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Abstract: There is a large value in making Pulp and Paper mills more energy efficient. ABB has developed an energy assessment service where opportunities to save energy in the paper machine are identified. The energy assessment is done by quantifying energy flows, benchmarking energy users, data mining and steam sensitivity analysis and by experiments and additional measurements at the paper machine. Energy quantification helped in identifying main energy consumer, benchmarking was useful to assess the gap between operating performance and best performance whereas data mining and steam sensitivity analysis helped in studying the impact of key operating variables on performance of paper machines. After the assessment an action plan was presented to the mill for energy efficiency improvement together with a return on investment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on energy flow characteristics of the paper machine drying section, the dryer section can be divided into network. The Agents applied for the proxy of energy network node. A collaboration approach based on an extended contract net protocol for dryer section energy networks of paper machine is presented, applied for Multi-level negotiation protocol to solve distribution of energy allocation and use of conflict that exist in energy used in paper machine dryer section, in which the trust degree, threshold, and priority are introduced into the classical contract net protocol. This approach resolves energy distribution conflict in the dryer section network through bidding, game theory between the central control Agents and node Agents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Economic structure and industrial structure play an important role in attracting the type of FDI. By studying the FDI impact on ecological environment in Shandong province, this paper explored its influence on energy consumption from three aspects: scale effect, structure effect and technology effect. Based on the time series data of Shandong Province from 2000 to 2016, the mechanism of FDI on energy consumption in Shandong Province was studied from three aspects: scale effect, structure effect and technology effect, By combining regression model and simultaneous equations model, the paper studied the magnitude and direction of various effects of FDI on energy consumption in Shandong Province from both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results showed that FDI had negative scale effect, structural effect and positive technical effect on energy consumption in Shandong province, the total effect was negative. Based on this, the paper put forward the optimization strategy from the perspective of the transformation of new and old kinetic energy in Shandong Province.It provided policy suggestions for the government to implement the transformation of new and old kinetic energy, so as to promote the economic development, industrial structure transformation、upgrading and the transformation of new and old kinetic energy in Shandong Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract By constructing a dynamic spatial Durbin model based on C-D production function that includes energy consumption and air pollution, this paper explains the driving factors of urban economic output in the "2+26" cities of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas during 2006-2015. The result shows the significant spatial autocorrelation of energy consumption and air pollution in the "2+26" cities. The increase in economic output of neighbouring cities will bring about economic radiation and promote the economic output of the city, which provides strong evidence for the necessity of joint prevention and control policy. Further considering effects of the inputs of neighbouring cities, the paper finds that the driving force of economic increase mainly came from the capital and energy input of the city itself, as well as the air pollution dividends of neighbouring cities. Therefore, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas should make the best of the resource advantages of neighbouring cities to achieve complementarity and coordinated development. Governments should construct comprehensive cross-city air pollution prevention mechanism, such as regional air pollution compensation mechanism and fund for air pollution joint control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Shipping is a major contributor to the global CO 2 emissions. In order to reduce the ship emissions, various mitigation strategies have been proposed including technical and operational strategies. As it is usually not possible to implement all these mitigation strategies, it is important to evaluate the efficiency of these strategies. For mitigation strategies evaluation, ship energy systems are often used for assessment from a systems perspective. However, ship energy systems are usually quite complex for analysis. This is because they are constructed by many components and these components may have non-linear correlations. In this paper, a Gaussian process metamodel based method is proposed to evaluate the ship mitigation strategies. This method is much more efficient than directly analyzing the ship energy systems when they are computationally expensive to assess. A ship energy system of a chemical tanker is analyzed in this paper. The results indicate that speed reduction has a large abatement potential and all the considered strategies have correlations with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Over the past few years, the energy usage in the transportation sector understandably has a significant impact on total carbon footprint generated in urban areas. One of the significant contributors comes from logistic sector as 70% of total logistic activity is derived from transportation. Meanwhile, the rise of e-commerce in urban areas has changed the way people buy goods. This result to the higher delivery frequency in urban areas which cause more significant energy consumption and emissions. This paper contributes to the existing literature by proposing model conceptualization that focus to generate basic understanding to the total CO 2 emissions generated through urban freight volume that powered by e-commerce growth in Jakarta. This paper uses causal loop diagram as one of the tools in model conceptualization to illustrate the systems in urban logistic. The model will mainly focus on environment and economic aspects of urban logistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Climate change and global warming are currently the biggest threat to human society. In Iranian households, buildings expend 33% of the yearly energy consumption. The potential of renewable energy sources in Iran is high and Iranian government is taking steps to increase the use of renewable energy sources. This paper examines the use of renewable energy in two major city buildings in Iran. In this paper, solar radiation in two cities (Tehran and Yazd) is analysed. The average annual sum of solar irradiation in Yazd is 2200 kWh/m2 and in Tehran, the amount is 2000 kWh/m2 [1]. The major task in this paper is to quantify the impact of geographical region and to evaluate the viability of implementing renewable systems in buildings in Iran. To reach this end, the annual average solar radiation is calculated in each city. Hourly Analysis Program is used to design each building and calculate their respective heating and cooling loads. Photovoltaic solar systems and solar-thermal systems are designed for both of the buildings. It is seen that, although Yazd has hot and arid climate compared to Tehran, the cooling and heating load in the building in Tehran is higher, and the higher solar radiation in Yazd reduces the number of solar panels required for the designed building. However, the difference is not significant. It is assessed that in order to have more efficient systems, the grid infrastructure in Iran should be upgraded to enable applying large-scale renewable energy systems for buildings in a neighbourhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy poverty is a prevalent issue in Australia and other countries across the globe especially for people with a low income. This paper seeks to investigate the relationship of energy consumption and indoor air temperatures and is separated into 3 sections; a comparison of actual electricity consumption to energy benchmarks provided by the Australian Energy Regulator, monitoring results of living room air temperature for the winter of 2015, and an analysis of living room air temperatures versus electricity consumption. The results of a comparison of electricity consumption of 119 low income elderly peoples (60+) dwellings to that of the energy benchmarks found that over 75% of the Independent Living Units consumed less electricity than the benchmark values with some households consuming less than half of the benchmarked electricity values. The analysis of living room air temperatures found that approximately 10 % of the dwellings experienced temperatures below 16°C for over 65% of the total hours for the winter of 2015 with some as high as 95% of the total hours. The results of this paper highlight a need to investigate this cohort separate from the average Australian cohort as their energy consumption practices can vary greatly and impact their living room air temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In China, energy consumption (EC) obtained by simulation is usually used as an indicator to assess residential building performance at the design phase. For free running buildings, due to the absence of heating/cooling equipment, EC may not be an appropriate indicator and using EC as a measure of building thermal performance may cause misleading at the design phase. In this paper, thermal discomfort rate (TDCR) was proposed as an indoor long-term thermal environment indicator, and was used to analyze the difference of building performance caused by using different evaluation indicators. Results showed that there existed a strong correlation between EC and TDCR when changing envelope design, but the trend and sensitivity may be different. Therefore, using EC to assess the thermal performance of free running buildings at the design phase may lead to poor indoor thermal environment. The results in this paper can be used to guide building design and energy-saving policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with some aspects related to the shape of an indoor surfing platform for an aqua park. The authors have proposed a method and a strategy to modify the shape of the platform in order to be suitable for different types of surfers, beginners or advanced. The membrane is basically a water mattress consisting of 6 independent cushions attached to one another, that will allow different inflation pressures, hence different slopes on the upper surface of the elastic membrane. The scope of the paper is to provide an answer to the questions what is the inflation/deflation time of the mattress and what is the energy consumption for this operation. Thecomputationshave been conducted using EPANETfreewareand the results have shown a total time of initial expansion of more than 3 hours, an inflation/deflation time around two hours and one hour respectively. The total energy consumption resulted of about 2.4 kWh for the initial expansion stage and 1kWh for the inflation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with some aspects related to the shape of an indoor surfing platform for an aqua park. The authors have proposed a method and a strategy to modify the shape of the platform in order to be suitable for different types of surfers, beginners or advanced. The membrane is basically a water mattress consisting of 6 independent cushions attached to one another, that will allow different inflation pressures, hence different slopes on the upper surface of the elastic membrane. The scope of the paper is to provide an answer to the questions what is the inflation/deflation time of the mattress and what is the energy consumption for this operation. Thecomputations have been conducted using EPANETfreeware and the results have shown a total time of initial expansion of more than 3 hours, an inflation/deflation time around two hours and one hour respectively. The total energy consumption resulted of about 2.4 kWh for the initial expansion stage and 1kWh for the inflation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is inefficient for evaluating sustainable development, and the most suitable indicator for this is the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW). This paper focuses on distinguishing the ISEW from GDP, mainly through the study of the energy consumption - economic growth nexus. The traditional hypotheses were tested using a Panel-Corrected Standard Errors estimator for twenty-two countries for the time span from 1995 to 2013. The findings show substantial differences between GDP and ISEW. This paper contributes to the discussion about the consequences of these two approaches for the design of suitable policies for a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a methodology to forecast the hourly and daily consumption in households assisted by cyber physical systems. The methodology was validated using a database of consumption of a set of 93 domestic consumers. Forecast tools used were based on Fast Fourier Series and Generalized Reduced Gradient. Both tools were tested and their forecast results were compared. The paper shows that both tools allow obtaining satisfactory results for energy consumption forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses the use of humidity controlled ventilation with high buffering capacity building envelope. The humidity controlled ventilation rate is associated to the level of moisture in rooms. This paper fits into the idea of reducing the building energy consumption by reducing the duration of air ventilation rate which is usually quite high. This solution is not without consequences on building because it presents a risk of deterioration of indoor air quality (e.g. non evacuation of VOC) and apparition of mold. This paper aims to enhance water inertia of building walls in order to reduce the ventilation rate and study the risk associated with moisture excess. It is achieved for different scenarios of in-house production of vapor which can be met in reality and for different cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infiltration and ventilation rates in domestic buildings vary with construction type, weather conditions and the operation of openings in the fabric. Generating good estimates of ventilation is important for modelling, simulation and performance assessment as it has a significant impact on energy consumption. Physical tests can be applied to estimate leakage, but this is cumbersome and impractical to apply in most cases. This paper applies a heat balance approach to energy monitoring data to estimate a parameter that describes the combined ventilation and infiltration rates in real family homes. These estimates are compared with published values and a model is presented that describes the air change rate as a function of user behaviour (control of openings) and varying wind speed. The paper demonstrates that it is possible to estimate plausible air change rates from such data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Oxyfuel combustion is a leading potential CO2 capture technology for power plants. As the flue gas (FG) consists of mainly H2O and CO2, a simpler and more energy-efficient CO2 purification method can be used instead of the standard amine-based chemical absorption approach. For the system of oxyfuel combustion with cryogenic CO2 purification, decreasing the oxygen purity reduces the energy consumption of the Air Separation Unit (ASU) but increases the energy consumption for the downstream cryogenic purification. Thus there exists a trade-off between the energy consumption of the ASU and that for cryogenic purification. This paper investigates the potential efficiency improvement by optimizing this trade-off. The simulated results show that there exists an optimum flue gas condensing pressure for the cryogenic purification, which is affected by the flue gas composition. In addition, decreasing the oxygen purity reduces the combined energy consumption of the ASU and the cryogenic purification, and therefore can improve the electrical efficiency. In summary, prior oxyfuel combustion analyses have assumed a high oxygen purity level of 95 mol% or 99 mol% for the combustion air, which achieves a high CO2 concentration in the flue gases. In this Paper, we demonstrate that a lower level of oxygen purity, such as 80 mol%, in conjunction with a more extensive cryogenic purification of the flue gases can lower the total energy consumption, thereby yielding a significant benefit. However, for oxygen purity levels lower than 75 mol%, it may not be possible to still use the two-stage flash system shown here to achieve a CO2 purity of 95 mol% and a CO2 recovery rate of 90% simultaneously. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Urban neighborhoods could represent an optimal scale for the implementation of innovative energy strategies. However, barriers at the economic, regulatory and administrative level are still present. In this framework, it is important to operate on three levels of the energy system: by reducing energy demand; by optimizing generation and management system, and by integrating local renewable energy sources. In recent years, as a result of an important agreement with the Italian Ministry of Environment, Lombardy Region has supported numerous measures for energy efficiency and renewable resources integration among its territory. The funding supported different actions such as improvements of the buildings envelope, substitution of old gas boilers for heat generation with more efficient components, integration of solar thermal systems in buildings, hydrogen and more sustainable mobility, and district heating plants, which present contribution concerns. About district heating the incentives were provided within two different calls: one aimed at the creation of plants and district heating networks and another for the extension of existing systems. Main aim of the research is to evaluate effects, effectiveness, pros and cons of the several calls for funding; to that end a methodology was developed in order to collect the data and elaborate representative energy, environmental and economic indicators. The most important characteristics, conditions and technical features of the considered plants are described in the present paper trying to provide information on the effectiveness of the supporting measures taken in order to orient future choices and to identify the most promising strategies and technologies for improving energy and environmental performances of communities. In particular present paper is related to 10 district heating plants: 6 are based on biomass and located in mountain areas, 3 are based on natural gas and located in urban areas, while the last is connected to the urban waste to energy plant. One of the important lesson is learned is that district heating (fuelled by biomass, fossil, waste and CHP or not) represents an innovative field of knowledge far from standard: in general each plant has to be evaluated on the basis of specify characteristics and it is very hard to find out average performances from the environmental and economic point of view. The results obtained during the monitoring campaign could help in providing information on the effectiveness of the supporting measures adopted and also to orient future choices by Lombardy Region and, in particular, to identify the most promising technologies for improving energy and environmental performances of communities and to develop a model for the optimization of energy use in the built environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Within a four year joint research project the technical feasibility of thermo-chemical heat storage for solar thermal applications and the achievable advantages compared to conventional storage technologies have been investigated. The project, directed to applied research, was divided into a high temperature (> 300°C) and a low temperature part (< 100°C). In the low temperature part the main focus was on the development of a compact seasonal heat store for single or multifamily houses. Concerning high temperature applications thermo-chemical energy stores show high potential for improving energy efficiency of power plants and for recovery of process heat. The investigations have been carried out by a close cooperation of the Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW) of the University of Stuttgart, specialised for solar thermal heating in the building sector and the Institute of Technical Thermodynamics (ITT) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) as a specialist on solar thermal power plants. The project started in 2008 and runs until end of June 2012. This paper will focus on the low temperature part of the project, discuss important experiences and recent experimental results of the project and will report the very latest developments. Moreover the paper will summarise the important improvements achieved for temperature thermo- chemical heat storage. Finally recommendations for future activities will be given. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the ways of employing energy storage devices in hybrid powered orthoses have been discussed. Since these devices have many unrivalled advantages, they are environmentally safe, they store kinetic energy as potential energy and release it when it is needed and they do not need external power supply. In this paper an energy storage device (linear extension spring) has been implemented in FES-cycling, the efficiency has been calculated for different spring positions and different spring constants. It was clear that FES-cycling efficiency increases when the spring constant increases, then the pedal, spring and the overall powers were calculated, and it appears that by leaning the spring position the overall power will be always positive, and the spring absorbs the exceeded pedal energy and releases it when the pedal power is negative. This study highlights the importance of using energy storage devices to improve FES-cycling performance, which has been proven that such improvement is highly related to the mechanical design of the bicycle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is possible to use compressed air to drive air turbine, thus make the turbine drive generators to power. This paper makes a research on the feasibility of the air turbine experimental equipment with a brief introduction to its composition. The design of the nozzle flow passage and flow passage, measurement of airflow and calculation of power generation efficiency are described emphatically. Based on the result of calculation and experiment, this paper shows that the air turbine experimental equipment can generate electricity safely and steadily. Besides, measuring the efficiency of the air turbine generator set helps to promote the understanding of the engineering application of theoretical formula. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]