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Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and energy conservation in schools are complex challenges. A significant part of the energy demand in these buildings addresses ventilation and temperature indoors. When confronted with money/energy constraints, the tendency of school boards is to cut on IEQ requirements, compromising the comfort of the occupants or worse, their health. Besides local energy production, either electrical or heating, major focus on building management systems' (BMS) operation has been suggested, aiming at developing evidence-based energy conservation measures. Based on two field studies, a joint approach of energy and IEQ auditing was developed, establishing a state of the art of the current situation of the secondary schools in Portugal. The present study aims at enhancing energy efficiency in schools unveiling that it is possible to improve the HVAC systems' operation and optimize energy use and costs, while maintaining good environmental conditions. This paper also seeks to contribute to the implementation of energy efficiency plans (EEP) in school buildings, presenting a comprehensive methodological approach on energy consumption in this typology of buildings, centred on the fundamental role of BMS and their proper programming. The obtained results show that there is a considerable potential for reducing energy consumption and improving energy use—in one of the schools by simply adjusting the BMS operation schedule, a decrease between 20 and 36% of the useful thermal energy consumption is expected (14.1–24.7 kWh/m2); in other occasions, a significant IEQ improvement is expected due to longer HVAC running period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing demand by increasing end-use energy efficiency on the demand side of energy systems may also have advantages in reducing fossil dependency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on the supply side. This paper addresses interactions between energy supply- and demand-side policies, by estimating the impact of measures addressing end-use energy efficiency and small-scale renewables uses in terms of (1) avoided large-scale electricity generation capacity, (2) final energy consumption, (3) share of renewables in final energy and (4) reduction of GHG emissions. The Portuguese energy system is used as a case study. The TIMES_PT bottom-up model was used to generate four scenarios covering the period up to 2020, corresponding to different levels of efficiency of equipment in buildings, transport and industry. In the current policy scenario, the deployment of end-use equipment follows the 2000-2005 trends and the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan targets. In the efficient scenarios, all types of equipment can be replaced by more efficient ones. Results show that aggressive demand-side options for the industry and buildings sector and the small-scale use of renewables can remove the need for the increase in large-scale renewable electricity capacity by 4.7 GW currently discussed by policy makers. Although these measures reduce total final energy by only 0-2 %, this represents reductions of 11-14 % in the commercial sector, with savings in total energy system costs of approximately 3,000 million euros-roughly equivalent to 2 % of the 2010 Portuguese GDP. The cost-effectiveness of policy measures should guide choices between supply shifts and demand reduction. Such balanced policy development can lead to substantial cost reductions in climate and energy policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meat product industries play a major role in many global economies. In several countries, it is the industry with a higher economic weight within the food industries. As refrigeration systems are indispensable within the production processes, it is important to improve the overall energy efficiency in order to reduce the electricity consumption in these industries. The electrical energy consumption of the Portuguese meat industries is evaluated in this paper. The field study shows that electrical energy accounts for 66.5 % of the overall energy consumption in slaughterhouses, 85 % in sausage houses and 92.5 % in ham industries. Relatively to the refrigeration systems of these industries, results show that the average compressor nominal power per unit of cold room volume is comprised between 0.072 and 0.043 kW/m. The average value of the specific electrical energy consumption for the slaughterhouses was 149 kWh/ton, 660 kWh/ton for sausage houses and 1208 kWh/ton for ham production industries. Finally, a potential reduction of the electricity consumption based on simple energy efficiency measures was estimated in 24 % for the slaughterhouses, 13 % for the sausage houses and 8 % for the ham industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]