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Abstract: This paper discusses the current status of CCS in China, providing an update of current projects and past activities in research and development, and a brief overview of prospects for CCS deployment in China. CCS related research in China has been building from a focus on research and development and exploration of the technical considerations o f CCS potential in China in coordination with international partners. While large scale demonstration of integrated CCS projects is still at an early stage, there is significant knowledge and technical expertise that can be derived from ongoing pilot projects. These projects employ various mature technologies that may be integrated and scaled to facilitate demonstration and deployment of CCS in the future. In addition, China is increasingly exploring opportunities in CO2 utilization to drive and support deployment of CCS–this is also known as CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). This paper provides information on some of these key activities, including details of specific projects and a background of the regulatory and policy frameworks and international cooperation on CCS and CCUS in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Electric vehicles are developing quickly in China. Based on the expert interview, the current status, development trends, possible paths and related policy recommendations of the electric vehicle technology in China are discussed in this paper. It is found that there are some bottleneck problems for the electric vehicle development and some promotion policies should be taken in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Western Developed countries established pollutant emission rights trading market to control pollution and got good results. China got the same result rapidly by command & control. Which mode is better? This paper contrasts the pollution control cases of U.S and China, and discusses the standard of pollution control mechanism selection. Emission trading market is man-made and cannot operate well without administrative order. Command & control can also lead low effective firms out of the industry. A conclusion is drawn that in the circumstance of market failure without non-mature environment for market, command & control mode can get high efficiency and low cost results. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Electrification level is a significant topic in energy and electric power planning. The paper sets up a LEAP model and designs three scenarios of economic growth of China, and simulates China''s electrification level by 2030. The results show that China''s electrification level has a larger increase potential in the mid-long term and rapid change of economic development pattern can help to increase the electrification level. By 2015, energy used for power generation will account for 43.3% of total primary energy consumption, while the ratio of electricity consumption to total final energy consumption will be about 23.1%; by 2020, the ratio of energy used for power generation to total primary energy consumption will increase to 44.9%, and the ratio of electricity consumption to final energy consumption will be about 25.6%; by 2030, the ratio of energy used for power generation to total primary energy consumption will be up to 47.2%, and the ratio of electricity consumption to total final energy consumption will reach about 28.9%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to propose a new direction of eco-tourism development in China. Using the converse thinking method, we found China eco-tourism is still locating a lower level, and has some problems: the eco-tourism plan is simple and unreasonable; the eco-tourism development has mainly focused on better ecological system resource but not the worse; the eco-tourism products mostly expense natural resource and damage ecological system, but not protect or rebuild it. Then we proposed the advice that the eco-tourism development should mainly focus on the destroyed ecosystem, go the length of “two not, one transition” when doing tourism exploitation of worse ecological system resource, and emphasize that it must protect and rebuild the ecological system but not damage it. It has important meanings to reconditioning and protecting the environment, and it is feasible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) conserves energy as a market-based mechanism in many countries and has demonstrated its efficiency in this respect. EPC has been developing in China rapidly in recent years. The main bottleneck for EPC projects in China lies in the lack of enough and efficient financing. The paper, adopting the method of AHP-Fuzzy evaluation, evaluates the EPC financing bottleneck in China across five sectors, namely, iron and steel, chemical industry, buildings, electricity and energy, and discusses the current financing constraints for these sectors. To enable the rapid development of EPC in China, the policy support should be outlined, and sources of finance should be widened. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper investigates the systemization process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in China through the review of China''s experience in EIA implementation and legislation. The purpose of this study is to analyze the key driving forces of this systemization process and provide advice for future improvement of China''s EIA system. It is found that there are three key drivers promoting the systemization of China''s EIA: the Government''s powerful guidance on the environmental policy implementation; the critical environmental pressure caused by the scale expansion of construction projects and planning activities; and people''s consciousness-raising on environmental protection and environmental rights. Based upon the analysis results and China''s political, legislative and administrative characteristics, some recommendations are proposed to improve the effectiveness of EIA system in China, in terms of internal measures on refining EIA legislative framework and external mechanisms concerning supporting the efficient operation of EIA legislation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper reviews the present development of environmental emergency in China that involves legislative framework, regulations and technical support system. Through the analysis of actual case, these deficiencies and problems existing in action of environmental emergency are pointed out. In the countermeasures, the punishment and fine ceiling for environmental violations should be raised by revising clauses, and fees about handling, inspection, restoring and compensation for pollution incidents should be put into the law system, and environmental protection departments should be the leadership to improve emergency response efficiency, and the technical support system should be established to build a series of technical guidelines, norms and work manuals around three procedures that include prevention and monitoring before incident, response and handling in incident and assessment and restore after incident. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to put forward a strategic framework of wetland preservation and management based on Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Information Systems (IS) in China. After analyzing the past and current wetland management in China, there were four problems identified existing in wetland management in China: a lack of wetland inventory, a lack of professional management, a delay in information online, and a lack of public participation in decision making. Thus, there is great need for establishing a conservation and management framework for both natural wetland and constructed wetland. A brief literature review is supplemented by a number of more detailed applications illustrating various GIS techniques which may be of use to the applied environmental issues or natural resources. GIS and IS could provide a platform to incorporate the complexities of the spatial data of all kinds of wetlands into the wetland inventory. The information collected through wetland inventories is essential for sustainable wetland management. Finally, the authors addressed the structure of the management system and put forward a strategy by online access that both benefit for decision making and public participation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Today the internet provides, at modest cost, an unprecedented level of connectivity and the ability to communicate efficiently and effectively directly with customers. The emergence of the internet has led to the rapid growth of ebusiness, and this had an effect on the business of the tourism enterprises. One of the crucial issues in the e-business is to provide an appropriate level of quality of tourism service. E-business service providers strive to provide qualitybased services by investing significant amount of money and resources in the e-business technologies such as web design, user interfaces, advertisement, security and reliability, and web server performance. In this paper the research focuses on the performance of e-business for the application to the tourism enterprises. As is known to all, performance of the tourism enterprises plays a key role in the provision of quality-based services. A number of solutions have been proposed to improve the performance of e-business services for tourism consumers to purchase the tourism product and tourism service. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of RIUDS [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China has abundant coal and coalbed methane reserves.However,there is a long way for us to go in development and utilization of coalbed methane in the world.The paper describes coalbed methane reserves,development and utilization situations.It also present a clear vision of the prospect of the future utilization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Energy and environmental problems have been the hot issues nowadays. Energy is not only the material base of economic development, social improvement and enhancement of people''s living standard, but also the significant factor which influences human being''s living environment. A scientific and practical energy planning is the important guarantee to realize the country''s future energy development strategy. This paper analyzed the current situation of renewable energy source, the developing strategy and the relevant policies, and made up suggestions about how to develop renewable energy source better. That will contribute to the renewable energy research approach in the future [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper researched how to construct new energy technology patent strategy in China under the situation that the earth has been getting warmer and warmer. China has suffered a lot from climate change, so it is necessary for us to take some measures to stop it, among which new energy was considered to be a critical factor. Because of the obstacles in transfer and diffusion of new energy technology, the author put forward some suggestions on how to construct new energy patent strategy in China to solve these questions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Since Kyoto Protocol is going to be expired in 2012, all the develop ed and developing countries are very concerned about the future of clean development mechanism. By using the game theory the paper analyzes the market of clean development mechanism, especially the projects of CDM between the U.S., EU, Japan and China. Based on this, the prospects of Chinese CDM market are provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper clarifies that China should take the urban-rural integration development planning as a chiefly assignment so that establish a scientific policy mechanism for implement ing its industry development and the rural land system reform; moreover, it analyses the mechanism of the regional industry development planning and its structure adjustment, as well as the industry upgrade and transformation of China. Nowadays, because of the precoondition of low_carbon development that a new innovation competition has been caused in different regions of the world. The research furtherly opens out that China''s economic development depends on the land resource utilization and its industry development; however, it explains that China''s economic transformation should deepen the rural land reform and keep the urban-rural sustainable development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to seek economic interests, environmental issues are not always the top priority in the hospitality industry in China. This paper develops a model to investigate the influence of the political, economic and cultural context on the environmental awareness and behavior incorporated in Xiamen city, China. To illustrate the differences of the environmental awareness and behavior in hotels in China, 300 hotels were selected, and a total of 451 hotel managers participated in e-mail-based and internet-based survey. The study shows that the managers of hospitality industry generally recognize the need for environmental protection, who is involved in many behaviors and activities. The economic situation and environmental efforts initiated by the government were found to have an impact on certain aspects of hotel managers’ behaviors and activities. The investigation has drawn two conclusions which need to be considered when introducing environmental sustainability into the hospitality industry. The first involves incorporating responsible technical and behavioral practices in the hotels, while the second highlights the necessity of initiating greater demand for “green” practices from the customers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: As one of the world''s top energy consumers and carbon emitters, China attracts extensive attention to its energy issues. Based on the hybrid energy input-output model, this paper forecasts the direct and indirect household energy demand growth caused by higher living standards in China with reference to a national well-off goal by 2020. Results show that such rigid energy demand will increase 1.55 billion tce by 2020 with average growth rate of 5.2% on static assumption, or 1.3 billion tce if energy conversion efficiency changes from 69% to 71.6%. If unchanged household energy consumption structure is assumed, total energy demand could decline from 5.5 billion tce to 4.9 billion tce by 2020. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal is China’s primary fuel for power generation and will almost certainly remain so for the foreseeable future. At present China’s installed capacity of power generation plant totals about 900 GW with over 70% of that based on coal. Although major Chinese programmes are in place to improve energy efficiency, increase deployment of renewable energy technologies and increase the installed capacity of nuclear plant, coal-fired power plants will continue to be built in large numbers for many years to come. This paper presents the results of an energy systems analysis exercise using the China MARKAL model under the support of NZEC (China-UK Near Zero Emissions Coal) Initiative, to provide a perspective on the energy technologies that may be deployed in China to 2050 to meet its energy needs. The model also examines the cost and impact of deploying CCS in China by simulating several carbon emission constraint scenarios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The storage potential of selected sites within the Bahaiwan Basin was evaluated, the storage capacity estimated and the selection criteria considered for the COACH project. This paper examines the two methods used during the project for calculation of the storage capacity in the Shengli oilfield complex within the Bahaiwan Basin. Both methodologies were used to quantify the potential CO2 storage capacity of the depleted oil hydrocarbon reservoirs of the Shengli oilfield complex. They can both be considered as “simple” equation models which try to capture an “approximation” of a possible storage capacity. Nevertheless, between these models several differences exist. The CSLF methodology works with replacement of oil, gas or formation water, but does not incorporate dissolution of CO2 in formation water. The EOR methodology of CUPB developed from methodology of Tanaka et al. on the other hand includes dissolution of CO2 into the formation water, but does not consider the time period needed for the dissolution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The United States and China are the two largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world and their projected continued growth and reliance on fossil fuels–especially coal–make them strong candidates for the large-scale deployment of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) systems in a greenhouse gas constrained world. Previous work has revealed that both nations have over 1600 large electric utility and other industrial point CO2 sources as well as very large CO2 storage resources on the order of 2000 billion metric tons (Gt) of onshore storage capacity. In each case, the vast majority of this capacity is found in deep saline formations. In both the USA and China, candidate storage reservoirs are likely to be widely accessible with over 80% of these large industrial CO2 sources having a CO2 storage option within just 80 km. This suggests a strong potential for CCS to help bring about meaningful, sustained CO2 emissions reductions for these large, vibrant economies. However, while the USA and China possess many similarities with regards to the potential value that CCS might provide, including the range of costs at which CCS may be available to most large CO2 sources in each nation, there are a number of more subtle differences that may help us to understand the ways in which CCS deployment may differ as the the two nations work together–and in step with the rest of the world–to most efficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper details the first ever analysis of CCS deployment costs in these two countries based on methodologically comparable CO2 source and sink inventories, economic analysis, geospatial source-sink matching and cost curve modeling. This type of analysis provides valuable insight into the degree to which early and sustained opportunities for climate change mitigation via commercial-scale CCS are available to the two countries, and could facilitate greater collaboration in areas where those opportunities overlap. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the current status of the main CCS initiatives in the major emerging economies: China, India, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. This study first covers all six countries as a group and describes their natural resources. The second part of this study embraces each country individually and includes current initiatives and current legal and technological status of CCS. At the end, this study summarizes the main findings in the emerging economies and the potential of including CCS as part of the CDM. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of some recent CO2 storage capacity assessments in the Songliao and Subei Basins in China, and a discussion of some of the specific challenges that must be addressed to further assess the feasibility of CO2 storage in China. Geological CO2 storage associated with CO2-EOR is of significant interest in these basins as it offers potential to increase oil production and provide additional fuel to meet China’s increasing energy consumption. Although some CO2 is stored during such flooding projects, the greatest storage potential is only realised at the end of a field’s productive life, when a depleted field can be used as a dedicated CO2 storage reservoir. The Songliao Basin, in North-eastern China has been the largest oil and gas producing province in China. The oilfields of the Daqing and Jilin oil provinces are estimated to have effective CO2 storage capacities of 593 Mt and 71.2 Mt respectively. Extrapolation of data from around the oilfields to the whole basin suggests that the most promising saline aquifer in the basin has a theoretical storage capacity of 692 Mt CO2: Its effective storage capacity (which cannot be estimated due to lack of data) is likely to be considerably smaller however. Limited data availability means the estimate of storage capacity in this saline aquifer is based on gross simplifications and extrapolation across large areas (e.g. basin-scale) but could provide a basis for comparison with the potential for CO2 storage in other regions in China, or to help prioritise more detailed analysis. Although smaller, the onshore oilfields of the Subei-Yellow Sea Basin were also assessed, as the presence of mature oil and gas fields and natural CO2 accumulations, suggest suitable targets for storage may be found. The total effective storage capacity of the 108 hydrocarbon fields in this basin are estimated to be only 21 Mt CO2. While small, these fields may offer niche storage options for smaller industrial CO2 sources, but if CCS is to contribute to reducing China’s growing CO2 emissions, then further evaluation and development of storage in saline aquifers is likely to be needed at the same time as storage in oil or gas fields. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China has built at least 70 GW of new coal- fired power installed capacity annually since 2005 and the growth is expected to continue (CEC, 2008). Chinese government, industry and academic stakeholders perceive that China will not mandate new plants to be built with carbon dioxide capture and storage systems in the short term and there is little incentive even to contemplate the first steps needed to fit plants with capture equipment [Reiner, D., Liang, X., Sun, X., Zhu, Y., Li, D., 2007. Stakeholder attitudes towards carbon dioxide capture and storage technologies in China, International Climate Change Conference, Hong Kong, May 29–31 2007]. We investigate the value of making new plants CO2 Capture Ready (CCR), which would enable them to retrofit to capture CO2 without unnecessary additional costs when the appropriate policy and /or economic drivers are in place (IEA, 2007). In order to understand the value and investment characteristics of CCR in China, a typical 600 MW pulverized-coal -fired ultra-supercritical power plant, locating at Guangdong province, was examined. Combined with a detailed engineering assessment, we obtained the costs for different CCR scenarios. To analyze CCR investment opportunities, we apply a cash flow model for valuing Capture Options, as developed in [Liang, X., Reiner, D., Gibbins J., Li J., 2007. Fianncing CCR coal-fired power plants in China by issuing capture options, EPRG Working Paper Series, EPRG0728, Cambridge, December. Available at: www.electricitypolicy.org.uk/pubs/wp/eprg0728.pdf]. Results are obtained by Monte-Carlo simulation, based on engineering surveys and the IEA (2007) CCR study, as well as plant performance information and expert projections on carbon prices, coal prices and electricity prices. CCR investments are justified by factors such as higher retrofitting probabilities, lower early-closure probabilities and fair economic return. However, the economic case for CCR largely depends on the type of investments made, for example, CCR-essential investments tend to be more economic than additional non-essential CCR features such as CCR Essential with clutched low-pressure turbines. Carbon price, coal price and discount rate also were found to have significant impacts on the economics of CCR. Overall, it appears that the value of capture options are significant, and therefore clear retrofitting strategies would be valuable for any CCR investment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: China’s economy has been on a solid fast growth track since 1978. The economy expanded by an average annual rate of about 10% during the last thirty years. That is more than triple the average growth rate of the world economy during the same period. The rapid economic development has been associated with growing energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. Although the first phase of the Kyoto Protocol exempts China from reducing its own CO2 output, China, as the first or second largest CO2 emission country, is facing growing international political pressure. As a responsible big country, China will almost certainly have to respond to climate change in the future. China is entering unexpected fast development period of the industrialization, urbanization and motorization, in which large-scale new infrastructures will be built. This provides great opportunity to plan for longer-term CO2 mitigation—the infrastructures built today have a long life time and are not easy to upgrade the technologies involved, and decisions made now will have a major impact on energy utilization mode and CO2 mitigation technology option in coming years. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), as an option in the portfolio of mitigation actions to combat climate change, is expected to have far-reaching implications for China. This paper (1) explores the strategic significance of CCS for China by making an extreme scenario analysis of Chinese power sector in 2030; (2) provides an overview of the recent CCS activities in China; and (3) identifies the major challenges with respect to CCS development in China and put forwards immediate strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Cooperation Action Carbon Capture and Storage China-EU project (COACH) is a three-year EC Framework 6 co-funded collaborative project with Chinese and EU partners investigating geological storage options in the Bohai Basin, China. This paper discusses interim assessments of storage potential for the Dagang oilfield complex (Tianjin Municipality), deep saline aquifers in the Jiyang depression (Shandong province) and the Kailuan coalfield (Hebei Province). Source-sink matching options are also discussed using large ‘point source’ data collected for the Shandong Province. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]