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Abstract: This paper describes an operability analysis and control structure design for handling membrane leakage in a hydrogen membrane reactor (HMR) as used in an integrated reforming combined power cycle (IRCC) based on natural gas as fuel. For this type of reforming to be competitive to power generation with carbon capture, low costs and emission of CO2 and NOx is required. Further, high operability and robustness is also required. This is achieved through an understanding of the system dynamics and robust control structure design. The overall aim of the work is to improve the operability of such gas power plants under membrane leakage, which may cause detrimental hot areas in the reactor. Good operability means essentially that a plant can be operated easily, i.e. it can cope with disturbances, offsets and other uncertainties with the smallest possible profit loss and without frequent shutdowns. This is obtained both through design of the process itself and design of the control system. An important ingredient is the use of a dynamic, control relevant simulation model. The paper presents an analysis of how the control objective affects the choice of control structure for the HMR process and the control performance under membrane leakage. Also, the effect on CO2 capture is shown. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present technology of the photovoltaic is still highly costing and the efficiency can improve to maximize efficiency, so the investor need to collect and study the return of project. In general the photovoltaic module has life time about 25 years and the almost of Photovoltaic Power Plant costing modules about 70% of portion. Hence, the degradation of photovoltaic module has an effect to the energy yield and benefit of project. The return of the project also depend on many factors such as the temperature, moisture content, the damaged of modules, government subsidy, CDM benefit and etc. This paper is considered the effecting about the degradation of 2.16MW amorphous photovoltaic power plant that the energy yield output is directly affect the capital and cost of project. The return of the investment when the solar module was degrade of the efficiency 10%, 20%, 30% by using NPV, BCR, IRR and PB to find out though the breakeven point of project and the degradation percentage that unacceptable to investment. This paper output applicability to determine to others amorphous photovoltaic power plant project by adjustment some information and factors appropriate to each project site. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we give an overview of the situation of CO2 emissions in both Beijing and Tokyo and discuss and compare the causes for their emission changes according to decomposition based on both social activities and fuel varieties. We find that in order to enjoy a sustainable development, Beijing needs to learn from Tokyo especially in energy consumption area. At the end of the paper, the cooperation between these two metropolises is summarized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Reviewing past and current mobility assessments for the Lebanese road transport sector, road mobility demand has experienced a real explosion since 1990, and the trend is strongly upward over the decade to come. This growth is mainly attributed to the raise of daily passenger trips and the increase of car ownership. Moreover, this increase in mobility demand results in severe congestion, mostly in Greater Beirut Area (GBA), which leads to chaotic traffic conditions. As a result, Lebanese citizens are suffering from high budget required for transport, high dependence on fossil fuels, in addition to high pollution level particularly in urban areas. Therefore, reducing the fuel consumption and emissions of Lebanese road transport, particularly for passenger cars, has become a must. Electrification of conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV) nowadays appears as an effective solution of paramount importance for car manufacturers, facing the challenge of minimizing the consumption of the road transport. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present latest technological advancements of hybrid electric vehicles and to assess their impacts in terms of fuel savings in Lebanese urban driving conditions. The logic of vehicle electrification is outlined first by presenting the technological advantages with respect to conventional vehicles. Then the paper addresses a tank-to-wheel energy consumption comparison and an operating costs comparison between several hybrid electric vehicle types and a reference conventional vehicle, on real world driving cycles, representative of GBA driving conditions. Driving cycles are collected during a survey on real route in GBA using onboard GPS devices equipped with data loggers. Finally, an assessment of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of the Lebanese car fleet is presented, in addition to a methodology for creating mitigation scenarios serving to reduce consumption and emissions by 2020. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has been identified as a critical enabling technology to mitigate the large quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from coal-fired power plants and subsequently discharged to the atmosphere. While large-scale CO2 injection in geologic formations associated with enhanced oil recovery operations have been ongoing for over 30 years, different technical challenges face the injection of CO2 into saline reservoirs sourced from utility boilers. Beyond the high costs of capture, operational reliability related to the integration of capture with pipeline transport and injections are components of CCS with very little operational experience. Some issues unique to utility boiler capture include planned and forced outages, generation loading, and changes in CO2 purity. These operational issues can only be resolved through the integration of capture, transportation, and injection operations in demonstration-scale projects. Parametric testing provides an opportunity to evaluate how the integration of transportation and injection for storage respond to changes in plant operations. This paper will introduce a CCS demonstration-scale research program that involves a carbon capture unit designed to supply up to 500 metric tons (tonnes) per day (182,500 tonnes per year), a 19-kilometer pipeline and injection into a subsurface saline reservoir located at 3,060 meters below ground surface. The project will provide a test bed to begin to understand and resolve the challenges of integrating the key components of CCS with utility boilers. The paper will provide an update on the status of the project, covering the permits required to get the demonstration in motion, the geologic assessment of the proposed injection target reservoirs, and the engineering design for the injection and monitoring program. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the possibilities and conditions for CCS applications in Finland are assessed. The study includes an overview of Finland’s current climate and energy policy framework, mapping of large CO2 emission point sources and identification of possible CO2 transportation and storage alternatives. The future role of CCS in the Finnish energy system is further assessed with energy and emission scenarios created with a comprehensive model called TIMES-Nordic. There are several large CO2 emission sources in Finland that could be potential candidates for CCS, including steel works, power and heat generating plants, as well as oil refineries. In 2008, the 12 largest facilities in the Finnish emission trading registry accounted for 30% of the total CO2 emissions in Finland. Since the Finnish bedrock is not suitable for large-scale geological storage of CO2, captured CO2 would most likely have to be transported to the North Sea or Barents Sea for long-term storage. Most of the largest CO2 emitting facilities are located on the coast line of Finland, which facilitates transportation of CO2 by ship. The current Finnish climate and energy policy largely focuses on increasing the share of renewable energy and nuclear power in energy conversion, which leaves less room for CCS. The preliminary results from the scenario calculations indicate that the share of CO2 mitigation by CCS in Finland would be less than 10 Mt/a CO2 by 2050. However, Finland has also large, stationary CO2 emissions originating from biomass combustion in the pulp and paper industry. When assuming that biogenic CO2 emissions would be included into the emission trading system, the CCS potential rises up to 18 Mt/a CO2 by 2050. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Alstom is developing a portfolio of solutions to address CO2 emission reductions. Among them is CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) for which Alstom is developing several CO2 capture systems based on post-combustion and oxycombustion processes. This paper will be oriented to utility and industrial companies that would like to be prepared to CCS challenges and understand the key features of the CO2 capture technologies, in this article focus will be on oxy-combustion. This paper is also oriented to “oxy-experts” community for an update coming from pilots operation. It will describe key features of the different pilot projects with Alstom’s involvement and will describe the work performed in there. The development of CO2 capture technologies are being pursued by European and US suppliers in collaboration with utility companies, academia, the US DOE, the European Union, and universities. The first part of this article will address the work of Alstom and corresponding results in three major oxy pilots: • Vattenfall Schwarze Pumpe Oxy-combustion pilot plant (30 MWth, coal)) and corresponding results (pilot is in operation since September 2008, a full PC oxy-combustion chain has been under evaluation there). • An oxy tangentially fired boiler development project (coal) with co-funding from the US DOE and other organizations, which includes pilot testing at the 15 MWth scale, conducted in Windsor CT (US). This pilot has started operation in September 2009. • The TOTAL Lacq Oxy-combustion pilot plant (30 MWth, natural gas) where Alstom did the retrofit of a conventional boiler for its conversion into oxy-combustion. Considerable knowledge has been gained with these pilots through different considerations, both on boiler components but also on the integrated oxy chain. All these positive outcomes confirm the expectations of the community in oxy-development and open the door to the next development step of ∼250 MWel large scale oxy-fired carbon capture and storage (CCS) demonstration plants. This paper provides an update about the CO2 capture pilot plant operation and also present the technical challenges expected to be demonstrated during large scale demonstration plants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A significant proportion of the research into CCS in the literature assumes ‘complete capture’ of the CO2, that is at least 85 to 90 percent of the CO2 from the flue gas is captured for the entire operating year (7,000 to 8,000 hours). Only a few papers have examined a model involving ‘flexible’ operation of the capture facility in which the CO2 is captured at variable or reduced rates for all or part of a day, week, season or year. This paper presents an assessment of the operational opportunities for deploying flexible CO2 capture at black coal fired power plants located in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Different models of flexible capture including part-time operation, partial CO2 capture rates and a combination of both operating modes are examined. The results show that it may be possible to reduce the current CO2 emissions from NSW coal-fired power plants by up to 50% during summer while still meeting the state electricity demand. The estimated cost of CO2 avoided ranges from A$120 to A$190 per tonne avoided for flexible capture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper offers a broad summary of the most common risk assessment methodologies for the geologic storage of carbon dioxide. We believe it is valuable to compare these methodologies, particularly in the areas where they lead to similar conclusions. The objective of this paper is to provide a better understanding of the current similarities and differences of these proposed methodologies. Since CCS was proposed as a mitigation option for reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions, several attempts have been made to study the potential risks of long-term storage of CO2 in geological formations. Various worldwide projects have tried different industrial methods adapted to GSC. In spite of these efforts, currently there is no standardised method or set of methods for evaluating risk and/or uncertainty for GSC projects. Application or adaptation of advanced industrial quantitative risk assessment methods seems not convenient at this point because of lack of specific data. The development of frameworks and qualitative methods looks the most trustable for current projects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Various methodologies are proposed to reduce CO2 emissions that are believed to be the main drivers of the climate change. CO2 capture and storage in deep underground formations is one of the promising methods that allow reducing the emissions while continuing the use of fossil fuels. Injection of immense quantities of CO2 is required to make a reasonable cut of the emissions. Deep saline aquifers can provide the capacity to accommodate the storage of such huge amounts of CO2. However, one of main challenges in deployment of CO2 storage is the risk of CO2 leakage through pathways in the cap-rock overlying the target aquifer. The sealing capacity of the cap-rock must be evaluated to ensure the safety of the storage. Therefore, characterization of the cap-rock is required to find the potential leakage pathways even before the CO2 storage begins. Methods to characterize the leakage pathways are proposed at two different scales: 1- By point sampling of the cap-rock and testing the potential pathways such as abandoned wells, 2- by analysing geophysical (e.g. 3-D seismic) data to estimate paths of upward migration of the injected CO2. Flow based methods have the potential for bridging the large gap that exists between the length scale of these two approaches. The aquifer could be tested for the leakage pathways before CO2 storage. This will allow finding proper storage aquifers and locations for the injection wells. In this work we present an analytical model to evaluate the pressure variation in the overlying aquifers due to leakage from the storage aquifer. In a companion paper, this model will be used along with an inverse modelling approach to locate and characterize the leakage pathways based on pressure data. This paper introduces two new analytical solutions: 1- Exact solutions for the pressure variation in an overlying aquifer due to leakage (obtained in Laplace-transformation domain), 2- time-domain approximations for the exact solutions to make the inversion possible. In deriving the analytical solutions two aquifers are considered: Storage and monitoring. The aquifers are separated by an aquitard and are in communication through a leakage pathway. In departure from previous works the leakage pathways are not required to be line source/sink. Such consideration allows incorporation of large pathways such as stratigraphic and structural heterogeneities in the cap-rock. We consider a single-phase 1-D radial flow system in the storage and monitoring aquifers. Both of the aquifers are considered as homogeneous, isotropic, and infinite-acting with constant thickness. The injection (or production) rate is taken as constant. The analytical solution are applied to a base case and corroborated versus numerical solution. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Power generation is one of the biggest sources of man-made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the main anthropologic greenhouse gas. As the combustion of fossil fuels generates CO2 emissions, new technologies are required to enable the power sector to continue to meet the global demand for electric power, while controlling the CO2 emissions that contribute to global warming. To achieve meaningful reductions, it will be necessary to develop technologies that can be applied to both greenfield projects and to the existing fleet through cost effective retrofits. Among those technologies under development, Post-Combustion Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) using the Chilled Ammonia Process (CAP) technology is one of the more promising solutions. Testing and technology development for CAP has been completed at the We Energies Field Pilot and is underway at the E.ON Karlshamn and AEP Mountaineer facilities. This paper will report on the progress being made at those three facilities and describe how the data being generated is contributing to the commercial scale-up of the technology. The current status of these facilities is as follows: [•] The We Energies Field Pilot, designed to capture over 15,000 metric tonnes/year of CO2, commenced operations in June 2008 and was operated through October 2009. This first of a kind Proof of Concept unit demonstrated that CAP could be applied to coal fired applications. [•] The E.ON Karlshamn Field Pilot, designed to capture over 15,000 metric tonnes/year of CO2, was commissioned in April of 2009 and captures CO2 emissions from a boiler combusting a high sulfur fuel oil. [•] The Product Validation Facility (PVF) at American Electric Power (AEP)’s coal-fired Mountaineer Power Plant, inaugurated in September 2009, is designed to capture and store 100,000 metric tonnes/year of CO2. The Chilled Ammonia Product Validation Facility treats a flue gas slipstream taken from a location downstream of Mountaineer’s existing selective catalytic reduction (SCR), electrostatic precipitator (ESP), and wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) systems. Deployment of a CAP facility in this configuration represents a significant step in the technology scale-up process. This project scope includes CO2 capture, compression, and storage in two geologic reservoirs with injection wellheads located on the plant property. AEP worked with Battelle to develop the geologic storage system. This paper describes the Chilled Ammonia Process Development Program and provides an update on the CO2 capture pilot plants status including the AEP Mountaineer Product Validation Facility. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Underground gas storage (UGS) facilities provide a wealth of information, which can be used to better understand various aspects of CO2 storage in depleted reservoirs. In some cases UGS facilities can provide important site specific information for carbon storage projects that are planned in similar formations in close proximity. In this paper, we discuss the various ways in which UGS facilities can be used to extract important information, and when possible we draw upon information from the Iona gas storage facility in Australia’s Otway basin. The Iona facility is located 20 km away from the CO2CRC Otway Project, in which CO2 65445 tonnes of 77 mole% carbon dioxide, 20 mole% methane and 3 mole% other gas components (containing about 58000 tonnes of carbon dioxide) was injected into the Waarre C formation over a 17 month period. In this paper, we compare the factors that control CO2 seal capacity and discuss how UGS facilities can provide information on sustainable column heights either limited by faults or by cap rocks. We also present dynamic modeling results in which information is gained regarding injectivity, pressure evolution of the reservoir, storage capacity and maximum fluid pressures sustained by the faults. Understanding such parameters is important for the safe operation of any carbon storage project, be it on a demonstration or industrial scale. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Portland cement can play a major role in providing cost-effective, long-term zonal isolation for CO2 capture and storage (CCS) used to mitigate climate change. However, achieving zonal isolation with Portland cement under supercritical CO2 environment for the required 1,000 year trapping period may be challenging. Some laboratory researchers report that Portland cement disintegrates when exposed to CO2, leading to potential leakage into the atmosphere or other to underground zones. Other researchers cite Portland cement samples from 30–50 year old CO2 EOR wells where sealing integrity was maintained, even though carbonation was found. In this paper we will discuss reasons likely for this disparity between research lab test results and actual well performance data. Carbonation of Portland cement is a thermodynamically favorable process and therefore difficult to avoid. But the effects can be minimized by various reactive chemical components optimized for the specific thermodynamic conditions. Our research shows partial carbonation of Portland cement is not detrimental unless the mechanical integrity is insufficient to provide effective zonal isolation. For these studies we have developed CO2 treatment test cells capable of producing conditions up to 200 °F and 2,000 psi. In addition, various analytical instruments including x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and mechanical properties measurement devices have been used for this study. In this paper we will discuss the importance of understanding the percentage of carbonation and depth of CO2 penetration, and how to control these factors by optimizing the cement blend. Interestingly, we found the amount of Portlandite { Ca(OH)2} that forms due to cement hydration and the cement-to-water ratio dictates the depth of penetration as well as percentage carbonation. The implications of this in relation to the long term chemical integrity of the cement sheath under downhole CCS conditions is discussed. This paper also includes the results of recent studies on the changes in mechanical properties of a properly optimized Portland cement blend for a period of up to one year. During this period, measurements were made at different time intervals to examine cement specimen treated with CO2 at 200 °F and 2,000 psi in the presence of water. The results show carbonation without any sign of loss of mechanical or sealing integrity that could lead to zonal isolation failure. Results from a separate set of experiments show the following: (1) Carbonation could be minimized by reducing the Portland cement content by adding Pozzolanic materials and by reducing the permeability and (2) Carbonation could help heal micro-cracks that may be caused by various well operations or ageing. However, such carbonation-induced healing is limited only to a certain width of cracks. In summary of this research, it is recommend that: (1) a high quality primary cement job be performed in adherence to all industry best practices; (2) the cement blend be properly optimized to minimize long-term CO2 corrosion; and (3) the sheath be designed for long-term mechanical integrity. This paper will discuss a comprehensive approach that may be taken to help ensure longer-term effective zonal isolation in new CO2 wells and remedial solutions for old wells and for plugging and abandoning wells. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The IEA CCS Roadmap highlighted the significance that CCS will play in achieving an atmospheric CO2 stabilization on 450 ppm. In the scenario it is based on, CCS will provide approximately 20% of the total CO2 emissions reductions out to 2050. To achieve this contribution it will require an ambitious CCS growth path with 100 projects needed globally by 2020 and over 3000 by 2050. In both 2020 and 2050 the major developing countries will need to contribute to this deployment. Brazil has a unique electricity and emissions profile. Over 80% of Brazils electricity is produced from hydropower with the rest being made up by a combination of fossil fuels, biomass, and nuclear. This means the energy emissions in Brazil are relatively low. Many people within Brazil see stopping the deforestation of the Amazon as the key emissions reduction mechanism for Brazil. However, the contribution to CO2 emissions from coal is expected to increase due to 6000 MW of coal power that is planned to be installed in Brazil by 2030, although this still only represents 2.7% of grid compared to 83% from renewables. CCS in Brazil will be more relevant to industry rather than for electricity generation. In particular CCS could be crucial for the development of some of the “Pre-salt” petrol eum fields which bring new challenges. Although there are no conclusive studies on the concentration o f carbon dioxide (CO2) in the region, some wells have shown concentrations of CO2 above those found in the Campos Basin, while others showed concentrations close to zero. Still, Petrobras have proactively committed to not releasing to the atmosphere, the CO2 associated with the natural gas produced in the pre-salt layer. In addition, the pre-salt oil is considered of good quality, light oil and therefore, the refining process consumes less energy and will emit less CO2 when compared to the processing of heavier crude. This paper looks to discuss the current status of CCS in Brazil. This includes looking at the current status of a number of demonstration projects that are already underway in Brazil as well as additional ones that are planned. The paper will also discuss the. Public awareness and engagement about CCS given the crucial role the public play in the smooth progress of projects. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium, Schlumberger Carbon Services, and Archer Daniels Midland has implemented a comprehensive communications plan at the Illinois Basin–Decatur Project (IBDP), a one million metric tonne Carbon Capture and Storage project in Decatur, IL, USA funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Energy Technology Laboratory. The IBDP Communication Plan includes consortium information, funding and disclaimer citations, description of target audiences, media communications guidelines, paper and presentations guidelines, site visit information, crisis communication, on-site photography regulations, and other components. The creation, development, and implementation processes for the IBDP Communication Plan (the Plan) are shared in this paper. New communications challenges, such as how to address add-on research requests, data sharing and management, scope increase, and contract agreements have arisen since the Plan was completed in January 2009, resulting in development of new policies and procedures by project management. Integrating communications planning, risk assessment, and project management ensured that consistent, factual information was developed and incorporated into project planning, and constitutes the basis of public communications. Successful integration has allowed the IBDP to benefit from early identification and mitigation of the potential project risks, which allows more time to effectively deal with unknown and unidentified risks that may arise. Project risks and risks associated with public perception can be managed through careful planning and integration of communication strategies into project management and risk mitigation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The present renewed interest on CO2 EOR/EGR is led by an environmental concern. The consequence is that, today, we are urgently asked for considering the new CO2 EOR projects in association with CO2 storage. This implies an appropriate production well management allowing for delaying the CO2 breakthrough, while one has to keep a great concern on the safety issues related to the social acceptance, and to ensure a full economical viability of the CO2 injection projects. The picture becomes even more complex when it is planned to link various CO2 emission sites to various remote CO2 injection sites (typically already produced hydrocarbon reservoirs) through a large CO2 transportation infrastructure. In such a situation, it will be needed to harmonize in real time the rate fluctuations of the CO2 sources and the evolution of the CO2 sink injectivities (closely related to the reservoir pressure), while avoiding to meet the surface/transportation equipment limitations. The optimization of such a large system being not solvable rigorously, there is a particular interest towards methodologies allowing for a simplified reservoir modeling of the CO2 sinks (hydrocarbon field or aquifer). This point has been addressed in the work presented hereafter, which has been completed within the frame of the European ECCO project, aiming at providing a techno-economical tool for the CO2 value chain analysis. After a review of possible methods of reservoir conceptual modeling, the paper is presenting the approach followed for modeling reservoir CO2 EOR/EGR candidates in Central Europe. What is emphasized is the quantification of the impact of production constraints on hydrocarbon recovery and CO2 storage, in particular by means of an experimental design based tool. In addition, it is shown how some uncertainty on fluid miscible behavior can influence the hydrocarbon production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents a description of the CO2 removal process of 500MW coal and gas fired power plants. The parameters and other operating conditions for Aspen Plus rate based model were selected to achieve 85% of CO2 removal. The effects of absorber pressure and packing height on re-boiler duty are studied. Re-boiler duty is decreasing with the increase of packing height and absorber pressure. The effect of solvent properties on CO2 removal efficiency is also analyzed. The removal efficiency increases as the increase of MEA concentration and temperature. When the lean loading of MEA solvent is increased, efficiency of the removal process is decreasing. The liquid and vapour phase temperature profiles and CO2 loading in the absorber are analyzed to understand the model behaviour. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coupling flexible power generation with Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology may be important for substantial reductions in CO2 emissions. In this paper we consider some of the implications of flexible power plant operation on the CCS process. Specifically, we consider the CCS chain capacity selection decision, by which we mean the choice of the optimal plant size, to understand what determines the amount of CO2 that is efficient to capture and how the decision to invest in CCS chain capacity is affected by price volatility of CO2 emissions quotas. We found that the plant''s emissions profile determined a range of CCS capacities that could be efficient with the tradeoff between the price of CO2 emissions quotas and the cost of CCS technology determining the specific optimal chain capacity. Secondly, investment into CCS technology for a flexible load power plant was more likely to be delayed in a multiple time point investment decision tree model as a result of price volatility, compared to investment in CCS technology on a base load power plant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The recent years have seen growing attention towards the study of dynamic behavior in post-combustion CO2 capture plants using amines, albeit, apparently contesting yet without comparison or critique. This paper reviews what has been reported in literature concerning issues pertinent to transient behavior of CO2 capture including interaction with power plants. Details of models used, their validation and modeling tools as well as an attempt to piece-out convergent points from the various conclusions are given. Knowledge gaps and areas that still need more attention are emphasized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the Klimaforliket (Agreement on climate policy) signed by the Norwegian government on January 17th 2008, Nor–way has set a goal to reduce emission caused by transportation with 2,5 – 4 million tons CO2 equivalents compared with the reference for 2020. To reach this goal, a high penetration of electrical vehicles is essential, and new technologies and solutions for the infrastructure must be cleared early in the process. With the aim of triggering and stimulating a discussion in the topic, this paper will present a methodology for the analysis of the impact of large scale adoption of EVs on the electrical grid. A specific portion of a real network will be selected and two charging modalities for the electric vehicles will be investigated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The application of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) in the power industry is important for reducing man-made CO2 emissions. This paper proposes new ways to categorize the options for mitigation of man-made CO2 emissions and CO2 capture. A detailed description on the ways to capture, transport and store CO2 has been presented. The power penalties and cost can be big challenges to apply CCS to the power industry, while a lot of opportunities exist, such as value added CO2 storage, industrial utilization of CO2 and the development of the carbon trade market. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Low-carbon energy and constraints of resources and environment will increasingly become two important factors inhibiting China''s economic development in the future. According to the relationship and coordinating mechanisms among energy consumption, carbon dioxide emission and economic development, This paper establishes the two-dimensions evaluation indicating system based on balanced. Use data development analysis, through the fact data of some typical provinces in 2009, we make a comprehensive assessment of its historic coordination, analyze the degree of coordination and the reasons for the contradiction, strive to source the dialectical unity from similarities and differences, and finally proposed some political ideas and recommendations on promoting China''s future coordinating development among economy, energy, and environmental. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Biofixation of CO2 by microalgae has become an effective carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technology and it has the potential for large-scale application in decreasing CO2 emission from combustion flue gases. In general, the production of the microalgae under flue gas CO2 carbon sequestration is closely related with the algae species, culture methods, biological conditions, gas conditions and the CO2 concentration. In this paper, the production parameter (biomass) for microalgae chlorella under flue gas was predicted using response surface methodology. It was found that the model agreed well with the experimental data. Further, the interacted analysis indicated that the carbon source, nitrogen source, cell inoculation density and light intensity had important effect on microalgae production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we examine levels and trends in conventional and regulation on CO2 emissions sensitive productivity over the period 1995 to 2007. Firstly, we estimate and compare two type TFP index from regulations on CO2 emissions to no regulations over current levels and test the difference of TFP in two kinds of conditions. The major conclusions are as follows: Under co2 emissions restrictions, the eastern region has the highest TFP Growth rate while the western region has the lowest TFP growth rate .With accounting for convention, sensitive productivity growth for 28 regions on average is slightly higher than that of regulations on CO2, and efficiency change is the main source. Out of 28 regions, eight different regions shifted the frontier at least once. Econometric analysis indicates a number of variables that has important effects on e regulation on CO2 emissions sensitive measures of productivity, including variables relating GDP per capita, technical in efficiency, capital labor ratio, the energy intensity and openness. We find that these variables have different effects. In addition, policy implications are discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Under the trend of global warming, the developed countries actively explore for a low-carbon manufacturing way to realize sustainable development. This paper points out the challenges that the China low-carbon manufacturing industry faces through the analysis of emissions of CO2,GDP from 2005 to 2009 and carbon emissions structure in 2010 and the comparison of China energy consumption and the other countries’ as well. Based on the comparative analysis of low-carbon policies of Japan, Germany and the United States, it points out some relevant countermeasures and suggestions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Under the background of the global climatic change and the carbon emission reduction, exhaustion of resources, draggle technology, low benefit and feeble competitiveness are deadly weaknesses in the development of China''s economy today. With the rapid development of science and technology, the weaknesses have made China''s economy meet some flinty challenges. From the angle of the low-carbon''s output and its profits, the energy''s use structure, the low-carbon energy''s emission reduction and the low-carbon technology, the paper has made an analysis based on the hierarchy analysis and the fuzzy appraisement to provide strong evidences for industrial policy innovation and form a rather complete environmental control system for China''s developing low-carbon economy, as well as offer the rational policy support and effective technologies for the development of low-carbon economy of China''s industry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on the absorption of some relevant research results, this paper establishes an evaluation model of the level of China''s low-carbon manufacturing and uses the factor analysis method for empirical research. Then it analyses the exist problems of China''s low-carbon manufacturing and puts forward some relevant countermeasures and suggestions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: With the proposed low-carbon economy, there is growing concern about the impact of carbon emissions on global warming. China''s traditional manufacturing is a pillar industry of national economy and its carbon emissions account for a great proportion in the whole country''s carbon emissions. This paper makes a comparative analysis to study the differences between developing countries and china in energy consumption, energy consuming structure, energy consumption per unit of GDP and the proportion of carbon emissions in the world. It also studies the low carbon driving factors of China''s traditional manufacturing and proposes the corresponding countermeasures. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Using the directional distance function estimating by a non-parametric method, this paper measured shadow prices indicating the margin abatement costs (MACs) of CO2 emissions of China''s industrial sectors. The results show that the MACs are within 0.2 thousand Yuan per ton to 120.3 thousand Yuan per ton, differentiating among sectors. In average, the MACs of heavy and chemical industries are lower than that of light and high-tech industries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The objective of this paper is to propose a methodology for designing a stand-alone hybrid PV/wind/diesel/battery minimizing the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCE) and the CO2 emission using genetic algorithm. The methodology developed was applied using solar radiation, temperature and wind speed data, collected on the site of Gandon, located in the northwestern of Senegal. Obtained results were presented as optimal Pareto front. The optimal number of devices, the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCE) and the CO2 emission were determined for each solution. An influence study of the size of diesel generator on the optimal configuration was carried. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: CO2 emission from combustion flue gases has become the primary factor in global warming. Chemical methods of absorbing CO2 from combustion flue gases have been widely used in engineering, because of its simple and convenient operation, high absorption efficiency and economic value. This paper analyses the domestic and foreign researches on chemical methods of absorbing CO2 from combustion flue gases, and summaries the effect of the reactors structure, absorbent type and operating conditions on absorption efficiency. This article also forecasts present developmental directions, and expects to have a certain reference to later research and development. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This study summarize the barriers of low carbon technology transfer. Based on analysis of the findings of the literature on technology transfer, this paper presents a summary of key areas for future action in order to facilitate the transfer of low carbon technology to developing countries. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In order to forecast energy demand in China in the next 20 years, this paper firstly analyzes the current situation of China''s energy consumption, and then apply LEAP model to simulate primary energy and final energy demand in 2020, 2030 under different scenario composition about economic development, energy efficiency and energy structure. The results show that: the total primary energy demand will reach 4840-5070 Mtce in 2020, 5580-5870 Mtce in 2030; the share of coal in primary energy will decrease, and that of oil, natural gas and non-fossil energy sources will increase. For all the three economic growth scenarios, 40-45% carbon emission intensity reduction target can be realized. If non-fossil energy can be further developed, carbon emission intensity can reduce more than 45% by 2020. The goal of the 15% share of non-fuel energy in primary energy is difficult to realize, unless the most development potentials of hydro power, nuclear power and wind power can be reached. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper attempts to apply an input-output approach to evaluate the impact caused by the production of a good on the environment, and it involves the retrospective accumulation of effects on the environment produced by energy and materials required directly and indirectly in the production of manufacturing sectors. The accumulation of these effects involves firstly, measuring the impact of energy consumption on the environment (e.g. CO2 emission), secondly, measuring the impact on the environment from energy consumption occurs during the production of the various energies and materials required in the production process [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper proposes and analyzes a novel gas/steam combined cycle power system integrated with low/mid temperature solar heat thermo-chemical conversion and CO2 capture. The power system uses methanol as the input fuel. Methanol reformation is highly endothermic and can achieve over 90% conversion into H2-rich syngas at temperatures around 250°C. The high conversion rate at relatively low temperature enables the following configuration arrangement, (1) solar heat collected at 200-300°C can be used to heat the endothermic methanol reformation and is thereby converted into syngas chemical energy; (2) the produced syngas is enriched with H2 and CO2 (24.4% CO2 and 74.7% H2 by volume), thus is ready for pre-combustion decarbonization. The processed CO2- lean syngas is used to fuel a gas/steam combined cycle. In form of the fuel chemical exergy, the collected low level (low temperature) solar heat is released as high temperature thermal energy for power generation, achieving a highefficiency heat-power conversion in the advanced combined cycle system. The hybrid system is simulated with Aspen Plus code and analyzed. The results show that with 91% CO2 captured, the system attains a net exergy efficiency of ∼55%. Fossil fuel saving ratio of 30.5% is achievable with a solar thermal share of 21.5%. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The regional condition and natural resources of the Yellow River Delta are superior, but the issues and constrains there are also quite pronounced. So the development of high-efficiency ecological economy is confronted with serious challenges. Take the Yellow River Delta High-efficiency Eco-economic Zone as the evaluation object and at the basis of the analyses of the development situation in the area, the energy consumption and carbon emissions were forecasted and estimated in the paper. The results indicate that the total energy use in 2015 and 2020 would be 1.62 and 2.22 times higher than that in 2009, respectively. The average annual growth rate of carbon emissions is 8.40% from 2009 to 2015 and that would be 6.50% from 2015 to 2020. The amount of carbon emissions of the area in 2015 and 2020 will take up 13.35% and 16.16% of Shandong Province, respectively. Finally, some suggestions were proposed to guarantee the sustainable energy use and the realization of carbon emission reduction. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A quantitative assessment of the environmental impact of manufacture activities and installation activities in HVAC industry can help decision-makers identify major environmental impact factors and make environmentally friendly construction plans in the early stages of building development project. Factors examined according to manufacture and construction stage includes parts: embodied energy of raw materials; energy consumption of product process and transportation of raw materials; embodied energy of HVAC construction materials; energy consumption of process and transportation of HVAC construction materials; carbon emissions from construction equipment. This paper investigates the activities involved in the manufacture and installation stages of HVAC systems, and also presents the carbon emissions calculation method associated with them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In Thailand, the owner of designated buildings are forced to implement and administer energy program under the energy development and promotion Act 2007. Appointment person responsible for energy, performing energy management and implementing the energy conservation work plan and measures are legal requirements for the designated buildings and factories. Therefore, the pilot project of promotion and conducting the energy conservation regulation and supervision of designated government buildings was launched in 2010. In this paper, the evaluation of the project has been presented from the achievements of 803 designated government buildings. More than 2,500 energy conservation measures have been implemented with energy savings of 19,878.78 toe/year and reduction CO2 emission about 117,213.41 tons/year. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Construction industry has contributed a lot to the economic development during 30 years of reform and opening up in China. Because construction industry is typically an energy-intensive and resource-intensive industry, environmental impact situations are necessary to be found, especially for the purpose of improving performance of construction industry in China. In this paper, based on the data of National Bureau of Statistics of China and National Development and Reform Commission, characteristics of construction industry production have been analyzed. Then, the problem of estimation of environmental impact of construction industry is mainly converted into the total CO2 emissions during construction programme. Because of the dynamic nature of construction industry development and the specificity of sample data, leading to estimation of environmental impact difficulty, so a intelligent estimation model based on least squares support vector machines is presented to improve the prediction process. The proposed model takes advantage of LS-SVMs ability to solve the problem with small samples and nonlinear regression. Furthermore, the proposed approach is shown more accurate for prediction in the case of real-word application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The estimates of abatement costs about CO2 can provide useful information for policy-makers. With the framework of production theory, a marginal abatement costs model is established using the nonparametric method, and empirical results about China in 2007 are found in this paper. The two CO2 reduction strategies, maintaining the level of CO2 or reducing CO2 and expanding GDP at the same time, impact potential GDP greatly. 143.5 millions CO2 reduction means 35.1billions GDP loss and the marginal abatement cost of CO2 is 475.3yuan/ton on average. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Global climate warming caused by emission of greenhouse gas including CO2 is one of serious problems nowadays. In an effort to mitigate CO2 emissions, one of most effectively clean energy plan is to produce power from coal using the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC). However, the cost of existing CO2 capture technologies is still too high. Utilization of large-solubility and low-cost absorbent for CO2 capture in IGCC can effectively reduce the electricity price increase caused by addition of CO2 removal unit. As it needs to trap CO2 before combustion under high pressure in IGCC absorption is considered to be a better choice. HPP (Hot Potash Process) uses aqueous solution of potassium carbonate as the absorbent. Compared to physical solvent absorption method Rectisol and Selexol, HPP has relatively low investment and relatively high CO2 recovery. Even in comparison with other chemical absorbent amine method HPP still has advantages as good chemical stability and low vapor pressure. In this paper several activators piperidine, piperozine, pyrazine, morpholine, imidazole, N-hydroxyethyl piperozine, Naminoethyl piperozine, AMP was tested respectively at 70 °C. As a result, piperidine activation works best, followed by N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine, N-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine, 2-amino-2-methyl-1 -propanol and piperazine, pyrazine and imidazole is at its worst. Among them, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine is less volatile, more stable and suitable as the activator. Absorbing capacity and absorbing rate of CO2 in carbonate aqueous solution with HPZ increases by 5% or more than those with PZ. An improved HPP process is presented adopting the new activator. In this process two de-absorption two columns is designed operating at different pressure. This makes it possible to reuse the heat of condensation during high pressure de-sorption in reboiler of low pressure de-sorption. By preliminary calculating the novel process can save energy consumption obviously. The steam consumption, cooling water consumption and power consumption declines by 43.30%, 31.81% and 10.57%, respectively. It is expected to develop a low-cost technology for capture CO2 from IGCC in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Capturing CO2 from air, referred to as air capture, is being proposed as a viable climate change mitigation technology. Technically, air capture is not a new technology; industrial applications can be traced back to the 1930s. This paper explores the feasibility of this technology as a climate change mitigation option. Two different pathways of air capture are assessed: direct air capture, which uses a chemical process to capture CO2, and biomass coupled with CO2 capture and storage (CCS), which utilizes the biological process of photosynthesis to remove CO2 from the air. We find that direct air capture has prohibitively high mitigation costs compared to the costs of climate change mitigation options being considered today. The pathway of biomass coupled with CCS has much more reasonable costs and could be used to offset certain emissions. However, the large land requirement may limit the amount of offsets available. We conclude that relying on air capture technology to play a major role in mitigating carbon emissions is a very risky policy decision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal is China’s primary fuel for power generation and will almost certainly remain so for the foreseeable future. At present China’s installed capacity of power generation plant totals about 900 GW with over 70% of that based on coal. Although major Chinese programmes are in place to improve energy efficiency, increase deployment of renewable energy technologies and increase the installed capacity of nuclear plant, coal-fired power plants will continue to be built in large numbers for many years to come. This paper presents the results of an energy systems analysis exercise using the China MARKAL model under the support of NZEC (China-UK Near Zero Emissions Coal) Initiative, to provide a perspective on the energy technologies that may be deployed in China to 2050 to meet its energy needs. The model also examines the cost and impact of deploying CCS in China by simulating several carbon emission constraint scenarios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent work examining likely changes in global temperatures as a result of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions has suggested that cumulative CO2 emissions (i.e. total emissions over an extended period of time) could be more significant than the differences between particular emissions pathway (e.g. with different timing of emissions or peak emissions rate) in determining how the global climate might change in response to CO2 emissions. This suggests that effective measures to mitigate the risk of dangerous climate change will need to limit cumulative emissions of CO2. Further, if cumulative CO2 emissions overshoot acceptable limits, it will become necessary to remove CO2 from the air–so-called ‘negative emissions’. Technologies that effect ‘negative emissions’ could also be used to offset additional anthropogenic emissions from sectors where greenhouse gas emissions are difficult or impossible to reduce beyond certain, still relatively high, limits. If the prevailing carbon price for marginal abatement options rises significantly from current levels (e.g. of order up to $200/t CO2 has been suggested by some) then a relatively wide range of options for removing CO2 from the air may become cost-effective. Additionally, some options for removing CO2 from the air are likely to have much lower abatement costs. This paper summarises results from research conducted to compare and contrast various options for capturing CO2 from the air, with a particular focus on establishing the potential of these options to have a significant impact in reducing CO2 emissions and, if so, over what timescales. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Coal-to-liquids (CTL) is a process of producing synthetic transportation fuels from coal. The process involves gasification of coal to produce synthesis gas which is then catalytically converted to liquid fuels in a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor. A major concern of CTL plants is their emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) produced as part of the process. A significant fraction of the plant-level CO2 is produced in the gasification process, which needs to be separated before the syngas is fed into the FT reactor. In this paper, CTL processes using two different coal-feeding methods–slurry and dry–are studied for their effect on the performance, emissions and cost of a CTL plant. The slurry-fed and dry-fed systems are modeled based on the commercially available GE and Shell gasifier designs, respectively. Effect of implementing CCS or carbon constraints that impose a price or cost on CO2 emissions is also studied. The potential of the co-production configuration to reduce the overall CO2 emissions by displacing conventional pulverized coal power plants is also investigated. It was found that the process using a dry-feed Shell gasification is more efficient, emits less CO2 and has lower capital and product costs compared to a CTL plant using a slurry-feed GE gasifier. For both the cases, the costs of liquid product from both liquids-only and co-production plants are comparable to the crude oil prices seen in the past 2–3 years. Though co-production plants are much costlier than liquids-only configurations in terms of capital cost, because of the high electricity revenues, the cost of liquid product is lower than that of the liquids-only case, at market prices of electricity. Co-production is also much more efficient than the separate production of liquids and power and, the difference in efficiency increases with the addition of CCS. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) storage verification tests by the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) seven Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) provided the experience base for the Public Outreach and Education for Carbon Storage Projects, a best practices manual, published in December 2009. This paper summarizes these outreach best practices; discusses their application in Aquistore, a greenfield CO2 storage project under way in western Canada; and reviews the implications for applying the best practices to new projects during the Development Phase of the DOE’s RCSP Program. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Adding post-combustion capture technology to existing coal-fired power plants is being considered as a near-term option for mitigating CO2 emissions. To supply the thermal energy needed for CO2 capture, much of the literature proposes thermal integration of the existing coal plant’s steam cycle with the capture process’ stripper reboiler. This paper examines the option of using an auxiliary natural gas turbine plant to meet the energetic demands of carbon capture and compression. Three different auxiliary plant technologies were compared to integration for 90% capture from an existing, 500 MW supercritical coal plant. CO2 capture (via a monoethylamine (MEA) absorption process) and compression is simulated using Aspen Plus. Thermoflow software is used to simulate three gas plant technologies. In some circumstances, it is found that using an auxiliary natural gas turbine may make retrofits more attractive compared to using thermal integration. The most important factors affecting desirability of the auxiliary plant retrofit are the cost of natural gas, the full cost of integration, and the potential for sale of excess electricity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The large-scale development of carbon geological storage requires the safety demonstration of this technology. The European Directive on the geological storage of carbon dioxide specifies the safety strategy to be adopted. Notably, a corrective measure plan is required in order to mitigate the potential “significant irregularities”. In this paper, we describe one measure that could be applied in case of an unexpected abnormal behavior of the gas plume (e.g. leakage of CO2). The objective is to trap the mobile gaseous CO2 as quickly as possible; among all the trapping mechanisms occurring after CO2 injection, capillarity trapping is the fastest and we then focused on its enhancement and improvement. The intervention strategy consists in injecting brine through the former CO2 injection well in order to accelerate the wetting of the CO2 plume. We run simulations through a 1D-axisymetric model in order to evaluate the efficiency of such a measure; the results are sensitive towards brine injection rates and other site-specific key parameters but, in any case, the measure set-up leads to a rapid immobilization of the gaseous CO2 in comparison with a simple relaxation. The consequences of the pressure build-up in terms of hydraulic and mechanic risks are not critical in the base case simulation conditions and thus do not compromise the applicability of the corrective measure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In October 2009, the International Energy Agency’s CCS Technology Roadmap was launched at the Carbon Sequestration Leadership forum (CSLF) Ministerial Meeting in London. The Roadmap builds on the IEA BLUE Map scenario that leads to the stabilisation of CO2 emissions at 450 ppm by 2050. Achieving this scenario will require an energy technology revolution involving a portfolio of solutions: greater energy efficiency, increased renewable energy technologies and nuclear power, and the near decarbonisation of fossil fuel-based power generation via carbon capture and storage (CCS). In this scenario CCS contributes almost 20% to the total emissions reductions required in 2050. Recommendations are made in the IEA CCS Roadmap on what is required to achieve this level of deployment not only technically, but also from a financial and regulatory point of view as well as in terms of public engagement and international collaboration, including the sharing of knowledge. This paper looks at progress made against these recommendations in the 12 months since the release of the roadmap. [•] Analysis undertaken by the IEA consistently identifies a significant role for CCS in mitigating global CO2 emissions. IEA analysis suggests that there will be a need to capture and store 10 Gt CO2 per year in 2050, from 3400 projects globally to achieve the BLUE Map emissions reduction targets. [•] Significant progress is being made to launch large-scale demonstration facilities across the globe, with some 80 large-scale integrated demonstration projects identified. As of April 2010, public funding commitments were in the range of USD 26.6 billion to USD 36.1 billion. [•] While 5500 km of CO2 pipelines already exist and further infrastructure development is planned, it is however clear that to enable large-scale deployment of CCS, more joint planning of CO2 transportation infrastructure is required globally. [•] The status and availability of data on CO2 storage varies significantly around the world and is potentially a major constraint to rapid, widespread CCS deployment. In regions with the potential to store large volumes of CO2, a concerted effort will be required to characterise the basins in sufficient detail. [•] Much progress has been achieved in the legal and regulatory area. The first movers in establishing legal frameworks have generally been OECD countries. It is now important that the large emerging economies start developing their legal and regulatory frameworks. [•] Public awareness and acceptance is a key element in making CCS possible. Public concerns are legitimate and require a close dialogue and sharing of information with the local population. While companies developing transport and storage will need to lead on the engagement processes, governments and politicians have a vital role to play. [•] Several initiatives are in place for international dialogue and collaboration on the development and deployment of CCS. [•] While much progress has been made, many challenges still remain if CCS is to deliver at the scale required. The challenges are well-known and require concerted action by industry, governments, international organisations and civil society. Continued political leadership remains absolutely essential. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Prime Minister of Japan declared: Japan should positively commit itself to setting a long-term reduction target. For its mid-term goal, Japan will aim to reduce its emissions by 25% by 2020, if compared to the 1990 level, consistent with what the science calls for in order to halt global warming. In order to achieve this target, the government considers CCS (Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) as an essential method and aims to improve CCS technology to practical levels. Japan CCS Co., Ltd. (JCCS) was established in May, 2008 in order to study the potential and feasibility of CCS demonstration projects in Japan. The company was commissioned by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in Japan. Major shareholders of JCCS include electric power companies, upstream to downstream petroleum companies, material companies, engineering companies, etc.. In 2008, an investigation of candidate sites for the CCS demonstration was done over Japan and several promising offshore sites were selected. One of the selected candidate sites is the Tomakomai offshore site in Hokkaido prefecture, located in the northern part of Japan where there are petroleum refineries, paper mills and power plants close to the site. The Yufutsu oil and gas field is located in the eastern part of Tomakomai city where much geological data has been obtained through oil and gas exploration. Basic geological modes were constructed and CO2 reservoir simulation was performed to predict the movement of the stored CO2. Simulation results show us that a sufficient volume of CO2 could be safely stored in the saline aquifers at the Tomakomai site for a demonstration period and afterward. From October to November in 2009, a 3D seismic survey was implemented to confirm the geological potential of the site. Ocean bottom cables enabled us to survey in front of the Tomakomai Port. The survey area (full-stacked area) was 3.0 km (N-S) by 2.7 km (W-E) and about 2 km from the shoreline with several target formations at a depth of about 1,100–3,000 m. This survey was conducted in 4 patches using 2 to 3 sets of ocean bottom cables with the total number of receiver and shot lines being 10 and 26, respectively. Results of this survey were utilized in building the detailed 3D geological model for the CO2 reservoir simulation. Basic plant designing to capture CO2 at the hydrogen process in the petroleum refineries is currently ongoing. The captured CO2 will be injected at 250,000 ton/year for 4–5 years in the demonstration project. Many local organizations, such as the Tomakomai city government and the fisheries cooperative, cooperated to carry out the 3D seismic survey. The Tomakomai government has been strongly willing to invite the CCS demonstration project to the city. By their continuous cooperation is possible to carry forward the feasibility study in order to start the CO2 injection in 3–4 years. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]