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Abstract: In 2007, the Norwegian prime minister made the promise that a ‘lunar landing’ was due at Mongstad Refining in 2014, involving full-scale cleaning of CO2. This was the prelude to a long and heated debate on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in Norwegian media. Through a discourse analysis we have identified two main media discourses related to the announced lunar landing; including important participants and arguments, as well as the positions taken by the actors of the discourses. The paper outlines the underlying structures of the public debate about CCS, and argues that the discourse is not really about CCS but politics in the form of narratives on promises, alliances and emotions caused by political actions. The paper shows the importance of media discourses for the legitimacy and willingness to finance CCS R&D. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recently, the Norwegian authorities have established a number of Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (CEER), intended to develop new knowledge, foster breakthrough technology and promote innovation in order to solve specific challenges in the field of energy and environment. The expectation is that these heterogeneous, multipartner research consortia will lead to excellent academic performance and at the same time, that the new knowledge is of such nature that it can be exploited for practical and commercial purposes. This paper suggests that the adoption of two concepts of knowledge production, denoting knowledge produced in an academic context and in a context of application, respectively. These concepts, referred to as Mode 1 and Mode 2 knowledge production, open up for insight and implications about the challenges inherent in the CEER scheme. Our key argument is that in order to move our understanding of innovation in heterogeneous research collaborations, research efforts should be seen as concurrent processes of problem solving around scientific and practical problems. The main management challenge identified is the need to perform well as a manager of basic research and at the same time, lay the groundwork for innovation, that is, to lead according to differing expectations. Our claims are based on an empirical example, drawn on the CEER Centre BIGCCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A vanguard project is an effective mechanism for testing new opportunities to deploy existing technologies into new markets in an effort to realize growth. Typically such endeavors are motivated by organizational needs to generate new knowledge and learning to develop or renew existing capabilities of the firm. In the case of Norwegian independent power producers (IPP), a recent trend to achieve company level growth is by expanding hydropower operations into international markets thus testing theoretical foundations of vanguard projects. Whilst many other European IPPs have internationalized stepwise in a pan-European context, Norwegian IPPs have chosen to pursue non-core European markets for international expansion. This paper serves to underscore the innovative globalization strategy shifts amongst Norwegian IPP by underpinning the challenges and opportunities of these activities in developing and emerging countries. To achieve this research objective triangulation of quantitative and qualitative data is utilized. Primary qualitative data includes exploratory case studies at the firm level, whereas quantitative data includes a national survey amongst Norwegian IPPs. Theoretical considerations lie within how such vanguard projects allow for core business activities to persist by diversifying geographically into dissimilar markets. The result of this research stream identifies the degree to which Norwegian IPP actors are actively developing such vanguard projects in which geographic locales of emerging markets. The mixed method approach results delineate how Norwegian IPPs are internationalizing and what the managerial implications are for entrepreneurs and IPPs alike. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Literature on knowledge and knowledge integration has mainly focused on its importance for firms and companies, but we should not forget the importance of knowledge for value creation for the society as a whole. The main focus in this paper is to discuss academic-industry collaboration through the concept ‘Mode 2’, which will be connected and discussed in relation to the Norwegian Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (CEER) scheme. This is accomplished through an analysis of the Norwegian CEER scheme in relations to the five attributes of ‘Mode 2’. It is evident that the research program has picked up several suggestions from the latter. However, the analysis also shows that the CEER scheme is mixed with regard to ‘Mode 2’ and ‘Mode 2’ on several attributions. The mixed approach is illustrated by the objectives for the CEERs, which is set by the Research Council. The research in CEERs should at the same time both be disciplinary scientific and applied by companies. This analysis is supplemented with a short review of some empirical studies of the ‘Mode 2’ phenomena’. Based on these studies it is apparent that there is a need for further empirical investigation of empirical micro-dynamic of collaboration between academia, industry and government. It is suggested that empirical investigation should apply the framework of Tell , to understand knowledge integration between academics and people working in enterprises collaborating within a CEER. This should enable us to identify best practice and improved design in the CEER scheme that will enable better commercialization of innovations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the Klimaforliket (Agreement on climate policy) signed by the Norwegian government on January 17th 2008, Nor–way has set a goal to reduce emission caused by transportation with 2,5 – 4 million tons CO2 equivalents compared with the reference for 2020. To reach this goal, a high penetration of electrical vehicles is essential, and new technologies and solutions for the infrastructure must be cleared early in the process. With the aim of triggering and stimulating a discussion in the topic, this paper will present a methodology for the analysis of the impact of large scale adoption of EVs on the electrical grid. A specific portion of a real network will be selected and two charging modalities for the electric vehicles will be investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: SUCCESS is a Center for Environmental Energy Research in Norway and performs research related to geological storage of CO2 in the subsurface. The SUCCESS centre is established by the Research Council of Norway together with several Norwegian research institutes and universities. The centre is hosted by Christian Michelsen Research. Through international cooperation and open research the SUCCESS centre will fill gaps in strategic knowledge and provide a system for learning and development of new competency to ensure safe and effective CO2 injection, storage and monitoring. In this paper we briefly present the main focus areas of the centre and some recent results obtained by the research partners. The results relate to geochemical effects, reservoir modeling, monitoring the geomechanical respond and the marine environment. A brief status on the field trial, Longyearbyen CO2 Lab, at Svalbard is also provided. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In the paper we share our operational experience gained from three sites: Sleipner (14 years of injection), In Salah (6 years) and Snøhvit (2 years). Together, these three sites have disposed 16 Mt of CO2 by 2010. In highly variable reservoirs, with permeability ranging from a few milliDarcy to more than one Darcy, single wells have injected several hundred Kt of CO2 per year. In the reservoirs, the actual CO2 plume development has been strongly controlled by geological factors that we learned about during injection. Geophysical monitoring methods (especially seismic, gravity, and satellite data) have, at each site, revealed some of these unpredicted geological factors. Thus monitoring methods are as valuable for reservoir characterisation as they are for monitoring fluid saturation and pressure changes. Current scientific debates that address CO2 storage capacity mainly focus on the utilization of the pore space (efficiency) and the rate of pressure dissipation in response to injection (pressure limits). We add to this that detailed CO2 site characterisation and monitoring is needed to prove significant practical CO2 storage capacity–on a case by case basis. As this specific site experience and knowledge develops more general conclusions on storage capacity, injectivity and efficiency may be possible. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is widely seen as a critical technology to de-carbonise the power and industrial sectors. As such, many nations have ambitious plans to demonstrate and then promote commercial scale development of CCS. To facilitate early demonstrations and lay the groundwork for widespread use of CCS, governments are rapidly developing new CCS regulations and policies. There have been a number of important regulatory and legal developments in the European Union, United States, Australia, Canada, Norway and several other jurisdictions. This paper and presentation will provide a brief but comprehensive update of these developments and will document and synthesise discussions and activities that were undertaken as part of the IEA’s International CCS Regulator’s Network. It is hoped that information sharing of this kind can help to facilitate harmonised global approaches to regulating CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An on-going Norwegian research project focus on the geochemical interaction of CO2 with cap-rocks as well as engineered material in wells, and corresponding changes in geomechanical properties. The aim is to establish the nature and extent of induced changes in petrophysics and geomechanical rock/material properties caused by geochemical reactions during long-term exposure to CO2 and CO2-water mixtures. Furthermore, it is an aim to experimentally simulate a leakage situation, where improved understanding of transport and reaction mechanisms and qualification of monitoring techniques are important. Abandoned wells have been identified as one of the most probable leakage pathways for underground CO2 storage. A comprehensive understanding of the fluid-solid interaction processes in the well and in the near-well area and methods for evaluation of long-term well integrity is necessary. This paper presents preliminary experimental results on the chemical interactions of well cement and brine- CO2 at conditions relevant for subsurface storage of CO2 in aquifers (100 bar, 50 ∘C). Two different scenarios have been tested; the impacts of CO2 on well cement in a static environment, and secondly, the effects of carbonated brine transport on well cement surfaces. Thus, cement cores have been the subject to a series of static batch experiments with variable duration and water content, as well as steady state flow-through experiments where a CO2 saturated brine is forced through a channel in the cement. The batch experiments, resembling the long term storage situation, show extensive cement carbonation and near full conversion of Portlandite (Ca(OH)2) to calcite and aragonite on the outer layers of the specimens. The flow experiments reveal a different behaviour due to the advective transport of reactants and reaction products. Cement decalcification to yield a layer of amorphous silica, was found to be rapid and quantitative in the immediate vicinity of the convective flow. Complete cement dissolution and consequent widening of the flow channel was also observed. Results on the propagation rate of reaction fronts are reported. Further work will include geomechanical experiments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]