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[Display omitted] • PCM energy storage and PV/T coupled multi-source heat pump systems were combined. • The thermal performance, energy efficiency, and economy of the system were analyzed. • The performance of paraffin C17 and water as energy storage materials were compared. • The performance of six low-temperature PCMs applied to the system were analyzed. • Compared to the existing system, it saves 56 % of energy and 27.7 % of operating costs. To improve the application of renewable energy in the heating zone, as well as to address the limitations of air and water source heat pump. The study presents a PV/T (photovoltaic/thermal) coupled air–water source heat pump system integrated with phase change energy storage. A theoretical analytical model and TRNSYS simulation model of the system were developed to evaluate the thermal performance, energy efficiency and economics of the system. The performance of phase change energy storage was compared with that of water storage, and the effect of different phase change materials on the system characteristics. The results show that the coupled system achieves a seasonal performance factor of 2.3, a 56 % reduction in energy consumption, and a 27.7 % reduction in operating costs compared to a conventional gas boiler system. Comparative analysis with the water storage system showed that the system equipped with phase change materials performed well in terms of energy consumption, operating costs and heating stability. In addition, the density of the phase change material has a biased effect on the overall performance of the system. This paper can provide a reference value for the study of renewable energy heating systems in cold zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of shared energy storage in power generation side has received significant interest due to its potential to enhance the flexibility of multiple renewable energy stations and optimize the use of energy storage resources. However, the lack of a well-set operational framework and a cost-sharing model has hindered its widespread implementation and large-scale development. This paper introduces three distinct cost-sharing methods, namely the uniform allocation method, the predictive weighted allocation method, and the dynamic weighted allocation method, which are laterly applied to develop a combined operational and cost distribution model. The objective is to improve the efficiency of the power generation system by incorporating shared energy storage assistance and allocating the associated costs based on the use of various renewable energy stations. Furthermore, the viability of the suggested operational framework for shared energy storage and the methods for allocating costs are confirmed through numerical simulation. The findings indicate that the uniform allocation method represents the most straightforward approach for distributing costs evenly. In contrast, the second model introduces a cost allocation method that addresses the issue of fairness by considering the predicted generation level of each renewable energy plant. However, the third model takes into account the actual generation level of the plants when determining their respective costs. Sensitivity analysis is further conducted to offer valuable insights into cost-saving policies for four representative regions in China. The proposed operation and cost-sharing model is anticipated to serve as a useful reference for the widespread implementation of shared energy storage in power generation side. • Design three cost-sharing methods to allocate costs among various entities. • Formulate a combined operational and cost allocation model. • Optimize operational and cost allocation strategies for various entities. • Reduce total costs by up to 36% through the dynamic weighted allocation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]