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Abstract: The California Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 sets a goal for the state to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. In preparation for implementation of a cap and trade program under this Act, Chevron has undertaken a detailed assessment of greenhouse gas mitigation options and costs. Such an assessment is key to making compliance decisions within the constraints of a given cap and trade regime. If the cap and trade market is minimally restricted (i.e., recognizes that climate change is a global issue and thus has no geographic restrictions and no set requirement for onsite emission reductions), facilities can make the best economic (and environmental) choices of where to ‘make’ emission reductions inside the facility fenceline and when to ‘buy’ the emission reduction allowances or credits on the market. The scope of the study included Chevron’s two refineries and a large heavy oil steamflood production operation in California. This paper will discuss how mitigation technologies are identified and assessed, describe some of the key greenhouse gas mitigation alternatives of interest to the Chevron California facilities and present a business-based approach to analyzing mitigation costs. Technologies studied included energy efficiency, advanced energy (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, nuclear, low temperature heat recovery) and carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). For each mitigation option, a consistent methodology, based on the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association/American Petroleum Institute (IPIECA/API) Guidelines for Evaluation of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Projects was used to assess baseline or ‘business as usual’ emissions, net emission reductions due to the project, capital cost, operating cost and any project benefits (e.g., reduced fuel use for energy efficiency projects). These values were then entered into a business evaluation tool to calculate a Net Present Value for each option. Key conclusions: [•] Broad involvement of various disciplines is needed to identify new alternatives for greenhouse gas mitigation technologies. [•] Other than CCS, options for significant reductions of refinery and petroleum production emissions were extremely limited in the facilities studied. [•] Since cost-effective, feasible options are limited for refineries and petroleum production facilities, availability of sufficient allowances and offsets is an important element if state goals are to be achieved. [•] Although a number of energy efficiency projects were identified, the cumulative total emissions reductions available through energy efficiency projects is minimal. [•] Renewable and advanced energy projects that generate electricity generally have very high mitigation costs, and may not greatly benefit facilities if emission caps apply only to direct emissions, since these projects reduce the quantity of purchased electricity rather than emissions from the facility itself (and are therefore not eligible for credit under most regulatory design schemes). [•] Renewable and advanced energy technologies for steam generation may have significant mitigation potential for heavy oil steamflood production. Further development and demonstration is needed to determine whether these technologies will be viable. [•] In order to support good business decisions, it is important that greenhouse gas mitigation technology evaluation be done in a manner consistent with other business evaluation processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Renewable energy resources have a positive effect on energy supply security as well as environmental protection. By analyzing the situation of the world and China''s solar industry, the paper indicates there is of great potential in China''s solar industry. However, there are capital, technology, market and policy obstacles in the development of solar industry. So we need not only the regulation of the market, but also the support of government policy, particularly economic incentives to promote solar industry in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The renewable energy projects which can be used as an alternative to traditional energy industries can not only be able to bring enormous economic benefits to people, but also produce positive environmental effects. Although the RE projects have obvious advantages, but countries have many obstacles during the development of RE projects, especially the lack of financial support. Based on the panel data of top 55 global financial countries and regions, this paper has conducted the analysis to test the important influence from the financial intermediation sector to the development of the RE sector in these countries during 1980-2008, which has confirmed that there is positive correlation between the development level of financial intermediation and the total power output of the renewable energy projects in these countries, and this positive correlation in the power output of the hydropower project is more evident. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of RIUDS [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Power crisis today contains not only the phenomenal of power storage, but also the problem of environment pollution caused by electric power industry. China has experienced fast development in the past 30 years and correspondingly, people''s living level is higher than the past. As a result, with the fast development of economy, the people''s demand on energy and power is more and larger than the past. In practice, although the burden of power supply has released in certain degree via building more power stations, power crisis is still in existence because of the flaw in electricity industry structure and technique aspects. In the paper, we analyze national stage of China in electricity industry aspect, and then we provide two typical cases about Power Crisis and coping strategies. Finally, we present relevant policies and strategies to tackle with the corresponding problem of China power crisis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy and environmental problems have been the hot issues nowadays. Energy is not only the material base of economic development, social improvement and enhancement of people''s living standard, but also the significant factor which influences human being''s living environment. A scientific and practical energy planning is the important guarantee to realize the country''s future energy development strategy. This paper analyzed the current situation of renewable energy source, the developing strategy and the relevant policies, and made up suggestions about how to develop renewable energy source better. That will contribute to the renewable energy research approach in the future [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy consumption of rural residents involves many aspects such as energy security, environmental effect, the new rural construction and so on. Based on the analysis of the present situation of renewable energy consumption by rural residents in daily life, this paper estimates the carbon emissions of renewable energy consumption by rural residents in daily life from 1998-2007, and evaluates the environmental effect of the renewable energy consumption in daily life in rural areas. The conclusion shows: in the course of energy consumption by rural residents in daily life, the main body of carbon emissions is caused by the traditional usage of straws, firewood and the other biomass energy in China, and gives relevant policy suggestion accordingly. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wind power has become one of the fastest growing new energy in China, which has important market prospects and research value. This paper analyses the regional distribution of wind power installed capacity and its characteristics in China by the method of cluster analysis. With the Panel Data of 13 selected provinces from 2004 to 2008, it also analyses the impact factors of China''s wind-generated electricity. The results show that the regional distribution of wind power investment basically corresponds to the wind resources distribution, but the Xinjiang region has not been developed effectively: investment in wind power significantly affects the level of wind-generated electricity; wind electricity presents reverse distribution compared to the electricity consumption. Therefore, policies such as overall planning, oversea markets expanding should be applied proactively in China''s wind power development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the economic development, the demond for energy is growing in China, and the traditional non-renewable energy makes the energy transformation is imminent.In this paper, based on the fully understanding of our existing energy structure, and from the perspective of supply and demand, the author analysis the changes in the structure of future energy and gives the suggestion.The paper argues that China''s energy structure will gradually turn to be comprehensive and diverse, but the cost and market constraints will obstruct the promotion of renewable energy sources.Therefore, the traditional high-carbon energy is still the main form of domestic energy consumptionin a very long period of time.Only by improving technology and using of the macro-control can reduce the costs and regulate the import and export, which can achieve sustainable development of changing from a high-carbon energy to low carbon. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Concern over global climate change has led policy makers to accept the importance of reducing Greenhouse gas emissions. A tidal barrage utilizes the potential energy of the tide and has proven to be very successful, despite opposition from environmental groups. Tidal barrages make use of the potential energy of the tides. A tidal barrage is typically a dam, built across a bay or estuary that experiences a tidal range in excess of 5 m. Electricity generation from tidal barrages employs the same principles as hydroelectric generation, except that tidal currents flow in both directions. A typical tidal barrage consists of turbines, sluice gates, embankments and ship locks. The turbines that are used in tidal barrages are either unidirectional or bi-directional, and include bulb turbines, straflo or rim turbines and tubular turbines. Tidal barrages can be broken into two types: single-basin systems and double-basin systems. This paper discussed about the tidal barrage, wave energy, environmental impacts and special conditions in there process [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With considering the increasing of global temperature, and also the concern of global climate change, many policy makers worldwide have been accepted the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, in particular from the power industries. Energy resource use is one of the most important and Contentious issues of our time. The ocean provides a vast source of potential energy resources. Of the total solar radiation, oceans are the largest collectors, accumulating 250 billion barrels of oil equivalent, according to an estimate. This vast amount of solar energy absorbed in the oceans can be converted into electricity by a process known as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, popularly known as OTEC. OTEC makes use of the difference in temperatures of warm surface water (22–27°C) and very cold water at a depth of 1km (4–7°C). an open-cycle plant based on creating a rising mixture of water and steam bubbles or “foam”, which is separated at a height above sea-level, such that the water can be used to drive a turbine rotor. In closed-cycle OTEC, warm seawater heats a working fluid with a low boiling point, such as ammonia, and the ammonia vapor turns a turbine, which drives a generator. This paper discusses about the ocean energy, ocean thermal energy potential, ocean thermal energy conversion by the close, open and hybrid cycles, environmental impact and special conditions of these process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A high penetration of the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) can create stability, reliability and power quality problems in the main electrical grid due to their stochastic nature. The microgrid is one of the analysed solutions to solve this problem. In this context, the storage becomes necessary to better harness the energy generated by RES and to maintain the proper operation of the microgrid. This paper addresses the control of the bidirectional DC-DC converters used to interface a parallel connected Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) formed by a Vanadium Redox Battery (VRB) and a SuperCapacitor (SC) bank. The linear controllers have been widely used due to their simple design and implementation. However, their operation is limited to a certain operation range. The variability of the analysed system makes the use of a more robust controller necessary. In this work a PI based two-loop control system and a PI type sliding mode controller (SMC) are compared by means of simulations using the Matlab-Simulink software. Some rules are fixed to facilitate the design process of the SMC and the advantages of using a nonlinear controller are stressed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Increasing complexity of power grids, requirement for greater grid reliability, security and efficiency as well as environmental and energy pressure continue to highlight the need for a quantum leap in introducing communication and information technologies. This leap toward a “smarter” grid is now widely referred to as “smart grid”. Many smart grid solutions have been proposed and discussed. This paper discusses the shortcomings and deficiencies of the current mainstream smart grid (SG) solutions, and proposes ideas for improvement which based cloud computing system (CCS). In the SG solutions, the development of future intelligent power, intelligent appliances and smart house should be taken into account. Government should play a leading role in the research of SG in its initial stage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Renewable energies are growing fast and have occupied great percentage in power generation. However, one major drawback of most renewable energies is the variability due to the stochastic nature of wind speed, solar irradiation, and etc. It is important to integrate the risk of wind power''s uncertainty into profitability assessments for investors. In this paper, certain effective ideas from portfolio theory in financial engineering field are exploited to deal with renewable energies as risky assets to be invested. It''s a systematic way to neutralize risks as well as maximize return values. To adjust these financial tools used to solve renewable energy''s problem, some other financial models and concepts are introduced. Time Series models, ARMA (autoregressive moving average), GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity) and PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm are utilized to modify data to be real-time effective. Utility function is introduced to evaluate different energy resources. This paper is abundant with interdisciplinary ideas using advanced risk management methods on renewable energy issues. The proposed approach is also applied in real world problem to provide consulting evidence for power system planning and dispatching in Gansu province, northwest of China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper aims to develop a novel hybrid system for wind and solar energy forecasting. The uniqueness or novelty of the proposed system is obvious because there are no available research works related to the hybrid forecasting system of renewable energy. The proposed ‘Hybrid (wind-solar) Energy Forecasting Model’ is dedicated to short-term forecasting (three-hour ahead) based on artificial neural network (ANN) learning algorithm. The network learning or training algorithm will be implemented using ANN Toolbox which is widely used simulation software incorporated in MATLAB. Eleven different climatological parameters of the last six years of a typical subtropical climate based area Rockhampton in Central Queensland; Australia has been taken for analysis investigation purpose and will be considered as the inputs of ANN model for hybrid (wind-solar) energy forecasting. The ANN will be trained in such a way that with minor modifications in the programming codes, it can perform the hybrid forecasting within the range from hourly (short term forecasting) to daily (medium term forecasting). This feature is one of the major innovations and indicating the great robustness of the proposed hybrid renewable energy forecasting system. As the hybrid forecasting system is quite a novel approach, the accuracy of the system will be revealed by comparing the results with the corresponding values of stand-alone forecasting model referred to as the persistent model. Finally, the fully developed system package may be commercialized and/or utilized in further research projects for researchers to analyze, validate and visualize their models on related domains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper shows the topology of grid-connected green power system and the performances of the front-end threephase power inverter by applying an advanced state feedback control. The proposed topology benefits a common DCAC inverter which injects the generated power into the grid. The control structure of the power inverter is of vector control type, in synchronous reference frame, and it uses the power balance concept. The solution presented in this paper adds supplementary benefits to the power system beside to the conventional state feedback control: the designed input filter assures zero steady state error and an adequate component is added for dynamic rejection of the load disturbance. The obtained experimental results are shown. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Click In the background of global financial crisis and abnormal climate, low-carbon economy has become an optimal choice for the sustainable development of all countries. The biomass based power generation industry is an important way of developing low-carbon economy as well as a way of improving the energy structure of China. As a renewable energy, biomass power has a rapid growth in the last few decades in China. This industry faces opportunities as well as challenges for development. Using SWOT analysis method, this paper reviews and assesses the factors of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of biomass power generation industry of China. Meanwhile, according to the weaknesses and threats of this industry, it comes up with corresponding suggestions for future work, substantial work is still required for China to catch up with developed countries. Finally, study indicated that the usage of biomass to generate power has great potential for development in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ground-source heat pump (GSHP) is a renewable energy technology with the advantages of energy saving and environmental friendliness. This paper focuses on the energy efficiency of air-conditioning systems in public buildings in Tianjin. Three public buildings are chosen as case studies with different forms of cold & heat sources. A building with ground-source heat pump for heating and cooling, a building with electricity-driven refrigerating unit for cooling and centralized heat-supply network for heating, a building with direct-fired Li-Br absorption refrigerating and heating unit for heating and cooling are selected. Attempt is made to analyze the actual operating performance of air-conditioning system and evaluate the system energy efficiency in different buildings. The results show that ground-source heat pump air-conditioning system without adequate design and management is not always better than other traditional air-conditioning systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Self Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) is an isolated power source whose terminal voltage and frequency are controlled by the excitation of the capacitance or the load impedance. This paper presents a method for calculating the minimum excitation capacitance using the equivalent circuit approach for analyzing the steady state operation of SEIG. A new strategy based on an active power filter (APF) for controlling the current and power quality of the self excited induction generator (SEIG) is also presented in this paper. The shunt active power filter was implemented using a three phase PWM current controlled voltage source inverter (VSI) and connected to the wind generator and loads in order to compensate the current harmonics and reactive power. The PWM-VSI gate control signals are derived from hysteresis band current controller. The proposed active filter proved to play an important role and give good dynamic response and robust behavior upon changes in load parameters. This investigation demonstrated that power average control strategy can facilitate the improvement of the power quality. The proposed control method extracts fundamental (reference) components of the source current for the shunt active power line conditioners for nonlinear and unbalanced loads. The Power average approach additionally maintains the voltage of the capacitor (of the PWM inverter) nearly constant without any external control circuit. The shunt APF in conjunction with the proposed controller performs perfectly under different steady state and transient conditions. The simulation results with nonlinear loads and unbalanced loads have showed the effectiveness of the proposed scheme for harmonic reduction in Wind based Power Generation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper discuss role of cooperations in creating opportunities for using rich renewable energy sources and also their potential role for entrepreneurship and employment in Iran. The presence of constant, sustainable and economical energy is an essential basis for any economical and social development while it can upgrade life qualities. Iran has a considerable amount of natural resources for modernizing its energy supply and being transited to a sustainable energy system as it has countless opportunities for using rich renewable energy sources. On the other hand, cooperation have been considered as a strategic way to create job opportunities as they are strong organizations which can encounter economical and social side affects caused by quick moderating procedures in structural programs. Results show convergence between renewable sources development and Iran''s economical development through taking a frugal approach in expenses, creating new job opportunities and entrepreneurship in renewable energies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Talking about the concept of “environment” means treating a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary theme which revives a simultaneous consideration of multiple data social, economic, natural. To date, the protection of the environment as a whole becomes a challenge for many countries, policies for the preservation, education and scientific research strategies are aimed at the environment and sustainable development. It remains an idea of its young problem, still current. It is development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. In the field of architecture and urban planning, environmental protection is an important place. With the growth experienced by this area, several environmental procedures have been invented to improve the quality of construction and use of buildings, a view mainly environmental but without neglecting the economic and social aspects. The environmental protection has long existed, it is found in the experiences of ancient cities such as Ksours. This legacy is an inspiration and an asset for the sustainable development of our cities today. According to Hassan Fathy only in the tradition, we respect and we continue the work of previous generation that new generation can really move and solve the problem. The materials used the distribution of space, protection of natural resources such as water and palm trees, recycling, are the strategies of the company of Ksours to live in a healthy and comfortable space. The objectives of this paper are: To highlight the history of environmental policy in architecture and urbanism in the world, in this case Ksours. Renewable energy and strategies of the preservation of the environment in the Ksours Sustainable development in Ksours: a notion that has long existed. Establish strategies to protect the environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper proposes a control strategy of a three –phase five-level double converter for induction motor drives. The converter consists of the five-level NPC rectifier, DC link, and the five-level NPC inverter. In this control strategy, the DC link voltages are controlled by using a closed loop with an optimized stabilization system called clamping bridge. It provides a fast and flexible control of the converter capacitor voltage. This method will redress the imbalance of DC link voltage. This control strategy is completely independent from the load control, leading to a simpler implementation. The three-phase five-level NPC rectifier-inverter system is an ideal interface between a utility and renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic or wind generator. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Renewable energy sources play a role in providing energy services in a sustainable manner. In this paper, we review and estimate the renewable electricity potentials in France in a long term perspective, considering technical as well as social acceptability factors. Previous assessment studies are reviewed, and specific evaluations are conducted to estimate both the solar electricity potential on residential rooftops and the wind electricity potential in likely-developable areas. Potential effects on the grid power balance are examined for typical winter and summer days based on historical data sets. France has the resources to produce a large portion of its annual final electricity consumption with renewable energy. However, further analysis is needed to evaluate more in depth the influence of limiting factors such as the variability of certain resources, the distribution and transmission constraints, and the potential usage conflicts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy requirements for new buildings show the strong direction given by UE Directives to improve energy performance in buildings according to economic feasibility. Nowadays it is possibile to const ruct new buildings reaching a substancial reduction in energy consumption containing prices and time for the construction. In architectural competitions are always included architectural, energy and economic parameters of quality which are decisive in the success of the project design. A Housing Contest to collect projects with high performance and low cost for residential buildings for the Municipality of Comune di Milano, Italy, and the future construtions in the local area was launched by the to involve architects and professionals on the future development of the urban landscape giving specific requirements to achieve high performance. These requirements were focused on energy quality, acoustic quality, quality of the building site, guaranteed time schedule, prefabrication, economic affordability in comparison with the market trend of costs. The project presented in the paper is one of the chosen building by the Municipality to represent a pilot project for possible future constructions. In the Contest all the design group were in team with a builder to verify and guarantee the costs of the construction. The high energy performance required coupled to the low cost assured by the projects gave the Municipality a good example of how is possible to fulfill quality levels recommended by EU Directives and national regulations. In the Contest a high energy performance for heating was compulsory. The project described in the following paragraphs not only fulfill this energy requirement but also is almost self-sufficiency since it provides the energy for heating, cooling and common electrical demand. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper talks the overview of opportunity of renewable energy generation in Thailand. Also, the technology suitability with area is concerned. Thailand promotes the renewable energy generation in commercial scale for the last few year ago. However, the renewable energy generation target is not met. Region of Thailand is considered with technology allocation. Government criteria for renewable generation are described. The 4 government offices are used to regulate the quality and installation standard that the power producer should be concerned. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Smart grid technology is the key for an efficient use of distributed energy resources. Noting the climate change becomes an important issue the whole world is currently facing, the ever increasing price of petroleum products and the reduction in cost of renewable energy power systems, opportunities for renewable energy systems to address electricity generation seems to be increasing. However, to achieve commercialization and widespread use, an efficient energy management strategy of system needs to be addressed. Recently, the concept of smart grid has been successfully applied to the electric power systems. This paper presents the study of integrating renewable energy in smart grid system. The introductory sections provide the role of renewable energy and distributed generation in smart grid system. Subsequent sections cover the concept of smart grid as well as benefits and barrier of smart grid renewable energy system. Pricing is a significant variable in success of renewable energy promotion. Thus, it is important to gain insight to renewable energy pricing by considering unique characteristics associated with renewable energy alternatives. A review of work done in renewable smart grid systems in recent years indicates the promising potential of such research characteristics in the future. This would be useful to developers and practitioners of renewable energy systems and to policy makers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Malaysia, despite being known as the suppliers for oil and natural gas in the world is having a hard time fulfilling the huge demand of domestic and international energy sector. The nation's oil production has been gradually decrementing since reaching a peak of 862,000bbl/d in 2004 due to mature reservoirs. Alternative Cost as well as the maintenance that remains increasing yearly while the supply of fuels are depleting is making it hard for Malaysia to be able to sustain its oil development. This has become an important issue for the government to establish energy in the most economically worthy to ensure the sustainability in its development. This paper presents a review on Malaysian's perspective on renewable energy mainly in the solar energy sector by conducting a survey study. The survey focuses on the level of understanding Malaysian has towards renewable energy, the level of acceptance towards solar energy, the future prospect of solar energy as well as the financial perspective on solar energy in Malaysia. Study shows that renewable energy mainly in the area of solar energy receives warm welcome from many Malaysian as well as a demand for change in the conventional energy method. Malaysian is also ecologically concern as well as ready for any policies that has a solving mechanism in this energy crisis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Solar energy is rapidly gaining the focus as an important means of expanding renewable energy uses. Different Programs have been used in Photovoltaic (PV) Design but all of them have the design parameters fixed cannot be changed, also the devices that the programs offer cannot be changed and most of them are not available in Iraq. This paper presents a programming of Off-Grid Photovoltaic System Design Software (PVSD) using Visual Basic to work with Iraq Condition; also this program will contain all the PV modules, Battery, Inverter and Charge Controller which are available in the market with their detail. This PV design program will have all the electrical calculation you need to design and select the components of PV system with their price and all the print out will be ready as a full report about the system designed. This program draw the electrical design of the system designed as it will contain the actual parameters for Iraq Conditions. A project has been designed using this program and has been implemented in Ministry of Science and Technology and it's working with the same results. The experimental results have been compared with the theoretical results and it shows the accuracy of this program. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Algeria has embarked on an ambitious renewable energy program in order to increase total food production. Energy planners for these remote locations have chosen diesel generation power technology because minimization of the initial capital cost of a power supply system is their top priority. This paper proposes the use a PV-wind diesel generator hybrid system in order to determine the optimal configuration of renewable energy in Algeria and to compare the production cost of solar and wind power with its annual yield relevant to different regions in Algeria Djelfa, Ghardaïa, Adrar, tindouf and Tamanrasset on the best components and sizing with appropriate operating strategy to provide a cheap, efficient, reliable and cost-effective system. The Simulations were carried out using the HOMER program based on data obtained from the Algerian Meteorological Centre. For this approach, the energetic resources of sites where are implanted telecommunications systems and their consumption are supposed know. Results show that, for Algeria, a PV diesel generator hybrid system is the most suitable solution in terms of economic performance and pollution. However, the cost of production of solar and wind energy proved to be cheaper and more environmentally friendly than the energy produced from diesel generators. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this research work is to provide a effective assistance to all those who have to make decisions concerning the planning and implementation of projects in the renewable energy. Indeed, The integration in the Moroccan power grid of electrical power via Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) units using parabolic mirrors or solar tower is expected to have a significant impact on the reliability of the electrical system. In this context. Therefore, in this work, firstly, we assess the reliability of the Moroccan grid at hierarchical level HL1 (HL1: load covering under the assumption of infinite node) by use of a non-sequential Monte Carlo simulation in which CSP units (with parabolic through mirrors and with Solar tower) are introduced. Secondly objective of this paper is to assess the reliability of the Moroccan grid with an expected common integration of 14% wind and 14% solar energy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Load and wind energy profiles are totally uncorrelated, therein lies the problem of variable energy sources. Managing load with increasing wind penetration may call for operational ranges that conventional systems cannot readily access. Storage technologies could allow tolerating the unsteadiness of renewable sources with smaller fossil fuel plants capacity. In this paper, we analyze the operational requirements of about 1 GW nameplate wind farm to provide firm power to the grid when Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) is compound with Gas Turbines (GTs) to smooth out wind variability. GTs and PHS operational constrains are included in the system model in order to correctly demonstrate how wind variability influences GTs and PHS performance. Taking into account different days of wind generation, integrated system behavior has been analyzed comparing different strategies: i) an in-house control strategy and ii) an optimal control strategy based on Dynamic Programming. The latter requires a careful approach to system modeling, aimed at reducing its complexity and the consequent computational load. The challenge is to implement only the smallest set of state and control variables needed to define the optimization problem. For the selected days of analysis, GTs and PHS output profile, fuel consumption and storage reservoir operation are presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The security of supply and climate change issues and the linked recent growth of the local power generation by means of renewable energies technologies are providing real opportunities for the development of small scale biomass gasification systems. The present paper reports the state of art of the small scale gasification power plants. Initial attention has been given to the different biomass feedstock suitable for gasification, focusing on residues with low cost and low environmental impact. Then the two major typologies of gasifiers (fixed and fluidized bed) have been analyzed in terms of raw gas yield, composition and tar and particulate content. The different cold and hot raw gas conditioning systems, highlighting their compatibility with the different gasification system, are described. High efficiency examples of power production by means of internal combustion engine, micro gas turbine, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell or a mix of them, both as realized plants and process simulated ones, have been then reported. The paper provides an overview of the different power plants in terms of efficiency, reliability and cost. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper investigates an individual optimization approach based on weekly empirical driving profiles from Germany for eight sociodemographic groups. The optimization objective of every electric vehicle (EV) is to maximize the charging amount of renewable energy by choosing smart charging (SC) times with the highest relative share of renewable generation. We observe that for every sociodemographic group the share of renewable energy in the charging demand can be increased by at least 83%. We also see differences in the adoption potential depending on charging location (work charging slightly increases the adoption rate) and weekly driving distance (longer distances lead to less charging flexibility). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper provides a new framework for the calculation of levelized cost of stored energy. The framework is based on the relations for photovoltaics amended by new parameters. Main outcomes are the high importance of the C rate and the less dominant role of the roundtrip efficiency. The framework allows for comparisons between different storage technologies. The newly developed framework model is applied to derive the LCOE for a PV and storage combined power plant. The derived model enables quick comparison of combined PV and storage power plants with other forms of energy generation, for example diesel generation. This could prove helpful in the current discussion about diesel substitution in off-grid applications. In general, the combined levelized cost of energy lies between the LCOE of PV and LCOE of storage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The increasing amount of power generation from weather-dependent renewable sources in Germany is projected to lead to a considerable number of hours in which power generation exceeds power demand. One possibility to take advantage of this power surplus is through the Power-to-Heat technology. As combined heat and power (CHP)-plants can be upgraded relatively easily with a Power-to-Heat facility, a huge potential can be developed in German district heating grids which are mainly served by CHP-plants. In this paper the potential of the Power-to-Heat technology in district heating grids in Germany is evaluated for the years 2015 to 2030 under different assumptions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Empty fruit bunch, shell, and fiber are palm biomass waste that can be converted to energy by cogeneration system. On the other hand, electricity shortages severely hampered the development of North Sumatera. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present a potential analysis of palm biomass waste in generating electricity by palm oil mills in North Sumatera. Some palm oil mills in North Sumatera were analyzed in electric potential by using collected data, questionnaires and interviews. The results show that a POM with 30 tones FFB/hour generates at least 20 MW (20 MW to 35 MW). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Central Solar Heating Plants with Seasonal Storage (CSHPSS) are systems producing heat from solar radiation for a district heating system. These systems are able to produce thermal energy during all the year providing a significant part (high solar fraction) of the demands required for space heating and Domestic Hot Water (DHW). The design and calculation of the behaviour of these systems during the year is a complex process requiring detailed climatic and demand data in order to properly design/sizing the plant components to reach the desired behaviour (e.g. a specific solar fraction). The location of the plant and the different demands corresponding to different climatic areas affect very significantly the behaviour of these systems. As a consequence, the sizing and design criteria of the pieces of components of these systems are very different in the North and the South of Europe. The utilization of simple methods for the calculation of these systems allows the design of the main components and provides an estimate of the behaviour of the system during the year. In this paper is proposed a simple method for the calculation of CSHPSS using demand data and simple and easy to find available public climatic data. The proposed method is completely described and applied to specific Spanish locations to pre-design the main components of these systems. The model also provides a preliminary economic evaluation of the system and is very useful to perform parametric analysis to evaluate the CSHPSS system performance, as well as to establish optimization and design criteria of CSHPSS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The development of central solar heating plants with seasonal storage (CSHPSS) to cover part of the heating demand of buildings with district heating in the residential sector is becoming an economically viable option that can contribute significantly to the reduction of the consumption of fossil fuels. The calculation of CSHPSS systems, with a highly dynamic behaviour, is a complex process in which climatic, demand and design data are required. Simple calculation methods can be used to perform feasibility and pre-design studies enabling an estimation of the annual result. A review of several simple methods that have been proposed for the evaluation and design of the main components of CSHPSS is presented. The methods share some characteristics: main equipments considered, dependence with solar radiation and heating demand; and differ in other aspects: design parameters of the main equipments, secondary equipment considered, degree of detail of climatic and demand input data and equations of the model used to calculate the performance of the system. In this paper a description of each method is presented and results obtained for a base case (installation that produce 50% of the space heating demand for a community of 1000 dwellings in Zaragoza, Spain) are compared. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper the authors propose a novel vertical wind turbine named Bronzinus and obtained by comparisons and optimisations of classical Savonius rotors. We redesigned some proposed Savonius turbines using CAD software and simulated the virtual behaviour of rotors using CFD software. A comparison among classical turbines and our Bronzinus underlines high Cp and Ct values of our proposed solution. This is a first step of a research oriented to design and develop new vertical wind turbines to solve energy problems in Lebanon. The research is proposed by an Italian company and an Italian University in collaboration with private Lebanese building Constructors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes utilization of renewable energy with domestic coal in place of import coal and oil in Bangladesh Power System from 2010-2030. Therefore, the modelling of long-term renewable and domestic coal utilization is examined in terms of expansion cost and environmental impacts. The results show that in 2030, the required electricity generation to fulfil future demand is estimated 162 TWh. Under the BAU scenario, the share of coal is 33% of total electricity generation mix. However, under the null coal import scenario the installed power plant from renewable sources increase to be 47 GW and coal utilization decreases to be 35 GW or 16% of total electricity generation share. The null coal import scenario reduces coal utilization by up to 52%. Under the limited coal and oil import scenarios, the share of coal becomes 60 GW or 27% of total electricity generation mix. In the economic and environmental perspective, more renewable based power plants need to be developed in order to reduce import coal and oil utilization in power generation. In the end of planning horizon, the BAU scenario emits as much as 96 million tons of CO2 equivalents, while the null coals import scenario successes to reduce emissions by 39 million tons from the BAU scenario's emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focused on the importance of renewable energy to Philippine energy security and sustainability agenda. It examined the status of renewable energy in the Philippines and discussed the opportunities and challenges in the further development and deployment of renewable energy. This research relied on secondary data from the Philippine Department of Energy, ASEAN Centre for Energy, World Bank, and APEC Secretariat. Relevant informative journalistic reports were also consulted. Among the major findings are: (1) renewable energy will account for an increasingly significant share of the Philippine energy mix for power generation in the foreseeable future and (2) fossil fuels, oil in particular, however, will remain the dominant energy source. Whether or not the Philippine government will achieve its renewable energy targets largely depends on how efficient and fast it will be in addressing the related issues. This study builds on the existing knowledge base on Philippine renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, most of the electricity generated comes from fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas). These fossil fuels have finite reserves and will run out in the future. The negative effect of these fossil fuels is that they produce pollutant gases when they are burned in the process to generate electricity. Fossil fuels are a non-renewable energy source. However, renewable energy resources (solar, wind, hydro, biomass, geothermal and ocean) are constantly replaced, hence will not run out, and are usually less polluting. Due to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions more attention is being given to renewable energy. As wind is a renewable energy it is a clean and abundant resource that can produce electricity with virtually no pollutant gas emission. Induction generators are widely used for wind powered electric generation, especially in remote and isolated areas, because they do not need an external power supply to produce the excitation magnetic field. Furthermore, induction generators have more advantages such as cost, reduced maintenance, rugged and simple construction, brushless rotor (squirrel cage) and so on. This paper presents the detailed survey on performance of wind farms situated at Jamgodrani hills and Nagda hill, near Dewas city in Madhya Pradesh, India. Variation of various performance indices such as total yearly generation, total availability of grid, total availability of wind generator, total generating units per wind generator and capacity utilization factor is discussed for wind farm on Jamgodrani hills and Nagda hill respectively.Latter, it introduces a simple and direct formula based on complex impedance matrix method to calculate the minimum excitation capacitance (C min ) and corresponding maximum frequency (f max )required for successful voltage build up across the terminal of three phase dual winding induction generator when operating on 225 kW rating, used as wind generator in wind farm and variation of minimum excitation capacitance as well as corresponding maximum frequency is also being plotted for various conditions of load and speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve the needed 95% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, almost all energy consumed globally will have to stem from low-carbon sources, not least from renewable energy. Sweden and Norway have long sought to become world environmental leaders, institutionalizing policies on environmental and climate issues as well as taking ambitious positions in the global climate negotiations. They are comparably well placed to become carbon-neutral societies, with large renewable energy resources and substantial financial and institutional capacity to invest in reaching this target. Focusing on the production of new renewable energy in their energy system transformations from 1960 until the present, this paper investigates why the two countries have pursued such different paths, and what might be learned. The method used is the ‘most similar systems design’; data sources are public documents and 16 interviews with key persons in Sweden and Norway. The results show that politics and public policies have had profound impacts on which renewable energy sources have been developed, when and how. Sweden, lacking access to new cheap hydropower after 1970, has generally implemented more ambitious and comprehensive policies, leading to much higher production of new renewable energy than in Norway. Differences might thus be explained by differences in resource endowments, long-term research and innovation efforts, combined with creation of markets and predictable policies. Enhanced new renewables production has boosted energy security and stabilized the energy systems in both countries. The Swedish-Norwegian green certificate market has mainly contributed to expansion of already cost-competitive or nearly cost-competitive technologies: small-scale hydropower in Norway and biopower and wind power in Sweden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although China and the EU differ vastly in their preconditions for environmental governance and investment, both have expanded their capacity for wind-power generation greatly over the past decade. The EU member-states have generally been regarded as modern and prosperous, with high and stable energy consumption and large, high-tech wind industries. China, in contrast, is an emerging economy under authoritarian rule, with rapidly-increasing energy consumption and comparatively little domestic R&D in wind turbine technology. What can explain the fast development of wind-power production capacity in the EU and in China, despite the very different political systems and basic preconditions? Applying the method of ‘most-different systems design’, this paper shows how, in both regions, large-scale investment in wind power has come about through a specific set of political motivations. These include strong governmental support policies based on similar main aims, like security of energy supply, creating future-oriented industries and employment, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and local pollution. Combined these three factors together, broadly perceived might also explain political motivations driving rapid investment in new renewable energy sources elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-carbon energy systems are being proposed as portfolio of solutions to mitigate CO 2 emissions from the electricity-generating power sector. Stakeholder's perception on such technology plays a crucial role in its successful implementation. Not only the technological and economic aspects, but also the environmental and social aspects that surround these technologies should be considered in in determining which of these energy systems should be promoted, invested in, and subsidized. This decision problem should take into consideration the trade-offs due to several conflicting aspects involved in the prioritization. This paper thus proposes Fuzzy Analytic Network Process as a decision modeling tool in a group decision making environment to address the complexity of the decision structure and the uncertainty inherent in eliciting value judgments from stakeholders or experts. Fuzzy numbers are used to model the uncertainty, vagueness and incompleteness of information thus derived. The method then extends the fuzzy preference programming technique to derive the group priorities or weights from fuzzy pairwise comparative judgment matrices. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the proposed approach in prioritizing low carbon energy systems in the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A content media analysis has been performed to an Indonesian leading newspaper in the wake of Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear accident. The analysis is to examine the preference of Indonesian people toward renewable energy vis-a-vis nuclear by means of media coverage, as an option toward reducing its dependency on fossil fuels. This paper will reveal whether the accident on March 2011 can create a benefit for renewable energy utilization in Indonesia. The analysis found that Indonesian preference toward renewable energy was not influenced by the accident. However, the accident has a strong influence to Indonesian energy preference on nuclear power [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many Japanese cities, a significant amount of CO 2 is emitted by private vehicles since modern lifestyles are highly reliant on them. In order to develop low-carbon cities, the establishment of a sustainable mobility system is essential. Meanwhile, local cities are facing a serious decline in social vitality, due to rapid ageing and economic deterioration. This paper examines a new approach for local city revitalization by introducing a “low-speed electric community bus” as a low-carbon transportation system. The bus was developed by the university–government, –industry, –education board, and –NPO collaborations. The test project was conducted in Kiryu city of Gunma prefecture as one of the projects of the JST-RISTEX's environment-energy program. In this paper, we report the co-design and co-development of a “low-speed electric community bus” for the establishment of low-carbon transportation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study development patterns of Latvian electricity market based on a newly developed computer-aided simulation model. A system dynamics approach was applied to simulate long-term development of electricity sector in the region under the existing policy design. Results show that despite the relatively large share of renewable energy sources in Latvian electricity generation mix, natural gas will remain its significant role in national electricity supply. Alternative policy strategies should be developed to allow achieving CO 2 emission reductions greater than 30% by 2050. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing pressure to international energy supply, greater climate and environment problem related to the traditional fossil energy, many countries have decided to develop the renewable energy vigorously. Renewable energy technologies include hydro, wind, solar, biomass, ocean energy and geothermal. Different countries and regions have different choices on renewable energy technology because of their different economic, technical and environmental conditions. The academic has paid more and more attention to the evaluation and selection of renewable energy technology. This paper builds a comprehensive evaluation index system for Chinese renewable energy technology based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and data envelopment analysis (DEA), from economic, technology efficiency, social and environmental benefits. The result shows that wind and solar power are more suitable for Chinese economic, technical, environmental and social requirements, followed by biomass, hydropower, ocean energy, geothermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Representative carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) system of the post-combustion, no matter it employs adsorption, absorption or cryogenics separation technologies, commonly requires significant amounts of energy for the fundamental operation. Thus, energy consumption and related cost rise are primary challenges for the promotion of post-combustion technology. Solar thermal energy has already been widely used as an effective and clean energy source in industrial applications for drying, heating and even cooling since the last century. Various options of solar collector, such as flat plate type, evacuate tube type, and parabolic trough type, facilitate a comprehensive energy supply in different energy quality grades. In this paper, a technological framework for the energy efficiency in post-combustion CO2 capture is briefly presented for a connection between the energy demand of a CCS system and the energy supply of solar thermal engineering. The match performance between solar thermal utilization systems and CCS system is discussed in terms of energy form of the demand side (CCS), energy grades of supply sides (solar collector), and possible dynamic adjustment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an end user of energy products, carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) system commonly requires a significant amount of energy to sustain a steady operation. As a renewable energy source, solar energy can supply plenty of thermal energy in different grades through various types of solar collector. Between the demand and supply sides, several technologies of solar thermal engineering can be applied as a bridge for an energy efficient design. In this paper, a technological framework for the energy efficiency in post-combustion CO 2 capture is further discussed as a second section of the two-part study. Based on existing research, several possible options of alternative energy supply to CCS system are analyzed, particularly for solar thermal energy. Moreover, some key design issues for the solar-assisted CCS system, such as integrated solar reactor with the regeneration component, are discussed as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]