in the Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Uses (IPPU), and Waste sectors; however, the level of contribution could increase up to 25 percent with support. In the roadmap of Thailand’s INDC, emission reduction in the energy sector is accounted for about 98 percent of overall reduction. The Energy Efficiency plan (EEP2015) and Alternative Energy Development plan (AEDP2015) are implemented in order to reduce not only energy consumption but also GHG emission in Thailand. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the GHG mitigation potential of those measures in order to identify the effort to achieve the INDC’s target in 2030. In this study, the mitigation potential of the energy plans is divided into four scenarios. In 2030, emissions in the energy sector in BAU will be 425,649 kt-CO2eq. Moreover, in the same year, results indicate that GHG emissions can be mitigated by 47%, 23%, 30% and 29% in the SC1, SC2, SC3 and SC4 scenarios, respectively when compared to the BAU. However, the INDC plan can reduce GHG emissions by 27% in the energy sector. It implies that one of the plans should achieve at least 75% of its target and another must achieve 50% of its target, Thailand will accomplish its INDC target.

The free but intermittent sources of energy such as photovoltaic and wind energy has become more popular nowadays. The installation of this type of power source usually requires a secondary power source, often the energy storage system such as battery to smoothen power output over time. In this article, we introduce, an alternative energy storage system, an organic-electrolyte redox flow battery (RFB), which uses anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (AQS) and 1,2-benzoquinone-3,5-disulfonic acid (BQDS) as the electrolytes. The membrane is coated with Vulcan carbon using an ultrasonic spray technique allowing for higher current density. The polarization curve of this system has shown that the RFB with organic AQS and BQDS has impressive amount of energy density, and can deliver the maximum current density up to 45 mA/cm 2 and the maximum power density up to 4 mW/cm 2 . At 5 mA/cm 2 current density, the power delivery has the current efficiency and energy efficiency of 96% and 48%, respectively.

Renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies are the key for creating a clean energy future for not only the nation, but the world. World Energy Consumption relies heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they rely on finite resources that will eventually dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In contrast, renewable energy resources, such as wind and solar energy, are constantly replenished and will never run out. Due to the rising need for professionals and academics with a background and understanding in the Renewable Energy field, Holon Institute of Technology (“HIT”) developed a new program at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering. The Renewable Energy program gives the students technical and practical aspects of energy use (technology and methodology of the study) and energy efficiency. The program also deals with minimizing the environmental impacts of energy use, as well as with energy economy and environmental policy. The Institute offers its students a well-equipped laboratory, containing state of the art equipment in various fields such as: photovoltaic energy systems, a smart grid telecommunications and information security platform, wind and water energy work stations, and power electronics equipment. The Renewable Energy Laboratory is operating under a new experimental teaching method, and presents itself as the “next generation” lab. The Renewable Energy Laboratory team's as contribution to the community together with elementary school students “Revivim” Holon were participated in the design and construction of the “Ecological Garden”. The “Ecological Garden” represents alternative energy installations that demonstrate scientific principles of energy conversion. The purpose of the garden is exposing the school community of innovative methods of energy production. These methods environmentally friendly and thus contribute to the reduction of air pollution. Visit the garden is part of the environmental education.

The study aims at utilizing waste tires in Chiang Mai municipal area. As there are approximately 27,000 waste tires per month, by which each contains up to 37 MJ/kg, there must be a better way than dumping. Therefore, the study explores the feasibilities of utilizing these waste tires by establishing (i) a rubber crumbing factory, (ii) a pyrolysis plant and (iii) a rubber power plant. Here, the site is firstly selected based on available supply, using basic optimization models. Then, the study focuses on the feasibility of demand, engineering, finance and social/ environment response of the three options. Finally, analytic hierarchy process is used to reflect the suitability of the options based on factors of interest. Within the options considered, a pyrolysis plant appears to be the most attractive.

Pragmatic and reliable methods for assessing sustainability remain difficult for many organizations. Further, understanding the three elements of sustainability over the full life cycle of products and processes is essential. In some cases, understanding environmental issues is the easiest area. However, economic and social issues are less well understood. Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis is a framework for reviewing all three areas and enabling not only full coverage but understanding balancing and interactions between the elements. This paper reviews the three elements of sustainability, life cycle assessment, and analysis and evaluation of the three elements over a life cycle. These frameworks will be described so as to facilitate development of ways to help decision makers present proposals and illustrate results. Means are presented to enable illustration of findings to both expert and non-expert audiences. Specifically, uses of the life cycle sustainability triangle and the life cycle sustainability dashboard will presented. Examples will be presented for a comparison of solar PV panels. Other examples include alternative energy sources in Mexico to 2050, contrasting alternative vehicles, and electricity scenarios in the UK to 2070. The paper is intended to help practitioners better understand linkages between the three elements of sustainability and ways to analyze them.

This paper builds the energy demand and supply model from the bottom-up LEAP software and focus on evaluating and providing insights to the long-term energy and greenhouse gas impact from national energy efficiency and alternative energy plan focus from 2015 to 2036 under the 2010 base year. From the results, the energy demand would increase from 84.77 Mtoe in 2015 to 172.29 Mtoe, or 103.24% in 2036. The greenhouse gas emission would decrease from 503.34 MtCO2 in 2036 by 161 and 116 Mt-CO2 from energy efficiency and alternative energy development plan in 2036, respectively. We also found that this mitigation also impacts to the decrease of grid emission factor from 506 in the BAU to 339 and 140 kgCO2-eq per MWh, respectively due to higher renewable energy sources and imported hydro energy. Policy recommendations to deploy both plans are also raised.

Global energy resources are constantly being depleted and prices of primary energy resources are increasing. Therefore more attention should be paid to the development of alternative energy resources and rational utilization of existing resources. European Union's Energy Efficiency Directive is dedicated to rational utilization of energy resources by implementing energy efficiency measures for energy end user. In order to use benefits from the energy efficiency measures and to achieve new energy efficiency benchmarks, company's energy management is necessary. Only the energy efficiency and energy management nexus enables to achieve potentially the best result. In this research is explained that simple benchmarking at benchmarking 1 level does not give the possibility to achieve maximum energy consumption savings. More thorough energy efficiency and energy management nexus gives opportunity to determine that it is possible to regulate production capacity so that facility operates with a minimum electricity consumption per unit of production.

Nowadays fossil fuel plays a significant role in the global energy supply and demand. Many non-oil producers and agricultural countries have set the target of biomass utilization as alternative energy in their energy policy plan. Gasification is one of the promising technologies in terms of the conversion of biomass to heat and power. However, this technology has faced many challenges, e.g. high capital cost, low energy conversion efficiency, etc. As the Thai government has promoted the use of biomass as alternative energy and has financially supported the use of agricultural residue for heat and power production in 12 pilot projects, this study will review the current status of the gasification technology used in the projects and discuss the results of a performance test conducted in terms of feedstock consumption rate, producer gas yield, heating value of producer gas, and thermal efficiency. The feedstock used consisted of residue from wood, corncob, palm, etc. Four projects used producer gas for electrical power generation with the capacity ranged from 250 to 300 kWe and 8 projects to produce heat for use in the ceramics industry, for fertilizer drying, hotels, etc. According to the study, it was seen that downdraft air gasification technology is suitable for small-scale heat and power production. The heating value of the producer gas ranged from 1.89 to 5.89 MJ/Nm3 and the maximum cold gas efficiency of 76.96% was able to be reached.

Roadmap to Thailand's NAMAs 2020 presents the pathway for greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigations within 2020. This study proposes estimation of CO 2 countermeasures under 3 plans: the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) for 25% substitution of conventional energy within 10 years, the least cost greenhouse gas mitigation plan by the AIM/Enduse model, and the 20-year Energy Efficiency Development Plan (EEDP) during 2011-2030 and the transportation master plan by the Office of Transport Planning (OTP). This study also considers energy security and co-benefits from the proposed roadmap to reduce CO 2 emissions. Results of energy security and co-benefit analysis are presented. The roadmap to Thailand's NAMA 2020 will not only reduce CO 2 emissions but also increase energy security and provide several co-benefits, which enhance sustainable energy and environment development.

The Thai government has promoted the Renewable and Alternative Energy Development Plan for 25 percent in 10 years (AEDP 2012-2021) to reduce the energy importation. This study aimed to assess the potential development of alternative source for biodiesel sector. A case study of three provinces, Krabi, Suratthani, and Nakorn si thammarat, was considered to seek for suitable areas for oil palm expansion based on the land suitability guided by the Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) of the nation. The study emphasized on the AEDP policy implementation for forest conservation and the restriction of expansion only on the pre-existing croplands, mainly the rubber plantation. The results indicated that only the land availability and land suitability in the three provinces would be sufficient for oil palm expansion target as far as any ages of rubber plantation were considered. In fact, only the old plantation with lower production should be deliberated as suitable for land conversion to energy crops. An initial investigation of the possibility of rubber plantation age classification using remote sensing data from THEOS satellite was demonstrated.

To surmount the threat of environmental hazard and to prevent the exploitation of natural resources, hybrid vehicle provide the solution in terms of alternate energy sources like battery, fuel cell or ultra capacitor. Usage of battery in hybrid electric vehicle reduces the demand of petroleum but increases the complexity in terms of its state of charge (SOC) estimation. Under various temperature conditions, battery charging/discharging efficiency changes, hence vehicle performance is affected. To investigate this, a novel SOC estimation formula is introduced. Genetic algorithm based control strategy is exercised to find the optimal fuel economy for the hybrid electric vehicle at various temperatures using proposed SOC estimation method. Vehicle performance varies abruptly other than nearby room temperatures and at higher temperature fuel economies are found to be better compared to the lower temperature. But, usage of battery at high temperatures for longer time reduces its life and diminishes vehicle performance.

Over the past years, lack of energy fossil has become an important issue around the world, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. Alternative energy is needed to replace utilization of fossil fuels. Bioethanol is providing one window of potential alternative energy. Lignocellulosic from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) could be a promising bioethanol raw material because it will not interfere food supply. Pretreatment is a one of the steps in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic material. Pretreatment also contributed the largest cost in the bioethanol production. Black liquor as the waste of pretreatment provides significant environmental impacts. Black liquor recycling is expected to increase economic efficiency by reducing the cost of pretreatment and the amount of wastewater. This experiment used black liquor with NaOH addition as a pretreatment solution. The pretreatment process was conducted at 5 liter reactors at 150 °C and 160 °C. The result using black liquor was not significant different with using NaOH solution in the pretreatment process at 160 °C, delignification and cellulose content were84.01% and 77.10%, respectively, but the results in pretreatment at 150 °C gave the lower value. The maximum ethanol concentration in variation of pretreatment solutions: NaOH solutions, black liquor with NaOH addition at 150 °C, and at 160 °C are 67.42 gl−1, 61.14 gl−1 and 67.03 gl−1, respectively, at a pretreated biomass loading of approximately 15% (w/v) with an enzyme dosage of 30 FPU g/dry biomass.

Historically reliant on fossil fuels for their economy, the Middle Eastern countries are now determined to foster an increased share of renewable energy (RE) in their total energy production. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations, such as Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates, have each set different strategic goals of producing certain share of their total energy from renewable sources within the next two decades. This paper reviews the recent progress in RE expansion, in general, and solar energy programs, in particular, within the GCC region. Among all forms of alternate energy, solar power is a preferred choice for its relatively advanced technology and seemingly limitless potential in the region, daily average solar radiation typically exceeding 6kWh/m 2 with 80-90% clear skies throughout the year. The Arabian Peninsula is witnessing a steady growth in the following key sectors: utility-scale solar power plants, solar desalination industry, and solar photovoltaic manufacturing facilities. Assessment of how locally established research-driven technology clusters and key market players play a role in rapid deployment of RE technology are also identified. Status of planned RE projects is reviewed, challenges facing the industry are investigated and country-wise reflected share is presented.

Although CO2 capture and storage (CCS) as a major carbon-mitigation option is key to the affordability of a low- carbon energy future and substantial progress that has been made in advancing CCS, what has been accomplished falls far short of what is needed to enable a low-carbon energy future. Here a strategy is outlined aimed at helping get the faltering global CCS enterprise back on track. It involves: (a) exploiting the US CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR) opportunity to help buy-down costs of promising CO2 capture technologies via experience (learning by doing) and (b) enacting an Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard (AEPS) as a policy instrument to promote this CO2 EOR activity in coal-dependent states or regions. Alternative power-only options based on coal and natural gas as well as options coproducing liquid transportation fuels and electricity based on coal and coal/biomass are considered as candidates for technology cost buydown (TCB) under the AEPS, and impacts of the TCB on electricity prices are estimated for the most promising technologies.

In recognition of concerns about the security of energy supply and climate change, the Thai government has developed Alternative Energy Development Plan for the period 2012–2021. Under this plan, the production of bio- ethanol and biodiesel in 2021 is expected to grow significantly. This growth will add more pressures on water and land requirements for growing energy crops. This is likely to contribute to worsening the security of water and food supply. This paper, therefore, provides an overview of the bioenergy development and current policies in Thailand with a view to identify the challenges faced by the development of bioenergy. A review of the bioenergy policies reveals that the existing policies have been exclusively focus on energy perspective and largely ignore the significance of the implications arising from the interdependencies between energy, water and food. There is a lack of understanding of the interrelationships between bioenergy, water and food policy interactions. The lack of such understanding is likely to pose several challenges including food or fuel dilemma, security of water supply and issues surrounding land use for biofuel production. This paper further emphasizes the need to develop an integrated framework for developing an understanding of the relationships between energy, water and land.

Indonesia hassome potential alternative energy source including the wave energy, caused by the temperature difference between the water surface and the sea floor. The greatest potential as a renewable energy that can be developed in the south coast of Yogyakarta derived from wave energy as a power plant. The piping installation, turbine system design, the gear systems, and the generator systems are essential instruments to maximize the conversion of wave energy into electrical energy in the wave power plant. Renewable energy can be efficiently converted into electrical energy is expected to be a solution to energy needs in Indonesia.

Indonesia's energy demand is increasing every year. Bioenergy plants are expected to be one of the solutions to fill energy demand in Indonesia. Sorghum is a bioenergy plant that can be used in Indonesia for producing bioethanol. Sorghum bioethanol is produced from sorghum biomass waste processing results with fermentation process. Ethanol is derived from fermented sorghum which is about 40-55%. Sorghum bioethanol can be used as an alternative fuel that is renewable and can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels.

The energy from marine environment has not been explored to the fullest, while the needs of energy in Indonesia have increased. Therefore, studying the potential of wind, currents, tides and wave energy might be the solution for building new power plants in Indonesia. This study focused around the area of Sunda Strait and the measurements that are taken from the secondary data of satellite images. From the satellite data processing and references based on energy potential of marine power plants it can be concluded that wave and wind energies are the two energies that are potential to be used.

Natural gas is considered a cleaner and lower-emission fuel than coal, and its high abundance from advanced drilling techniques has positioned natural gas as a major alternative energy source for the U.S. However, each ton of CO 2 emitted from any type of fossil fuel combustion will continue to increase global atmospheric concentrations. One unique approach to reducing anthropogenic CO 2 emissions involves coupling CO 2 based enhanced gas recovery (EGR) operations in depleted shale gas reservoirs with long-term CO 2 storage operations. In this paper, we report unique findings about the interactions between important shale minerals and sorbing gases (CH4 and CO 2 ) and associated economic consequences. Where enhanced condensation of CO 2 followed by desorption on clay surface is observed under supercritical conditions, a linear sorption profile emerges for CH4. Volumetric changes to montmorillonites occur during exposure to CO 2 . Theory-based simulations identify interactions with interlayer cations as energetically favorable for CO 2 intercalation. In contrast, experimental evidence suggests CH4 does not occupy the interlayer and has only the propensity for surface adsorption. Mixed CH4:CO 2 gas systems, where CH4 concentrations prevail, indicate preferential CO 2 sorption as determined by in situ infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Collectively, these laboratory studies combined with a cost-based economic analysis provide a basis for identifying favorable CO 2 -EOR opportunities in previously fractured shale gas reservoirs approaching final stages of primary gas production. Moreover, utilization of site-specific laboratory measurements in reservoir simulators provides insight into optimum injection strategies for maximizing CH4/CO 2 exchange rates to obtain peak natural gas production.

The present paper has the purpose of presenting a recreation and leisure environment designed for activities and expositions related to alternative energy generation concepts, mainly the ones of renewable nature, such as solar energy, contributing to its knowledge spreading. The developed environment is called Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Park, and will be built in the city of Tucurui, state of Para, Brazil.The park will be part of a Technology Facility near the Hydroelectric Power Plant of Tucurui, which is owned and operated by ELETROBRAS ELETRONORTE, and will be open to visitors of all ages, mainly to schools. The article describes the projects to be installed in the playground, which are: a small auto-race track for model cars with batteries recharged by photovoltaic solar energy, playground toys designed to produce energy when in use, an artificial lake decorated with toys driven by solar energy. The small speedway is intended for RC car races, with their batteries being charged by photovoltaic modules, through a charge controller and a lead-acid battery bank. The playground toys, such as slide, swing, teeter-totter and carousel are driven while the children enjoy themselves and the energy generated by their movement is displayed in a power indicator. These toys have electromechanical energy conversion systems made of speed multipliers, DC generators and electronic systems for power conditioning, using lead-acid batteries, converters and DC/AC inverters. The produced energy can be used to recharge the electronic portable devices of the visitors (such as cell phones, notebooks, tablets, and so on.) The artificial lake has toys driven by photovoltaic energy, and has also a photovoltaic pumping system, to return the water to an elevated reservoir and allow its recirculation through gravitational means to the small lake. As a result, it is expected that the activities will draw public attention to alternative means of producing energy, mainly using solar photovoltaic, and also to the need of a more rational energy use. It is also expected that the children be encouraged to understand the energy conversion processes, and be aware of the necessity of environment preservation.

Bio-pellet is an alternative energy that can substituted low grade coal from biomass sources. Biomass waste from palm plantation and palm industry are challenging as bio-pellet based material. Palm plantation in Indonesia has reached 8.9 million hectare in 2011 that widely spread in all of locations. The aim of this research is to provide prospect information of bio-pellet from palm plantation and industrial waste. Proximate analysis resulted the equality between bio-pellet from oil palm waste with coal or briquette. Moreover, bio-pellet from biomass source gives environmental advantages than coal. Bio-pellet is a prospective and competitive as an alternative energy to substituted coal and these derivatives.

Solar energy has now proved, surprisingly, an excellent alternative energy. Particularly Mexico and Veracruz area lies within the world's sunbelt sun being an invaluable source of energy that has not been exploited in all its aspects. The main objective of this paper is to show the efficiency of a prototype electric car for urban use powered by a photovoltaic system. This car must have a minimum of 4 hours autonomy with a speed of 70 km / h and be able to carry four persons weighing not more than 800 kg. During the first stage is the design of a sedan car with a direct current electric motor, the design is very important for mechanical components are light as it is vital to save energy. The next study explains the calculations about braking force between the tire and the road and validates the forces applied to the vehicle steering system. This paper is proposed by the Technological University Center in Veracruz and Industrial Maintenance Area, through this project seeks to raise awareness of the benefits and advantages in the use of renewable energy sources to boost vehicles.

In recent years, global concerns about greenhouse gas emissions have stimulated considerable interest in CO 2 storage as a potential “bridging technology”, which could reduce significantly CO 2 emissions, while allowing fossil fuels to be used until alternative energy sources are more widely deployed. Flow modeling is a relevant step in the characterization of a CO 2 storage site, to provide quantitative predictions of reservoir behavior and assessing the uncertainty [1] . The scope of this work is to analyze the impact of CO 2 injection in Pliocene offshore water-bearing sands potentially suitable for CO 2 storage, through the implementation of an integrated reservoir study. The approach undertaken was first to build several geological models (local and regional), stochastically populate them with petrophysical properties and, through the gathering and generation of representative dynamic data, develop a dynamic model to simulate a set of possible CO 2 injection scenarios. Furthermore a base case scenario was identified to perform a comparison between two different simulators: COORES TM , a code designed by IFPEN, and ECLIPSE300 - CO2STORE TM , the Schlumberger compositional tool designed specifically for CO 2 storage in saline aquifers.

This paper analyses the performance of a hybrid system consisting of an existing coal plant with post-combustion amine based CCS with amine storage, and a co-located wind farm. The amine storage system allows storage of the CO 2 -rich amine solution to reduce the energy penalty of the CCS system at times of high electricity prices/high demand. The amine-rich solution can be regenerated at an enhanced rate when electricity prices are relatively low or when wind power output exceeds the transmission capacity of the connector lines: effectively providing ‘storage’ for wind power and a mechanism for muting the variability of wind power output. Using prices and wind data from the eastern region of U.S., we find the optimal configuration and operation, profits, Cost of CO 2 Capture (CoC), and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) of the hybrid system, with and without constraints on the variability of the net power output. We find that favourable conditions regarding price arbitrage opportunities and wind power output variability -same or lower variability than that observed in ∼70% of sites in the EWITS database- allow the hybrid system to be more cost effective than other alternatives for reducing CO 2 emissions from an existing coal-fired power plant and/or integrating wind power as a component of a base-load plant. For example, hybrid systems with up to 10% of the total installed capacity from the wind farm, can operate as a base-load plant, and still be more profitable and have lower LCOE and CoC values, than a continuously operating coal plant with a CCS retrofit. Using an existing plant as a component of a hybrid system can result in lower CoC than replacing it with a new Natural Gas Combined Cycle power plant -assuming natural gas prices are in the range 6-8 $/MMBtu.

Consumption of plastics is directly linked with economic growth of plastic industry of respective country. India's plastics consumption is only about 2% of the world. Despite of proposed growth, higher cost of Energy requirement for processing are obstructing growth of plasticulture. Energy efficiency/conservation measures in plastic processing requires attention to harness alternate energy sources through technological modifications during material processing. This paper depicts practical solution for partial usage of non- conventional energy source; solar energy in conventional plastic process method. About3-5% of total energy required for processing is utilized for drying and precondition of material. Thus attempt is made to use solar energy for drying of Nylon-6 and polypropylene (PP) by designing natural convection based Solar Dryer. Drying of Nylon-6 is found to be in the falling rate period. Nylon-6 took nearly 6 hrs. (1days) to reach 0.15% moisture content value. Effective diffusivity is varied from 4 - 6.5 X 10-9cm2/sec. Temperature rise for PP material is achieved up to 70 °C in the dryer, hence preheating is achieved with same dryer design. Solar dryer can certainly reduce conventional energy consumption during plastic processing at industrial scale. Cost benefit analysis shows that adaptation of solar energy dryer for plastic process industry lead to economic production of plastic goods.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dominant factors using the biogas-digester in the poor villages as an alternative energy. The method of analysis is Qualitative approach. Using the informen or participants of ten people from BPPT and the people (farmers) who live in Gondosuli village – Pasuruan, this research finds that there are five dominant factors namely local wisdom, the spirit of championship, government financial support, green technology and strong informal leaders. The spirit of championship will produce anything that we will construct and implement in poor villages easily. The findings of the study are useful for administrators, project managers, and practitioners. This research does not discuss the business ethics, values, and the external and internal factors. This paper is a part of the research report which is financed by Ministry of National Education and Culture – Republic of Indonesia.

As a promising alternative energy source, biofuel imparts a remarkable role for the sustainability and security in energy sector. Strategies, including policy recommendations have been set to put forward the development and implementation of biofuel by different countries. Recent exploitation of Asian biofuels policy is one step towards destination. These types of activity behind the biofuels would be the catalyst for the productiveness of policy set by individual territory like Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, etc. This is the high time to standardize, policy recommendation and implementation of biofuels taking into consideration on the feedstock, geographical location, and availability. Pertinent comparison with well-established ASTM and European standards are highly recommended. Sector wise (viz. transportation, industrial) bio fuel policy is now crucial as well. Factors, which would be taking into account, prior to recommend a policy includes feed-stocks available, biofuel infrastructure of the country, compatibility with present automotive materials and performance and emission behaviour. This study sought to explore the investigation of several policies with regards to biofuel and advocates some key factors which could be helpful for diminution of biofuels inferiorities. © 20xx The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of KES International

The deregulation of the energy matrix, as evidenced in several countries, together with the need to have renewable energy sources in the system, contributes to the widespread installation of energy auto-producers in the electrical system. However, a number of factors, not less important, as the instability in energy prices, high costs of expansion of conventional electricity generation, the emerging of new environmental policies and incentive to the use of renewable sources such as the Program for the Incentive of Alternative Energy Sources – PROINFA in Brazil resulted in the promotion and the increase in the number of generating units from sugarcane plants interconnected to the mains. Nevertheless, a series of technical operating issues, in order to ensure the excellence of the mains power, and system integrity, concerns the independent producer and the larger network when analyzing the parallelism through contingency situations. Such analysis under the assumption of contingencies need to be clarified and better discussed in the light of current Standards taking in consideration the results obtained from computer models able to portrait reliably the cogeneration system.