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Abstract: Shell CO2 Storage B.V. (SCS) is planning to inject up to 10 million tonnes of CO2 in two depleted gas fields: Barendrecht (BRT) and Barendrecht-Ziedewij (BRTZ). This paper describes the process of selecting an optimised commercial value chain design for capture, transportation, injection and marketing of the CO2, requiring a helicopter view of the full system from source to sink over the 30 year injection life cycle of the project. The commercial concepts considered, selection criteria used and the selected concept will be discussed. Second, the economic modelling criteria for the main value drivers of the project will be discussed and the main differences with traditional petroleum economics will be indicated. Although the project is not pursued for financial profit, the use of the evaluation methodology described below has resulted in an optimal value proposition and value chain for Government, project, sub-contractors and society. The analysis showed that the project differed significantly from other CCS projects due to the relative weight of the transportation value component. The risk and uncertainty approach for the economic modelling of the key value drivers of the projects has resulted in a robust economic model to assist decision making for any changes to the project in a rapidly changing political environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The onshore Barendrecht CO2 storage project in the densely populated West of the Netherlands is designed to prevent CO2 to migrate out of the deep underground through geological formations and outside of wells. Achieving maximum safe containment is facilitated by selecting depleted gas fields as CO2 storages having stored natural gas over millions of years. This also allows choosing a final storage pressure that is lower than the ambient natural pressure in the surrounding rock formations. The inverse pressure gradient prohibits potential outflow from the storage reservoir. Additional proven safety barriers are the existence of sealing caprocks and large saline aquifers that overlie the storage reservoir. These saline aquifers alone have the capacity to sequester multitudes of the CO2 volumes that are planned to be stored in the depleted gas reservoirs. It is widely accepted that wells hold the main potential of forming a migration path. In the case of Barendrecht this would mainly mean potential migration of reservoir fluids of overlying formations into the CO2 storage reservoir as pressure equalization–returning to a natural equilibrium as existed prior to start of gas production without any overpressures–is not expected to occur before hundreds to thousands of years. Nevertheless assessing the evolution of current and future well integrity with CO2 injection is crucial for ensuring containment of the injected CO2 during injection and in the long term. The Barendrecht fields have respectively two and three drilled and completed wells penetrating the CO2 storage reservoir. This paper describes the most relevant subsurface related highlights from various studies that were carried out in connection with the Barendrecht CO2 storage project. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Shell CO2 Storage B.V. (SCS) is planning for the injection of some 10 million tonnes of CO2 in two depleted gas fields Barendrecht (BRT) and Barendrecht–Ziedewij (BRTZ), onshore, Western part of the Netherlands. This paper describes the process of selection of a tailor-made conceptual design for transportation and compression of the CO2, requiring a helicopter view of the full system from source to sink over the 30 year injection life cycle of the project. The concepts considered, selection criteria used and the selected concept will be subsequently discussed. The evaluation has eventually resulted in the selected concept of booster compression to 40 bar near the source, pipeline transport and an additional injection compressor at the injection well sites. Since the project will be situated in a densely populated area and is considered by many as a “new” activity, and because the success of the project is primarily defined by its safe execution, the project team has taken a “safety first” approach from the beginning of the project. For the conceptual design this has meant, among others, a drive to avoid uncertainties and/or to make (very) conservative assumptions in case uncertainties could not be avoided. The conservative approach has evolved in project-specific measures within the selected concept. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]