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Abstract: There is a large value in making Pulp and Paper mills more energy efficient. ABB has developed an energy assessment service where opportunities to save energy in the paper machine are identified. The energy assessment is done by quantifying energy flows, benchmarking energy users, data mining and steam sensitivity analysis and by experiments and additional measurements at the paper machine. Energy quantification helped in identifying main energy consumer, benchmarking was useful to assess the gap between operating performance and best performance whereas data mining and steam sensitivity analysis helped in studying the impact of key operating variables on performance of paper machines. After the assessment an action plan was presented to the mill for energy efficiency improvement together with a return on investment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Based on energy flow characteristics of the paper machine drying section, the dryer section can be divided into network. The Agents applied for the proxy of energy network node. A collaboration approach based on an extended contract net protocol for dryer section energy networks of paper machine is presented, applied for Multi-level negotiation protocol to solve distribution of energy allocation and use of conflict that exist in energy used in paper machine dryer section, in which the trust degree, threshold, and priority are introduced into the classical contract net protocol. This approach resolves energy distribution conflict in the dryer section network through bidding, game theory between the central control Agents and node Agents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract Economic structure and industrial structure play an important role in attracting the type of FDI. By studying the FDI impact on ecological environment in Shandong province, this paper explored its influence on energy consumption from three aspects: scale effect, structure effect and technology effect. Based on the time series data of Shandong Province from 2000 to 2016, the mechanism of FDI on energy consumption in Shandong Province was studied from three aspects: scale effect, structure effect and technology effect, By combining regression model and simultaneous equations model, the paper studied the magnitude and direction of various effects of FDI on energy consumption in Shandong Province from both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results showed that FDI had negative scale effect, structural effect and positive technical effect on energy consumption in Shandong province, the total effect was negative. Based on this, the paper put forward the optimization strategy from the perspective of the transformation of new and old kinetic energy in Shandong Province.It provided policy suggestions for the government to implement the transformation of new and old kinetic energy, so as to promote the economic development, industrial structure transformation、upgrading and the transformation of new and old kinetic energy in Shandong Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract By constructing a dynamic spatial Durbin model based on C-D production function that includes energy consumption and air pollution, this paper explains the driving factors of urban economic output in the "2+26" cities of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas during 2006-2015. The result shows the significant spatial autocorrelation of energy consumption and air pollution in the "2+26" cities. The increase in economic output of neighbouring cities will bring about economic radiation and promote the economic output of the city, which provides strong evidence for the necessity of joint prevention and control policy. Further considering effects of the inputs of neighbouring cities, the paper finds that the driving force of economic increase mainly came from the capital and energy input of the city itself, as well as the air pollution dividends of neighbouring cities. Therefore, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas should make the best of the resource advantages of neighbouring cities to achieve complementarity and coordinated development. Governments should construct comprehensive cross-city air pollution prevention mechanism, such as regional air pollution compensation mechanism and fund for air pollution joint control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Shipping is a major contributor to the global CO 2 emissions. In order to reduce the ship emissions, various mitigation strategies have been proposed including technical and operational strategies. As it is usually not possible to implement all these mitigation strategies, it is important to evaluate the efficiency of these strategies. For mitigation strategies evaluation, ship energy systems are often used for assessment from a systems perspective. However, ship energy systems are usually quite complex for analysis. This is because they are constructed by many components and these components may have non-linear correlations. In this paper, a Gaussian process metamodel based method is proposed to evaluate the ship mitigation strategies. This method is much more efficient than directly analyzing the ship energy systems when they are computationally expensive to assess. A ship energy system of a chemical tanker is analyzed in this paper. The results indicate that speed reduction has a large abatement potential and all the considered strategies have correlations with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Over the past few years, the energy usage in the transportation sector understandably has a significant impact on total carbon footprint generated in urban areas. One of the significant contributors comes from logistic sector as 70% of total logistic activity is derived from transportation. Meanwhile, the rise of e-commerce in urban areas has changed the way people buy goods. This result to the higher delivery frequency in urban areas which cause more significant energy consumption and emissions. This paper contributes to the existing literature by proposing model conceptualization that focus to generate basic understanding to the total CO 2 emissions generated through urban freight volume that powered by e-commerce growth in Jakarta. This paper uses causal loop diagram as one of the tools in model conceptualization to illustrate the systems in urban logistic. The model will mainly focus on environment and economic aspects of urban logistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Climate change and global warming are currently the biggest threat to human society. In Iranian households, buildings expend 33% of the yearly energy consumption. The potential of renewable energy sources in Iran is high and Iranian government is taking steps to increase the use of renewable energy sources. This paper examines the use of renewable energy in two major city buildings in Iran. In this paper, solar radiation in two cities (Tehran and Yazd) is analysed. The average annual sum of solar irradiation in Yazd is 2200 kWh/m2 and in Tehran, the amount is 2000 kWh/m2 [1]. The major task in this paper is to quantify the impact of geographical region and to evaluate the viability of implementing renewable systems in buildings in Iran. To reach this end, the annual average solar radiation is calculated in each city. Hourly Analysis Program is used to design each building and calculate their respective heating and cooling loads. Photovoltaic solar systems and solar-thermal systems are designed for both of the buildings. It is seen that, although Yazd has hot and arid climate compared to Tehran, the cooling and heating load in the building in Tehran is higher, and the higher solar radiation in Yazd reduces the number of solar panels required for the designed building. However, the difference is not significant. It is assessed that in order to have more efficient systems, the grid infrastructure in Iran should be upgraded to enable applying large-scale renewable energy systems for buildings in a neighbourhood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Energy poverty is a prevalent issue in Australia and other countries across the globe especially for people with a low income. This paper seeks to investigate the relationship of energy consumption and indoor air temperatures and is separated into 3 sections; a comparison of actual electricity consumption to energy benchmarks provided by the Australian Energy Regulator, monitoring results of living room air temperature for the winter of 2015, and an analysis of living room air temperatures versus electricity consumption. The results of a comparison of electricity consumption of 119 low income elderly peoples (60+) dwellings to that of the energy benchmarks found that over 75% of the Independent Living Units consumed less electricity than the benchmark values with some households consuming less than half of the benchmarked electricity values. The analysis of living room air temperatures found that approximately 10 % of the dwellings experienced temperatures below 16°C for over 65% of the total hours for the winter of 2015 with some as high as 95% of the total hours. The results of this paper highlight a need to investigate this cohort separate from the average Australian cohort as their energy consumption practices can vary greatly and impact their living room air temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In China, energy consumption (EC) obtained by simulation is usually used as an indicator to assess residential building performance at the design phase. For free running buildings, due to the absence of heating/cooling equipment, EC may not be an appropriate indicator and using EC as a measure of building thermal performance may cause misleading at the design phase. In this paper, thermal discomfort rate (TDCR) was proposed as an indoor long-term thermal environment indicator, and was used to analyze the difference of building performance caused by using different evaluation indicators. Results showed that there existed a strong correlation between EC and TDCR when changing envelope design, but the trend and sensitivity may be different. Therefore, using EC to assess the thermal performance of free running buildings at the design phase may lead to poor indoor thermal environment. The results in this paper can be used to guide building design and energy-saving policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with some aspects related to the shape of an indoor surfing platform for an aqua park. The authors have proposed a method and a strategy to modify the shape of the platform in order to be suitable for different types of surfers, beginners or advanced. The membrane is basically a water mattress consisting of 6 independent cushions attached to one another, that will allow different inflation pressures, hence different slopes on the upper surface of the elastic membrane. The scope of the paper is to provide an answer to the questions what is the inflation/deflation time of the mattress and what is the energy consumption for this operation. Thecomputationshave been conducted using EPANETfreewareand the results have shown a total time of initial expansion of more than 3 hours, an inflation/deflation time around two hours and one hour respectively. The total energy consumption resulted of about 2.4 kWh for the initial expansion stage and 1kWh for the inflation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with some aspects related to the shape of an indoor surfing platform for an aqua park. The authors have proposed a method and a strategy to modify the shape of the platform in order to be suitable for different types of surfers, beginners or advanced. The membrane is basically a water mattress consisting of 6 independent cushions attached to one another, that will allow different inflation pressures, hence different slopes on the upper surface of the elastic membrane. The scope of the paper is to provide an answer to the questions what is the inflation/deflation time of the mattress and what is the energy consumption for this operation. Thecomputations have been conducted using EPANETfreeware and the results have shown a total time of initial expansion of more than 3 hours, an inflation/deflation time around two hours and one hour respectively. The total energy consumption resulted of about 2.4 kWh for the initial expansion stage and 1kWh for the inflation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is inefficient for evaluating sustainable development, and the most suitable indicator for this is the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW). This paper focuses on distinguishing the ISEW from GDP, mainly through the study of the energy consumption - economic growth nexus. The traditional hypotheses were tested using a Panel-Corrected Standard Errors estimator for twenty-two countries for the time span from 1995 to 2013. The findings show substantial differences between GDP and ISEW. This paper contributes to the discussion about the consequences of these two approaches for the design of suitable policies for a sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a methodology to forecast the hourly and daily consumption in households assisted by cyber physical systems. The methodology was validated using a database of consumption of a set of 93 domestic consumers. Forecast tools used were based on Fast Fourier Series and Generalized Reduced Gradient. Both tools were tested and their forecast results were compared. The paper shows that both tools allow obtaining satisfactory results for energy consumption forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses the use of humidity controlled ventilation with high buffering capacity building envelope. The humidity controlled ventilation rate is associated to the level of moisture in rooms. This paper fits into the idea of reducing the building energy consumption by reducing the duration of air ventilation rate which is usually quite high. This solution is not without consequences on building because it presents a risk of deterioration of indoor air quality (e.g. non evacuation of VOC) and apparition of mold. This paper aims to enhance water inertia of building walls in order to reduce the ventilation rate and study the risk associated with moisture excess. It is achieved for different scenarios of in-house production of vapor which can be met in reality and for different cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infiltration and ventilation rates in domestic buildings vary with construction type, weather conditions and the operation of openings in the fabric. Generating good estimates of ventilation is important for modelling, simulation and performance assessment as it has a significant impact on energy consumption. Physical tests can be applied to estimate leakage, but this is cumbersome and impractical to apply in most cases. This paper applies a heat balance approach to energy monitoring data to estimate a parameter that describes the combined ventilation and infiltration rates in real family homes. These estimates are compared with published values and a model is presented that describes the air change rate as a function of user behaviour (control of openings) and varying wind speed. The paper demonstrates that it is possible to estimate plausible air change rates from such data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Oxyfuel combustion is a leading potential CO2 capture technology for power plants. As the flue gas (FG) consists of mainly H2O and CO2, a simpler and more energy-efficient CO2 purification method can be used instead of the standard amine-based chemical absorption approach. For the system of oxyfuel combustion with cryogenic CO2 purification, decreasing the oxygen purity reduces the energy consumption of the Air Separation Unit (ASU) but increases the energy consumption for the downstream cryogenic purification. Thus there exists a trade-off between the energy consumption of the ASU and that for cryogenic purification. This paper investigates the potential efficiency improvement by optimizing this trade-off. The simulated results show that there exists an optimum flue gas condensing pressure for the cryogenic purification, which is affected by the flue gas composition. In addition, decreasing the oxygen purity reduces the combined energy consumption of the ASU and the cryogenic purification, and therefore can improve the electrical efficiency. In summary, prior oxyfuel combustion analyses have assumed a high oxygen purity level of 95 mol% or 99 mol% for the combustion air, which achieves a high CO2 concentration in the flue gases. In this Paper, we demonstrate that a lower level of oxygen purity, such as 80 mol%, in conjunction with a more extensive cryogenic purification of the flue gases can lower the total energy consumption, thereby yielding a significant benefit. However, for oxygen purity levels lower than 75 mol%, it may not be possible to still use the two-stage flash system shown here to achieve a CO2 purity of 95 mol% and a CO2 recovery rate of 90% simultaneously. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Urban neighborhoods could represent an optimal scale for the implementation of innovative energy strategies. However, barriers at the economic, regulatory and administrative level are still present. In this framework, it is important to operate on three levels of the energy system: by reducing energy demand; by optimizing generation and management system, and by integrating local renewable energy sources. In recent years, as a result of an important agreement with the Italian Ministry of Environment, Lombardy Region has supported numerous measures for energy efficiency and renewable resources integration among its territory. The funding supported different actions such as improvements of the buildings envelope, substitution of old gas boilers for heat generation with more efficient components, integration of solar thermal systems in buildings, hydrogen and more sustainable mobility, and district heating plants, which present contribution concerns. About district heating the incentives were provided within two different calls: one aimed at the creation of plants and district heating networks and another for the extension of existing systems. Main aim of the research is to evaluate effects, effectiveness, pros and cons of the several calls for funding; to that end a methodology was developed in order to collect the data and elaborate representative energy, environmental and economic indicators. The most important characteristics, conditions and technical features of the considered plants are described in the present paper trying to provide information on the effectiveness of the supporting measures taken in order to orient future choices and to identify the most promising strategies and technologies for improving energy and environmental performances of communities. In particular present paper is related to 10 district heating plants: 6 are based on biomass and located in mountain areas, 3 are based on natural gas and located in urban areas, while the last is connected to the urban waste to energy plant. One of the important lesson is learned is that district heating (fuelled by biomass, fossil, waste and CHP or not) represents an innovative field of knowledge far from standard: in general each plant has to be evaluated on the basis of specify characteristics and it is very hard to find out average performances from the environmental and economic point of view. The results obtained during the monitoring campaign could help in providing information on the effectiveness of the supporting measures adopted and also to orient future choices by Lombardy Region and, in particular, to identify the most promising technologies for improving energy and environmental performances of communities and to develop a model for the optimization of energy use in the built environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Within a four year joint research project the technical feasibility of thermo-chemical heat storage for solar thermal applications and the achievable advantages compared to conventional storage technologies have been investigated. The project, directed to applied research, was divided into a high temperature (> 300°C) and a low temperature part (< 100°C). In the low temperature part the main focus was on the development of a compact seasonal heat store for single or multifamily houses. Concerning high temperature applications thermo-chemical energy stores show high potential for improving energy efficiency of power plants and for recovery of process heat. The investigations have been carried out by a close cooperation of the Institute of Thermodynamics and Thermal Engineering (ITW) of the University of Stuttgart, specialised for solar thermal heating in the building sector and the Institute of Technical Thermodynamics (ITT) of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) as a specialist on solar thermal power plants. The project started in 2008 and runs until end of June 2012. This paper will focus on the low temperature part of the project, discuss important experiences and recent experimental results of the project and will report the very latest developments. Moreover the paper will summarise the important improvements achieved for temperature thermo- chemical heat storage. Finally recommendations for future activities will be given. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper, the ways of employing energy storage devices in hybrid powered orthoses have been discussed. Since these devices have many unrivalled advantages, they are environmentally safe, they store kinetic energy as potential energy and release it when it is needed and they do not need external power supply. In this paper an energy storage device (linear extension spring) has been implemented in FES-cycling, the efficiency has been calculated for different spring positions and different spring constants. It was clear that FES-cycling efficiency increases when the spring constant increases, then the pedal, spring and the overall powers were calculated, and it appears that by leaning the spring position the overall power will be always positive, and the spring absorbs the exceeded pedal energy and releases it when the pedal power is negative. This study highlights the importance of using energy storage devices to improve FES-cycling performance, which has been proven that such improvement is highly related to the mechanical design of the bicycle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It is possible to use compressed air to drive air turbine, thus make the turbine drive generators to power. This paper makes a research on the feasibility of the air turbine experimental equipment with a brief introduction to its composition. The design of the nozzle flow passage and flow passage, measurement of airflow and calculation of power generation efficiency are described emphatically. Based on the result of calculation and experiment, this paper shows that the air turbine experimental equipment can generate electricity safely and steadily. Besides, measuring the efficiency of the air turbine generator set helps to promote the understanding of the engineering application of theoretical formula. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: When the unit is under normal operating, the steam source of plant-steam is from the fourth steam extraction of turbine. But at the low load operating condition, during the process that the steam source of plant steam switches to reheat cold section from the fourth steam extraction, steam power capability in the turbine is further reduced. In this paper, in order to improve the economy when the turbine is operating under the low load, reheat cold section steam is used as high-pressure steam to extract the fourth steam by the steam technology, which turns the low-pressure steam into the medium-pressure steam for recycling. This paper, taking 300MW unit as an example, discusses the influence on the thermal economy of unit after putting the steam ejector into the plant steam system of thermal power plant. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the research of a high frequency, high efficiency Solar inverter using silicon carbide power semiconductor device. Compared to silicon power devices, the silicon carbide power device is more suitable for solar power inverter due to its good electric characteristics. This paper presents the design of sic power semiconductor device based solar inverter. The experiment results of a 1kW silicon carbide JFET based inverter showed about 3% efficiency improvement by a silicon carbide JFET-based inverter over silicon IGBT based inverter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper empirically analyzes the effect of the indigenous R&D, introduction of technology on the energy consumption intensity in China, based on a panel of 31 industrial sectors for 1998–2006.The results show that indigenous R&D contributes to a significant decline of energy intensity in high energy-consuming intensity group and 31 industrial sectors,and has no significant effects on energy consumption intensity in low energy-consuming intensity group. Foreign technology purchased has a significant negative influence on energy consumption intensity only in 31 industrial sectors. Domestic technology transfer has no significant impact on energy consumption intensity in all samples. This paper will interest those policy makers and industrial entrepreneurs who are willing to improve energy efficiency in the industrial sector. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Using ray track technology and geometrical analysis, this paper has presented novel design method which can be applied to mirror elements of equal width and varying width, varying height of absorbers of linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Concentrators(LFRSC) whose mirror elements are north-south direction. This paper also discussed the efficiency of mirror elements, it calculated the efficiency every 5°from 30°to 150°and the conclusions gave some parameters with reference value. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper shows the determination of typical load profiles (TLPs) by using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering and Probability Neural Network (PNN) classification method. Load profiles provide useful information on electricity consumption to both consumers and suppliers. Precise knowledge on consumer''s electricity consumption becomes essential for the suppliers to design tariffs, load balancing, load planning, etc. As for consumers, such knowledge is important for them to keep track of their electricity consumption and to enable them to take part in retail market especially for those who do not have appropriate metering equipment. Hence, an effective, fast and cheap method to obtain load profile has to be developed. Objectives of this paper are to obtain groups of TLPs by using FCM clustering and to assign TLPs using PNN algorithm. One of the main issues in FCM clustering is the determination of optimal number of cluster. This paper proposes optimal number of cluster determination by using Davies-Bouldin index. PNN network is trained to directly allocate the TLPs to the representative groups of consumers. The data used in this project are obtained from Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paperdiscussesdifferent calculation methods to correctly express the emission level of air pollutants produced byCHP(CombinedHeatandPower) systems, in order to take into account the environmentalbenefitdueto cogeneration. New and established methods to estimate the emission saving due to cogeneration of heat and power are reviewed and compared, with reference to small scale CHP systems; the paper clarifies that a proper emission assessment of CHP systems should consider both the global and the local scales of environmental impact. In particular, the method of the “avoided heat generator” is proposed in this study, for a local-scale environmental impact evaluation. This approach calculates the reduction of emission due to CHP operation, in comparison with the non-CHP operation of the same machine, taking into account the amount of pollutant emitted by a heat generator which provides the same thermal power of the cogenerator. Moreover, it is shown in the paper that another method, based on the PSI (Pollutant Saving Index) value, is suitable to estimate the global-scale environmental impact. The problem of the most representative unit of measure is also discussed, highlighting the advantages of an “output based” approach and providing easy-to-use formulas and graphs for the conversion of concentration values into output-based emission factors. Finally, a numerical evaluation of the CHP environmental benefit is provided for small electric power size CHP machines. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Prefect fore-separation technology is the precondition and key to realize garbage synthesis treatment and increase resource utilization ratio. To the lower purity quotient and efficiency of plastic and paper separation, main factors influencing performance of horizontal flow separation are analyzed in detail, and reasonable processing and design parameter are studyed in this paper. Horizontal flow separator of urban garbage that structure is reasonable and parameter can be adjusted is designed. Technology reference and support is provided to production of urban garbage treatment factory. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There has been a great interest in integration of distributed generation (DG) units at distribution level in the recent years. DGs can provide cost-effective, environmental friendly, higher power quality and more reliable energy solutions than conventional generation. For maximum power loss reduction, proper sizing and position of distributed generators are ardently necessary. This paper presents a simple method for optimizing cost and optimal placement of generators. A simple vector based load flow technique is implemented on 38 bus distribution systems. This paper presents a new methodology using a new population based meta heuristic approach namely Shuffled frog leaping algorithm for the placement of Distributed Generators (DG) in the radial distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and cost of the DG. The paper also focuses on optimization of weighting factor, which balances the cost and the loss factors and helps to build up desired objectives with maximum potential benefit. The proposed method has outperformed the other methods in terms of the quality of solution and computational efficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Given the blindness in present wind power integration decision-making, the paper constructed complete index system considering the characteristics of the wind power integration. By means of introducing the tolerance matrix into fuzzy AHP, the judgment matrix is easy to test consistency. The paper used the improved fuzzy AHP to make decision on the wind power integration schemes. The calculation results show that the method is practical. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Steam recovery and consumption contributes greatly to energy consumption per ton of steel. It is studied in this paper that the relationship between energy consumption per ton of steel and steam recovery & consumption, including main processes, auxiliary processes, diffusion and other users, respectively. And the factors attributing to energy consumption per ton of steel is analyzed. The expressions of steam consumption per ton of steel and energy consumption per steam supply are proposed in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between the number and energy consumption of devices in the course video construction system, the relations between the functions and power consumption of the devices, the mode of pioneering traditional construction, and the energy consumption of recording and broadcasting systems. It also presents a scheme for constructing course video resource systems by defining the functional requirements on the basis of the purpose that the systems are intended to serve. Moreover, this paper proposes identifying energy-saving measures in the functional setting of constructed systems. An integrated energy-saving course video resource construction system has been developed (a Chinese patent, No. ZL 2011 2 0015694.8, has been obtained), and data are used to illustrate the energy-saving results of the integrated energy-saving video resource construction system in comparison with existing systems. On this basis, further energy-saving measures are recommended to the integrated system. Such measures include the energy-saving techniques of activating the monitor from the standby mode upon touching the handle, monitoring traffic in the hard disk recorder, and using an energy-saving management chip to improve the working efficiency of the switch power supply. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: It''s hard for the current limited flexibility of grid systems to accommodate high levels of intermittent power production. So, how to decrease the wind power impact to the grid while higher the utilization of the wind energy is a problem need to be resolved. Wind farm coupling with hydrogen production system is an promising method. In this paper, the system is analysised in economic view and the results for a case study showed that this system can recovery the investment in half and 2 years. Besides, the sensitivity analysis for wind electricity price and the increasing of hydrogen production are also given in this paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The numerical modeling of High Temperature Air Combustion (HTAC) could correctly predict the flame and emission characteristics so far, however, the precision is not satisfactory. In this paper, a parameter-modified Eddy-Break-Up (EBU) model with a three-step reaction scheme was used to simulate the HTAC process in a furnace of 2m ×2m×6.25m. Reynolds stress model (RSM) is used for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. Comparison between experimental data from published papers, the original and modified EBU combustion models demonstrates that a smaller coefficient ‘A’ in the volumetric fuel consumption rate of the EBU model could improve the modelling precision. When ‘A’ is modified to be 1 other than its original value, 4, in the EBU model, the modeling could give improved results of the local distribution of CH4, temperature and NO emission. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, a new design to enhance the thermal performance of residential water heaters is suggested and investigated. The new design consists of using a mixer inside the water tank driven by electrical power. To proceed, experimental measurements are made by using thermocouples implemented in a water heater to study the thermal behavior. It is proved that the mixer could reduce the heating time about 20 min to heat water from 25 °C to 70 °C. In addition, the temperature homogeneity is also studied and it was shown that the temperature without the mixer could not be homogeneous within the water volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The change of the transient indoor temperature is crucial to evaluate electrical power consumption of a heat pump and thermal comfort of the room. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model can provide the most comprehensive information in transient indoor temperature simulations. In CFD models, the transient flow and temperature fields are fully coupled. This coupling leads to high computation cost and time, which limits the CFD application in practice. A segregated CFD model was then proposed to speed up the computation. However, such model is not very accurate during the transient analysis. In this paper, a semi-coupled CFD model combining advantages of the fully-coupled CFD model and the segregated CFD model was proposed. In this CFD model, the flow and the temperature fields are firstly solved by fully coupled simulation during the transient start up period and then the segregated CFD is used for the transient temperature rising simulation. This method can reduce the computation time without losing the simulation accuracy. The transient indoor temperature is studied using the proposed method and the results are compared with those obtained from both fully-coupled and segregated CFD models. The hot air temperature is first calculated using a lumped-parameter method, and then it is applied as an initial boundary condition in the CFD models. The comparison results show that the proposed semi-coupled CFD model shows a promising capability of capturing the critical transient thermal responses for the air-conditioning room, and it can effectively reduce the computing time with an acceptable accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A multi-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicle requires a reasonable drive mode switching method to achieve energy conservation control, which is not sufficiently investigated in the past. To fill the blank, an energy conservation strategy based on drive mode switching is studied in this paper to reduce the energy consumption of multi-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicles. The strategy is developed on the basis of a four-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicle, and a drive mode switching subsystem is established in a hierarchical vehicle dynamics integrated control system. The proposed strategy will determine the number and position of the wheels that involved in driving in real time according to the characteristics of the in-wheel motor and the road conditions, and improve the efficiency of driving system by making the involved wheels work in high efficiency zone as much as possible. Results of the comparison simulation which conducted in Matlab/Simulink environment shows that the presented strategy based on drive mode switching could markedly reduce the energy consumption of four-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicle. The basic idea of this driving mode switching method is also applicable to other multi-axle in-wheel motor driven vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Various energy related studies use the data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach to measure the efficiency of decision making units (DMUs). However, heterogenous DMUs and either inappropriate input or output-oriented DEA model lead to unreasonable results. K-Mean clustering method was applied to select homogenous countries from energy data perspective. The input oriented DEA model was performed for power stations (PS) under renewables. The PS under non-renewables and refineiries as well as demand side were analyzed via the output-oriented model. The energy related quality of life (QoL) was the output of the demand efficiency analysis. The overall energy efficiency was calculated by multiplying the efficiency of both sides of energy. The results of the paper specified that the highest potential energy saving (PES) source in the supply side belongs to the non-renewables in power stations, followed by refineries, and finally deployment of renewables. Demand side analysis identified that the highest PES belongs to countries with high population, and high-income economy. In conclusion, the results of overall energy efficiency relying on QoL, suggested an allowance for non-renewables deployment in countries with low economic and low population. The allowance was proposed to support energy poverty, health improvement, and promotion of education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Retrofitting of existing buildings plays a critical role to achieve sustainable development. This is considered as one of approaches to achieving sustainability in the built environment. In order to evaluate energy consumption of the existing building which had transformed into green building, this article takes the green office building as an example, which located in the summer hot and cold winter zone in China. Collecting the building energy consumption from 2014 to 2016, analyzing energy saving effects by comparing with the standard for energy consumption of building (GB/T 51161-2016) and other cases. Results showed that energy consumption of the case building decreased from 728 MWh to 633 MWh year by year. According to the correction formula in the standard, the corrected value E oc =72.12 kWh/ (m2·a) is lower than upper limit (85 kWh/ (m2·a)) but higher than target value (70 kWh/ (m2·a)). Therefore, there is large energy conservation potential in air conditioning system and lighting. By comparing with the energy consumption of green commercial buildings in other countries, the result indicates the energy consumption is one-third of the foreign green commercial buildings.the paper provides a reference for the actual operation energy consumption of retrofitting of existing buildings in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract China is the largest producer of aluminium globally. The energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by primary aluminium and recycled aluminium production in China have aroused widespread concern. In this paper, the energy consumption and GHG emissions caused by primary aluminium and recycled aluminium production from a life-cycle perspective are estimated, and the comparative analysis between China and the U.S. are conducted. The results indicate that life-cycle fossil energy consumption and GHG emissions of primary aluminium are 144612 MJ/t and 14772.72 kg CO 2-eq /t respectively, which are about twice as much as that of the U.S. This is attributed to the high energy and GHG emissions intensities of electricity production which is dominated by coal generated electricity. The life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions of recycled aluminium production is only 6.37% and 4.45% of the primary aluminium. Recycled aluminium industry and low-carbon electricity used for aluminium electrolysis are worthy to be supported since they are beneficial for the life-cycle performance of aluminium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This paper selected "2+26" cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding areas, consistent with China's policy scope, as research objects from 2006 to 2015. Global spatial correlation index and local Morans'I scatter chart are applied to test spatial autocorrelation of energy consumption and air pollution. Results showed that energy consumption and air pollution in the region presented spatial autocorrelation. The high-pollution concentrated area gradually shrank which were mainly distributed in Tangshan and Tianjin, the low-pollution concentrated area was further enlarged and had a band-like distribution. Based on the findings, we should strengthen urban linkages in energy management, talent management and environmental management, and promote coordinated development among cities. Besides, air pollution prevention and control should take the pollution transmission between cities into account, high-pollution concentrated areas like Tianjin and Tangshan are key cities. Moreover, it is vital to conduct the interest coordination and compensation mechanism for cross regional air pollution and implement the joint regional air pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Humidity control of indoor air is very important to both indoor occupants and indoor building materials. The liquid desiccant air dehumidifier is attracting much attention due to its lower energy consumption. However, the incomplete wetting conditions present negative effect on the development of liquid desiccant air dehumidifiers. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a novel nanoscale TiO 2 super-hydrophilic coating to increase the surface wettability and improve the dehumidification performance as well. XRD test and FESEM test are conducted to investigate the characteristics of the TiO 2 super-hydrophilic coating. The dehumidification performance is significantly improved by the coating. The absolute humidity change increases from 3.2 g/kg to 4.9 g/kg and the mass transfer coefficient from 70.05 g/(m2 · s) to 90.05 g/(m2 · s). The performance enhancement is attributed to the increase of wetting area and the decrease of falling film thickness. This research provides an effective approach to improve the dehumidification performance and to reduce the building energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The main characteristic of an indirect evaporative cooler (IEC) is the high dependency on ambient air conditions. To ensure stable indoor temperature and provide better thermal comfort, proper control strategy is essential. However, very limited studies report the controller used in IEC. In this paper, a novel control scheme named high-low (H-L) is proposed for regenerative indirect evaporative cooler (RIEC). Under H-L control scheme, the fans would be switched between high speed and low speed rather than completely turned off. The H-L control adopts the multi-speed technology, providing energy saving potential compared with conventional on-off control and overcome the complexity and costly of variable speed technology. The annual performance of RIEC was simulated under H-L control based on the RIEC model and dynamic indoor heat and mass balance model. The influence of low speed to high speed ratio (L/H) is discussed in order to propose an optimal L/H by considering both the thermal comfort and annual energy consumption. The results show that the H-L control can provide stable indoor temperature and satisfactory thermal comfort with Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) in the range of -0.5 to 0.5 for 76.2% of time. The optimal L/H is found to be 0.25 to 0.33 because of high thermal comfort provided and lowest energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Liquid desiccant regeneration is an important part of liquid desiccant air conditioning system and consumes the majority of the system's power. Conventional methods for liquid desiccant regeneration use thermal energy to regenerate the liquid desiccant. One of the biggest problems for thermal regeneration is that the liquid desiccant should be cooled down before dehumidification. Furthermore, the efficiency for liquid desiccant regeneration drops under high temperature and humidity climates. In comparison, electrical regeneration, such as electrodialysis (ED), may solve the problems above. No phase change is involved in this process. In addition, low electrical energy is required and photovoltaic power is capable of proving the necessary energy. In this paper, the performance of liquid desiccant regeneration by photovoltaic electrodialysis (PV-ED) was experimentally investigated by considering two important factors, including the initial desiccant concentration and current intensity. The results showed that the initial desiccant concentration and current intensity had big impact on the performance of the system. Lower desiccant concentration and higher current intensity contributed to the current efficiency and solute transport, respectively. In addition, the energy consumption per unit solute migration increased with the increase of both current intensity and desiccant concentration. The results also indicated that the PV-ED regenerator performed better when the initial desiccant concentration was low and current intensity was high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Refrigerated containers account for half of the total electricity consumption by storage yards and that this is expected to increase continuously each year. A refrigerated container is a special cargo container equipped with an integral refrigeration unit. The amount of power consumption of the refrigerated container will change depending on many external variables. Environmental factors mainly solar radiation received on the container walls caused surface temperatures increase will then affect the power consumption. This paper provides a simulation study on the estimation of energy consumption of refrigerated container. The simulation model performed on the building-design energy analysis used Integrated Environmental Solution (IES) software packages. The geometry of simulation model considers the actual dimension of refrigerated container consists of insulation walls in the three-dimensional analysis. Physical properties of the insulation walls and environmental factors used weather data are applied to the simulation model as parameter inputs. Estimation of energy consumption of the model based on the calculation of cooling load from the object considers the thermal effect from the sun energy. The measurement data from the experimentation was conducted by Shinoda and Budiyanto (2016) used as validation of simulation model. The comparison of energy consumption from simulation and measurement shows in shows in good agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions has become a strong demand in container terminals. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of azimuth angle on the energy consumption of refrigerated container. The introduction of installation of roof shade at reefer container storage area provide advantages on the reducing of energy consumption. In predicting such circumstances, numerical analysis using computational fluid dynamics will provide an estimation of energy saving of the roof shade in the various condition of azimuth angle. Design methodology is created and simulated for effective installation of roof shade and its practical applications are carried out with the case study is in port of Tanjung Priok in Jakarta, Indonesia. Through these methodologies, the design of effective installation roof shade for reefer container storage area in accordance with the arrangement of the container port could be obtained. The simulations concluded that design of installation roof shade effective to reduce energy consumption, furthermore location and direction arrangement of the container terminal has an influence on the amount of energy saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Distributed generation (DG), and especially microturbine generation (MTG) system, plays a significant role in Smart Grids. One of the most important variables of a MTG system is the fuel consumption. This paper defines a problem on fuel consumption of MTs for a sample load change that can be used for a 24-hour load change pattern. The aim is to optimize the speed governer parameters in order to minimize the fuel consumption of MTG. Differential Evolutionary Algorithm (DEA) is employed to solve the problem. The stability issue of the MTG system is also discussed in the paper. The simulation results show the effectiveness of a fine-tuned speed governer by using the proposed method. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we give an overview of the situation of CO2 emissions in both Beijing and Tokyo and discuss and compare the causes for their emission changes according to decomposition based on both social activities and fuel varieties. We find that in order to enjoy a sustainable development, Beijing needs to learn from Tokyo especially in energy consumption area. At the end of the paper, the cooperation between these two metropolises is summarized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Pump is main equipment in air conditioning systems and used widely, but its energy consumption is great. In order to improve energy efficiency, using pump controlled by frequency-conversion technology is an effective method. In this paper, the working principle and control method of variable frequency pump is described in detail, and gives a comparison between variable frequency control and traditional control about energy saving effect. Because traditional PID controller can be hard to get good control performance in pump control, this paper presents a control method using fuzzy logic controller to achieve frequency conversion and constant pressure water supply. The controlled variable is obtained by fuzzy control table. The system has energy-saving, security, and stable water pressure, etc. Simulation results show that the proposed controller not only have good robustness, but also have good dynamic and static performance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In wireless sensor network, every node''s energy is limited, so how to reduce energy consumption is an important issue to be considered in wireless sensor network routing. This paper proposes a routing protocol for the applications of Wireless Sensor Network. It is a protocol based on the PEGASIS protocol but uses an improved distance threshold algorithm while constructing the chain with the greedy algorithm. PEGASIS is a typical low energy consumption routing protocol for wireless sensor network, but the chain building mechanism based on the greedy algorithm may also cause some defects. This paper suggests an improved algorithm to solve these problems. During the chain building process, we use a distance threshold to prevent the algorithm from choosing too long distance values between the neighbor nodes. Compared with the original PEGASIS, the improved protocol can build a better chain. Simulation results have shown that the proposed protocol significantly prolongs the network lifetime. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Asian region, most populous and fastest growing in terms of economic growth, has countries with lowest per capita energy/electricity consumption. Barring the Middle East, the rest of the region is, by and large, modest in conventional energy resources. This is also a region where large sections of population suffer from income inequality and inadequate economic development. Economic growth and quality of life of a population depend heavily on per capita availability of energy/electricity, and thus there is an urgent need to increase the per capita electricity production/consumption in the region. Unlike in the past, it is the Asian region that is poised to dwarf the today''s developed world in new capacity addition in the coming years. This fact alone asks for sensible choices to be made. Also, the Asian region is quite vulnerable to the effects of climate change, given the geography and population distribution. Today, governments must seriously consider the environmental impact of electricity generation, in order to help mitigate global warming and its consequences. Nuclear power, being environmentally benign, affords sustainability at the very outset. But that''s not all. The other compelling reasons in favour of nuclear power are its compact nature as a source of energy and the promise of long-term energy security. Nuclear power is, therefore, inevitable for the region. Recognising this, the rapidly developing countries in the region – such as India and China – are pursuing ambitious nuclear power programmes, while several other countries in the region are also planning to embark on the nuclear power route for electricity generation. As nuclear power is inherently technology-intensive, there is a need for greater cooperation, to reach out to countries that presently do not have the technology base for starting nuclear power programmes on their own. Even in the countries with established commercial nuclear power programmes, there is a need to reach out to the people to demonstrate the merits, safety aspects and economic competitiveness of nuclear power, and also the role of nuclear power in the preservation of the environment. The imperatives of the current scenario warrant building confidence among the people regarding nuclear power through sharing of credible information on all its aspects to remove misconceptions. This paper describes the current scenario, key issues, challenges and possible ways to address them. The paper also briefly describes the Indian nuclear power programme for being the second -most aggressive player in the nuclear arena in this region, after China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]