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Abstract: This study is focused on the pertinence of the seismic reprocessing done in the North-East of Paris Basin in order to define the geometry of the Dogger and Trias reservoirs. The goal of this work was to evaluate the possibilities of storage of CO2 in the deep saline aquifers of the Paris Basin. This paper presents a new updated vision of the structural map and geology of North-East of Paris Basin. The preliminary phase involved reprocessing of 343 oil seismic lines recorded between 1981 and 1988, adding up to 303 kilometres coming from 10 different surveys. The quality of the existing data was not always good and work was performed to digitize original bands. Data consistency at the different scale was also analysed and checked. Particular attention was applied to the faults of the Dogger and Trias reservoirs and all shallower structure and aquifers up to the surface. The whole set of available data was harmonized through the establishment of a model of static multi-layer correction of the tertiary cover and by the use of adapted deconvolution. The crossings are thus homogeneous knowing that in-depth quality and definition remain dependent on the parameters of recording on the ground and in particular the length of the maximum offset and the distance between traces. Interpretation made it possible to identify the reflectors from the establishment of synthetic seismograms on 3 representative wells. The tops of the following layers were picked: Cenomanian, Gault, Oxfordian, Dogger, Aalenian, medio liassic sandstones, Triassic sandstones, and the metamorphic basement. The structure issued by this interpretation is notably different from that presented by the public sources because of the different density of the profiles taken into account. Explanations of the different interpretations are discussed in the paper. The isochrone maps were converted in-depth on the basis of 38 calibrations per well to illustrate the interpretation. The different layers show smooth deformations but also some faults where continuity and density increases with the depth because of the character inherited from the fault in the basement. Accidents visible are not continuous from the top of Cenomanian and to the top of the Gault, rather they correspond to the fault of Pays de Bray oriented N130 ° and to a meridian accident located in the western part of the study. From the top of Oxfordian, the continuity increases for these accidents. In addition, some oriented North-South faults appear. All the major faults are visible from the Sandstones in Medio Liasic. In addition to antithetic faults in relation with the accidents previously described, other meridian faults appear in the North of the fault of Pays de Bray. It should be indicated uncertainties in the picking of reflectors between the Trias and the basement, many multiples resistant to the processing programs interfering with these events. This project is based on an appropriated density of existing seismic 2D lines. The unequal quality of these acquisitions makes it possible to define structural aspects of the deep layers but does not allow to image possible lateral variations of rock types of the reservoir. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Steam demand is increasing for Oil & Gas projects, and in particular oil sands and extra-heavy oils thermal recovery schemes. Use of oil residues and bitumen can be a cost-effective solution for natural gas substitution in SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage). However, use of such fuels gives rise to higher specific GHG emissions. Oxy-combustion technology is an elegant solution to this problem since oxygen allows complete combustion of very high viscosity and heavy fuels, and because it provides a concentrated CO2 stream, for easier Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS). Air Liquide has acquired over the last two decades extensive industrial experience of full oxy-combustion for the glass, metals, cement and waste treatment industries. This expertise and extensive scientific knowledge have been used to develop an innovative oxy-burner technology, specific to steam and power production applications. This oxy-burner technology presents novel and differentiating features, which will be described in this paper. In particular, it features a direct oxygen injection into the burner, without external mixing of oxygen with the flue gas recycle, which provides additional flue gas recycle rate flexibility, and enables a safe handling of the oxygen. Air Liquide has demonstrated the performance of this oxy-burner concept through downscaled (1 MW) oxy- combustion tests in a dedicated cold-wall test-rig with flue gas recycle. Total will retrofit the air-fired boiler at its Lacq CO2 Project (SW of France) with an intermediate size of this oxy- burner technology (four 8 MW oxy-burners). The paper presents: [•] the innovative oxy-burner technology, its challenges and novelties, [•] a description of the Air Liquide 1 MW oxy-combustion test rig and the test results obtained over a wide range of flue gas recycle rates, [•] the integration of the oxy-combustion system into Total’s existing 30 MWth boiler. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two main deep saline aquifers have been identified in the Paris basin for possible CO2 injection: carbonate reservoirs from the Dogger and Triassic sandstones. These two targeted reservoirs are located at convenient depths for supercritical CO2 storage between 1500 and 2500 m in the center of the Paris basin and show good sealing properties on the upper cap rock. To control long term storage efficiency of CCS projects it is essential to design and implement an appropriate monitoring program that proves that CO2 can be stored safely for a long time. A future monitoring program will be focused on three main axes: a geophysical, geochemical and biological. This paper presents the global monitoring methodology developed to address geochemical aspects of future CO2 storage sites. Three major compartments must be monitored for a well representative CO2 flow baseline: the geosphere, biosphere and atmosphere compartments of the specific site. Viability of any CCS project is strongly dependent on the of our capacity to well establish a realistic quantitative baseline system integrating natural and anthropogenic contributions in each compartment. For these reasons, our technical strategy must a combination of in situ and continuous monitoring systems. On the basis of previous and present day research programs conducted on natural CO2 storage sites, an in-situ monitoring combined methodology matrix adapted to CO2 storage at Claye-Souilly site in Paris basin deep saline aquifer is argued. The presentation will also integrate the proposal of new development in optical sensors (Infrared, Raman and Laser) for gas quantification and traceability including the isotopic aspects. Geosphere monitoring strategy must be mainly conducted through an original multi packers system allowing simultaneously reservoir, rock formations and strategic aquifers observations. In the reservoir, continuous acquisition of geochemical and hydrodynamic parameters is of first importance for adjusting and limiting the divergence criteria of the models and to adapt the injection procedure. In upper rock formations, establishment and modeling of gas transfer curves, will constitute a sensitive and powerful in-situ leakage detector tool. Biosphere survey strategy can be based on conventional accumulation chambers and dynamic flow chambers systems. The surface sampling network must be adapted on the basis of geological and structural characteristics of overburden rock as revealed by previous geophysical investigations. A remote infrared scanning sensing system combined with a laser remote system must support the atmosphere compartment survey strategy. The use of such combined remote system yields a spatial and temporal imaging of the CO2 and its dynamics in air. Sensitivity of leakage detection will depend on the chosen sensing system and the amount of CO2 injected. While variability of CO2 flux and concentration vary with time and with geographic location, they will both depend on the investigated compartment, the natural carbon cycle and the anthropogenic events. Both, sensitivity and variability should be considered in order to establish the alert levels. Given the complexity of data, the time needed to quantify sensitivity and, variability aspects and to establish a base line system, must be longer than one year (one seasonal cycle). This aspect is of first importance to define and provide the remediation operations that must be applied in the case of CO2 leakage on the basis of combined deep, surface and sub-surface measured gas data. Compilation of previous experiments strongly argued that our capacity to quantify variability of CO2 flux/concentration baseline must be one major key factor in the choice of a future monitoring program for CO2 storage site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: TOTAL conducts the first French pilot to demonstrate the technical feasibility and reliability of an integrated CO2 capture, transportation, injection and storage scheme from a boiler at a 1/10th reduced scale of an industrial project. This pilot entails the conversion of an existing steam boiler into an oxy-fuel combustion unit, oxygen being used for combustion rather than air to obtain a more concentrated CO2 stream easier to capture. Then, CO2 stream is compressed and conveyed via pipeline to the Rousse depleted gas field, 30 kilometers away, where it is injected into a deep carbonate reservoir. CO2 injection has started early 2010 as all the proper official authorizations have been given. Those authorizations concern two years of injection and three years of post injection observation. An appropriate monitoring plan was designed to check the integrity of the site, to compare the CO2 behavior as it is planned and to get information to calibrate tools and models. This paper details the monitoring program: continuous measurements through permanent sensors, such as microseismicity or reservoir behavior with pressure and temperature data, and periodic surveys mainly for environmental purposes such as the groundwater quality and the surface water quality within the injection site catchment area and the fauna and the flora biodiversity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a summary of technical-economic studies allowing to evaluate the production cost of electricity derived from coal and gas power plants with the capture of CO2, and the cost per ton of CO2 avoided, in the French context. Three systems were studied: an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), a conventional combustion of Pulverized Coal (PC) and a Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC). For the IGCC, two gasification types have been studied: a dry coal gasification at 27 bars, and a technology based on gasification of a coal - water mixture (slurry) that can be compressed to 64 bars (GE/Texaco slurry type). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]