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Abstract: This paper presents a summary of the main international and national regulations for geologic storage of carbon dioxide. The international group includes the EU Directives, London Convention, and OSPAR. For the national regulations, three countries were covered in this study: United States, Canada, and Australia. In addition to these regulations, a group of guidelines and best practice manuals were also included in this study. As discussion, although this paper recognizes that current legislations have contributed for the regulation of this technology, it is still necessary the development of new rules in other regions. Industry will not invest in large CCS plants without such regulations because of high CCS costs and large financial risks related to CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A significant proportion of the research into CCS in the literature assumes ‘complete capture’ of the CO2, that is at least 85 to 90 percent of the CO2 from the flue gas is captured for the entire operating year (7,000 to 8,000 hours). Only a few papers have examined a model involving ‘flexible’ operation of the capture facility in which the CO2 is captured at variable or reduced rates for all or part of a day, week, season or year. This paper presents an assessment of the operational opportunities for deploying flexible CO2 capture at black coal fired power plants located in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Different models of flexible capture including part-time operation, partial CO2 capture rates and a combination of both operating modes are examined. The results show that it may be possible to reduce the current CO2 emissions from NSW coal-fired power plants by up to 50% during summer while still meeting the state electricity demand. The estimated cost of CO2 avoided ranges from A$120 to A$190 per tonne avoided for flexible capture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes, such as cement manufacturing or steel production, in Australia accounts for more than 40 Mt CO2-e per annum, representing close to 20% of Australia’s potentially sequesterable emissions. Further, the emissions from these processes are highly concentrated in CO2 compared to the emissions from power generation. It is not clear if these higher concentrated gases may provide low cost options for demonstrating CO2 capture or if this benefit will be lost due to the smaller total volume of CO2 emissions of most industrial processes. Nevertheless, this sector of the economy requires further analysis. This paper will provide an overview of the emissions from Australian cement sector including both the emissions from the chemical process itself, as well as the associated emissions from energy use within those processes. Specific attention will be focused on the Australian cement industry. While CCS involves the integrated part of capture, transport and storage, the focus of this paper is on the capture side and will illustrate CCS options for the cement industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Domestic water heating in Australia conventionally uses electric resistance heating storage or gas fuelled water heaters. The Australian electricity supply has some of the highest greenhouse gas emissions factors in the world. Consequently, water heating is responsible for approximately 24 percent of residential sector greenhouse gas emissions in Australia. To assist households to move towards an energy efficient, low carbon future, a suite of market intervention programs to support solar hot water uptake have been introduced at both state and federal levels. These programs aim to improve the capacity of industry to deliver solar solutions, reduce the emissions intensity and net cost of household water heating, and increase the market share of the solar water heating sector. Incentives include: [•] Point of sale rebates and certificate-based programs for energy efficiency and renewable energy; [•] Regulations for new houses that encourage solar water heating installations; [•] Community awareness programs; and [•] Training programs for installers to ensure that tradespeople have the competencies to size systems and the skills to install them correctly. In some jurisdictions the incentive programs were performance-based, but in others a fixed rebate amount was available for all systems having performance above a minimum threshold. These programs have lead to the widespread expansion of the industry, with an almost doubling of the proportion of households with solar water heaters between 1999 and 2011. Installations in new homes have seen an even more marked increase: For example, regulations for new homes in the state of Victoria require the installation of a solar water heater or rainwater tank. This program has seen the adoption of solar water heaters in new homes increase fro m around 5% in 2004 to over 70% in 2011. Across most of Australia there are proposed regulations limiting the emissions intensity of replacement water heaters which will effectively ban resistance electric water heaters in most situations. Recently both South Australia and Queensland commenced their program for existing houses. It is expected that in the future these programs will drive an even greater uptake, which will go some way to insulating Australian households from price increases that may result from carbon driven future increases in the cost of energy. This paper discusses the various approaches and outcomes of the different programs and provides analysis of the basis of program success or improvements. Learning relevant to market interventions worldwide include [•] Continuity in program operation is necessary to allow industry to grow in a sustainable way. [•] Basing the incentive on independently derived performance results provides industry with a means of differentiating better products and provides purchasers with appropriate guidance. [•] Rebate program design should consider the consumer''s purchasing priorities. For example, a point of sale discount awarded as part of the purchase transaction aligns with the urgency of the purchasing process and does not require additional cash to be available from the purchaser. [•] Design of the schemes can not only produce a greater market share, but can also encourage the manufacture of lower greenhouse gas emissions products. [•] Market interventions can have unintended consequences, so the programs need to be monitored and flexibility maintained to changes to avoid poor outcomes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Europe, North America, Australia and other individual countries have certification and testing procedures for solar thermal equipment designed to support innovation and product development and to protect consumers from poor performance and unsafe designs. For the first time, as a result of the international coll aboration under the IEA-SHC Task 43 umbrella and the working groups of Solar Keymark Network, SRCC, ISO/TC180 and CEN/TC312, it has been possible to develop a common international standard draft for solar thermal collector testing. This paper describes in detail the new ISO/DIS 9806 standard and the relevant topics which clarify and refine existing test procedures or extend their scope: including solar air heating collector testing and tracking/concentrating collector testing. The new ISO/DIS 9806 standard opens the door to a global certification scheme for solar thermal collectors, thereby helping to overcome problems resulting from many different regional certification schemes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Integration of distributed generation (DG) in a distribution network may introduce adverse effects including control interaction, oscillatory transients and operational conflicts. This paper investigates the operation of multiple voltage regulators such as on-load tap changer (OLTC) and step voltage regulator (SVR), and DG in a medium voltage distribution feeder. Investigations have been carried out using time domain simulation studies conducted using MATLAB-SimPowerSystems. The results are reported for a case study involving radial distribution feeder, derived from New South Wales (NSW) electricity distribution network in Australia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: High- CO2 gas fields serve as important analogues for understanding various processes related to CO2 injection and storage. The chemical signatures, both within the fluids and the solid phases, are especially useful for elucidating preferred gas migration pathways and also for assessing the relative importance of mineral precipitation and/or solution trapping efficiency. In this paper, we present a high resolution study focused on the Gorgon gas field and associated Rankin Trend gases on Australia’s North West Shelf. The gas data we present here display clear trends for CO2 abundance (mole %) and δ13C CO2 both areally and vertically. The strong spatial variation of CO2 content and δ13C and the interrelationship between the two suggests that processes were active to alter the two in tandem. We propose that these variations were driven by the precipitation of a carbonate phase, namely siderite, which is observed as a common late stage mineral. This conclusion is based on Rayleigh distillation modeling together with bulk rock isotopic analyses of core, which indicates that the late stage carbonate cements are related to the CO2 in the natural gases. The results suggest that a certain amount of CO2 may be sequestered in mineral form over short migration distances of the plume. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Commissioned in 2009, the CO2CRC/H3 Capture Project is demonstrating post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) on a lignite fired power plant in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia. The facility is located within International Power’s Hazelwood Power Plant and uses three different CO2 capture technologies — solvent, adsorption and membrane processes. This project, addressing the PCC issues specific for Victorian brown coal fired power stations, was initiated in July 2007 as a three year research project by the Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) under the Victorian State Government’s Energy Technology Innovation Strategy (ETIS) program. The project is part of the Latrobe Valley Post Combustion Capture (LVPCC) Project — a multi site, multi scale, multi technology PCC trial. The integrated research and development program includes an evaluation of these technologies for commercial scale application. This paper describes the technologies used, how they have progressed from laboratory to pilot demonstration, the main outcomes, and plans for future developments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the longer term impact of a series of workshops conducted in four Australian cities which sought to engage representatives of the Australian public in discussions about climate change and low emission energy options. These workshops were designed to explore the public’s awareness and acceptance of the various low emissions energy technologies, including carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS), and to assess whether a large group workshop format was an effective means of affecting change in awareness and acceptance of the various energy technologies. Initial results of these workshops, presented at the International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Technologies (GHGT) in 2008, found that the workshop was indeed effective. Results from an online survey conducted in October 2009 with 95 participants of the original workshops indicate that over the longer term awareness remains at a higher level than prior to workshop attendance, while changes in participants’ attitudes were not sustained over time. However, the results of 22 follow-up in-depth interviews conducted in November and December 2009 found that many workshop participants reported a change in their awareness of and preference for the energy technologies, and that they pro-actively spoke with others and sought further information regarding the technologies and their place in a low carbon economy. While wind and solar energy were clearly favored, carbon mitigation was generally recognized as a complex issue requiring a portfolio of energy solutions. Building trust in the range of energy solutions, including carbon capture and storage, will require ongoing engagement and dialogue with members of the public. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Currently, Australia emits approximately 600 MT equivalent of CO2 annually, of which approximately 30% is directly linked to the electricity generation using both brown and black coals. To restrain the CO2 emissions, coal based power generators are looking to retrofit the existing power plants with commercially available technology for the post combustion capture (PCC) of CO2 as well as invest in the new power plants with high efficiency steam cycles. Since Australian coals are low in sulphur and the coal-fired power plants are well away from densely populated regions, the flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) and de- NOX regulations are currently not there for the coal based electricity generation in Australia. This is not an advantageous situation for straightforward retrofitting of the existing power plants with 30 wt% aqueous MEA based commercially available PCC technology that has very limited tolerance for SOX and NOX (less than 10 ppmv). In addition, Australia is a dry continent with very limited cooling water availability for the power plants. Hence, the Australian power generators are considering both the power and the post combustion CO2 capture plants to be air cooled. This paper, therefore, assesses the impact of introducing post combustion capture of CO2 on the existing and new Australian coal-fired power plants, both brown and black coal-fired, in terms of the cost of electricity generation, the cost of CO2 avoidance, the cooling water demand and the overall plant efficiency. The existing power plants are considered to be conventional subcritical and supercritical single reheat steam cycle based whereas the new power plant designs have allowed for ultracritical steam conditions (35 MPa, 922 K) with double reheat. The CO2 capture plants are considered to be either in service full time or in service on demand with 90% capture efficiency and the product CO2 ready for sequestration at 10 MPa and 313 K. The process and cost models for integrated power and capture plants have been obtained using ASPEN Rate-Sep, Steam-Pro, Steam-Master and PEACE software packages for process modelling and cost estimation. The results clearly show that an air cooled integrated power and capture plant has lower overall plant efficiency and slightly higher cost of electricity generation in comparison with a water cooled equivalent plant. An ultracritical single reheat power plant when integrated with capture plant that is in service full time has potential for lowest cost of electricity generation with minimum cost for CO2 avoidance. These results further show that replacing an existing turbine with a new LP turbine optimised for continuous steam extraction for CO2 plant duty minimises the adverse impact of PCC integration but the power generator looses the flexibility for electricity generation. The results also provide important insights into the major contributions to the increased cost of power generation. For both the existing and the new power plants, the amortised capital charge component dominates the cost of PCC integrated electricity generation. In spite of the large reduction in efficiency for Australian power plants when PCC is applied, it appears that reducing the capital costs of PCC will be at least equally important. This is an important outcome for the prioritization of research activities aimed at reducing the costs of capture. For example, the novel solvent development work for improved PCC technology should focus on increasing absorption rates at the same CO2 carrying capacity of the solvent to reduce the capital cost component. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC) was setup with distinct programs focusing on storage, capture, demonstration, education and international collaboration designed to address the many issues facing potential carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. In particular the Capture Program aims to research, develop and deploy technologies that can achieve significant cuts in capture cost (75%–80%) and provide Australia with a research and education capability to support industries using these technologies. This paper provides details on the capture research activities within the centre, the major demonstration projects underway, including outlines of the equipment employed and how they are enabling the progression of separation technologies from laboratory through to eventual large scale commercial operation. Aided by recent initiatives of the Victorian State Government, under their Energy Technology Innovation Strategy (ETIS) program, CO2CRC is leading the research in two such research and development projects. These three year projects, one a $6 million post combustion demonstration incorporating a 10,000 tpa CO2 capture plant, and the other a $5.5 million pre-combustion application, each designed to test the CO2CRC’s full range of capture technologies (solvents, membranes and adsorption systems), in purpose built rigs under actual power plant conditions. The ability to demonstrate both conventional and novel capture techniques in the one facility is, we believe, unique. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Extensive investment into research and development of low emission coal technologies is occurring around the globe. However, surveys suggest that most members of the general public are unaware of advanced coal technologies like carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). Further, those people who are aware of the term tend to have little understanding of the concept. This lack of awareness has become an increasing focus of policy makers internationally, and a number of governments have developed communication strategies to raise awareness of CCS and other low emission coal technologies and to help promote social acceptance of these technologies. The present research synthesizes the range of communication activities that have been planned or implemented since 2002 in Australia and internationally, and examines the strengths and weaknesses of these activities. The resulting “roadmap” enables interested parties to draw from the best communication processes available, to help increase capability in this area for the ultimate successful deployment of CCS. The paper makes a number of recommendations for industry and policy makers to provide a guide for future communication strategies regarding CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a critical technology to de-carbonise the power and industrial sectors. As such, many nations have ambitious plans to demonstrate and then promote commercial scale development of CCS. To facilitate early demonstrations and lay the groundwork for widespread use of CCS, governments are rapidly developing new CCS regulations and policies. There have been a number of important regulatory and legal developments in the European Union, United States, Australia, Canada, Norway and several other jurisdictions. This paper and presentation will provide a brief but comprehensive update of these developments and will document and synthesise discussions and activities that were undertaken as part of the IEA’s International CCS Regulator’s Network. It is hoped that information sharing of this kind can help to facilitate harmonised global approaches to regulating CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A 25 TPD post-combustion CO2 capture plant for brown coal and a 0.5TPD pre-combustion CO2 capture IGCC process have been designed and are being built in Victoria, Australia to assess developments in solvent absorption capture technologies. In this paper, the flowsheets developed for these processes will be discussed along with the underpinning research in the following areas: [•] New contact equipment — recent work has shown that the SMR packing has enhanced performance over structured packing and standard Pall rings. [•] The influence of promoters to enhance kinetics - using a wetted-wall column, experiments have been conducted with boric acid added to potassium carbonate solvent with results showing an enhancement in CO2 absorption rates. [•] The influence of flue gas impurities - post-combustion impurities, including SO x and NO x , have been studied with potassium carbonate to evaluate their effects on CO2 absorption. [•] Process modeling — ASPEN Plus™ simulations have been developed to predict column performance and the effects of impurities on the equilibrium relationship. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Post-combustion capture of CO2 is a key technology for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from Australian coal fired power stations. It is an emerging technology, which still faces significant challenges in scaling up to full commercial scale suitable for power station applications. To increase adoption by the power industry significant cost reductions in capital and operating cost must be realised. CSIRO has developed an integrated post-combustion capture R&D and pilot plant program aimed at bringing down the barriers for commercial deployment. This paper provides an overview of the program and its status. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]