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Electrification is a key pillar in energy transformation to reduce emissions. However, it may also have consequences on production. This study analyzes the effect of using electricity and non-electricity energy sources on production growth. An extended neoclassical production function, with the two uses of energy (electricity and non-electricity), is estimated for 17 Latin American countries from 1990 to 2019 and, for subsamples, based on the level of production per persons employed. The study is performed applying the cross-sectionally augmented, autoregressive distributed lag modeling approach and a non-parametric time-varying coefficients model. The parametric results indicate that the effect of both sources of energy on production are positive and significant. However, the production elasticity with respect to non-electricity consumption is higher than that with respect to electricity consumption. Only in countries with the lowest production levels could electrification be neutral. The non-parametric results show that the effect of non-electricity consumption is decreasing slightly over the period, while the effect of electricity use is increasing slightly, with a tendency towards stabilization at the end of the period. Nevertheless, these changes have been small. • The effect of electricity and non-electricity consumption on production is studied. • An extended neoclassical production function is estimated for Latin America. • The production elasticity to non-electricity consumption is higher than to electricity. • Energy conservation policies cannot be applied without impacting production. • Energy transition based on electrification should be conducted gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the moderating role of economic complexity in the relationship between energy transition and economic growth, utilizing panel data from 124 countries spanning 2000–2020 and employing the robust weighted least squares (RWLS) estimation method. Our findings indicate an overall negative impact of energy transition on economic growth. Notably, economic complexity emerges as a positive moderator, alleviating the adverse effects of energy transition. This novel insight challenges existing literature, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between renewable energy adoption, economic growth, and economic complexity. Policymakers should acknowledge the intricate dynamics involved in transitioning to renewable energy sources and consider the role of economic complexity in shaping outcomes. • Economic complexity plays a positive moderation in the effect of energy transition on economic growth. • Countries with greater economic complexity experience more economic growth benefits from transitioning to renewables. • Decision makers should formulate policies promoting economic complexity to align energy transition with economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global shift to renewable energy is conducive to carbon reduction, but its impact on the economy is still uncertain. Unlike existing research focusing on the effect of domestic renewable energy (RE), this paper considers the global RE connection among countries and examines the impact of global RE development on economic growth (EG) using China as a sample. In addition, we apply a novel wavelet-based quantile-on-quantile method, which can estimate the local influence of the α-quantile of global RE on the β-quantile of the EG in different periods. The finding shows that the upper quantiles of RE promote EG , and this effect is greater at the upper quantiles of EG in the medium- and long-term. This is mainly because China plays a leading role in RE development and has an advantage in exporting RE -related products with the development of global RE. The finding proves the growth effect, indicating that RE is a blessing for China's EG. However, in the short term, a higher level of global RE development impedes China's EG due to high upfront costs of RE production, fierce competition from other countries, and insufficient energy supply when significant investment shifts from non-renewable energy to RE. The empirical results provide important policy implications to balance RE 's short-term inhibitory effect and long-term promoting effect on EG in the process of the global energy transition. • The global RE connection and the impact of global RE development on economic EG. • Applying wavelet-based quantile-on-quantile method can estimate the local influence of global RE on EG in different periods. • Upper quantiles of RE promote EG is greater at the upper quantiles of EG in the medium- and long-term. • The growth effect indicating that RE is a blessing for China's EG. • Balance RE's short-term inhibitory effect and long-term promoting effect on EG in the process of energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the asymmetric impact of oil price, economic growth, financial development, and industrialization on oil consumption in Tunisia, using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model over the period 1980–2020. The NARDL bound testing approach confirms the presence of a cointegrating relationship between oil demand and its determinants. The results show that oil demand is income elastic and price inelastic. In the long run, the impact of increased and decreased financial development on oil consumption is found positive and negative, respectively. The findings also highlight that a positive (negative) shock to industrialization decreases (increases) energy consumption. The study of symmetrical causality supports the feedback hypothesis between growth and consumption. However, the asymmetric causality analysis shows that only negative shocks to economic growth have impacts on oil demand. The Tunisian economic model could be oriented in such a way as to support economic activity and implement energy saving policies. Finally, the implications of the different findings are discussed and key recommendations for policymakers are also provided. • The demand for oil is income elastic and price inelastic. • There is a positive relationship between financial development and oil consumption. • There is a negative relationship between industrialization and oil demand. • Only negative shocks to economic growth impact on oil demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contributes to the renewable energy consumption and economic growth discourse by examining how foreign direct investment moderates this relationship for a panel of 15 West African countries from 1990 to 2021. Applying the Panel-Corrected Standard Errors and the Feasible Generalized Least Squares techniques, the study shows that renewable energy consumption hinders economic growth in West Africa. In addition, foreign direct investment is found to have a positive impact on economic growth. The findings further reveal that the interaction between renewable energy consumption and foreign direct investment has a positive impact on economic growth. Thus, foreign direct investment boosts renewable energy consumption to positively impact economic growth in West Africa. • Explore the moderating role of FDI in renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus in West Africa. • Renewable energy consumption impedes West African countries' economic growth. • FDI enhances West African countries' economic growth. • FDI complements renewable energy consumption to positively influence economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bangladesh has traditionally relied on fossil fuels for meeting its energy demand whereby this major South Asian economy has not been able to safeguard its environment from greenhouse gas emission-related adversities. Moreover, by ratifying several international environmental agreements, especially the Paris Accord and the Sustainable Development Goals, the government of Bangladesh has expressed its solidarity in abating greenhouse gas emissions through the deployment of relevant environmental policies. Hence, this study assesses the impacts of petroleum consumption, economic growth, and technological innovation on carbon emissions in Bangladesh using quarterly frequency data from 1972Q1 to 2020Q4. Overall, apart from confirming the cointegrating relationships among the variables, the regression findings reveal that higher petroleum consumption and economic growth stimulate environmental degradation by boosting carbon dioxide emissions while technological innovation reinstates environmental well-being by curbing the Bangladesh's emission figures. Additionally, technological innovation is seen to moderate the relationship between petroleum consumption and carbon emissions by jointly reducing the emissions with petroleum consumption. Lastly, the causality analysis shows that petroleum consumption, economic growth, and technological innovation causally influence carbon emissions. Based on these key findings, it is recommended that Bangladesh mitigates its petroleum dependency, blends environmental objectives into its economic growth policies, and develops its technological stock. • Determinants of environmental well-being in Bangladesh are analyzed. • Petroleum consumption and economic growth boost carbon emissions. • Technological innovation reduce carbon emissions. • Technological innovation moderates the petroleum consumption-carbon emissions nexus. • Petroleum consumption and technological innovation jointly reduce carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral resources can contribute to economic, energy, and climate goals by expanding critical minerals used in advanced technology. However, mineral complexity influences the sustainability of achieving these goals. In this study, we investigate the mineral complexity and fossil fuel impact on economic growth, examining 21 emerging Asian economies from 2000 to 2018 using the panel cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag and vector autoregressive causality. The findings indicate that mineral complexity impedes economic growth in the long and short run. In contrast, foreign direct investment and capital are positively associated with long-term economic growth. The empirical outcomes showed a unidirectional causality between fossil fuels and economic growth, suggesting that fossil fuels are essential for sustainable economic growth. This study also investigates a unidirectional causality between economic growth and the exogenous variables, running from mineral complexity, foreign direct investment, and capital to economic growth. The findings suggest that mineral complexity, including supporting factors, contributes to sustainable economic growth. The findings illustrate the significance of understanding the critical minerals, global value chain, and capital for sustainable growth policies. • Examine the role of mineral complexity in technological advancement. • Technological advancement, economic growth, and mineral resources nexus. • Minerals-based batteries are currently used in modern technologies as alternate power. • Role of foreign investment and capital on emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the threshold effect of GDP on the causality between GDP and energy consumption (EC), using panel data of 26 OECD countries over the period 1971–2014. Threshold regression technique is employed to explore whether there exists a threshold of GDP in the relationship between GDP and energy consumption and Granger causality testing procedure based on panel VECM is applied to test the causality across GDP regimes. The empirical results highlight the existence of GDP threshold in which the effects of GDP on energy consumption and the direction of the energy-growth causality depend on the initial value of GDP. When real GDP per capita is less than US$ 48,170, there exists unidirectional causality from EC to GDP in both the short and long run. However, when GDP exceeds US$ 48,170 per capita, there is no causality relationship in the short run but GDP is found to Granger cause EC in the long run. The findings urge for the attention of policymakers to take the initiative in implementing energy conservation policies when the economy reaches certain high levels of development and to switch energy policies appropriately in different periods of economic growth, to foster sustainable development. • We examine the GDP-dependent causality between energy use and GDP in 26 OECD countries. • We use threshold regression technique and causality testing based on panel VECM. • There exists a single threshold effect of GDP with the critical value is 48,170 USD. • In the first regime, there are causality relationships running from energy to GDP. • When GDP exceeds the threshold, there is unidirectional causality from GDP to energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whenever there is a question of environmental quality and economic prosperity, renewable energy consumption leads the debate. Ghana is a country blessed with a lot of renewable energy resources. However, Ghana depends on non-renewable energy to fuel its economy. This study investigates the direct impact and indirect impact of renewable energy on economic growth using both the Granger causality and the mediation model in its analysis based on data from 1990 to 2015. The variables used for this research are renewable energy, the gross domestic product, foreign direct investment, gross capital formation, and trade. The outcome shows a feedback effect among economic growth and renewable energy consumption, but renewable energy consumption does not have a significant indirect impact on economic growth. Renewable energy has a significant total impact on economic growth. Therefore, the increase in renewable energy consumption has a total positive effect on economic growth. The empirical results of our study suggest that, the use of renewable energy should be encouraged to promote economic growth. • Renewable energy and economic growth in Ghana. • Renewable energy has a total indirect and direct impact on economic growth in Ghana. • Gross capital formation as a moderator has direct impact on economic growth in Ghana. • Renewable energy cause foreign direct investment in Ghana. • Economic growth cause renewable energy consumption in Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamic causal relationship between renewable energy prices and economic growth in the cases of Norway, New Zealand, and two Canadian provinces. A Markov-switching vector autoregression (MS-VAR) model is used with model parameters being governed by a hidden Markov chain, allowing the causal relationship to vary amongst different states of the economy. A unidirectional causal link, running from economic growth to renewable energy is found in the case of New Zealand, Alberta, and Ontario. The causality emerges in the cases of New Zealand and Ontario, during periods of high economic growth, whilst it materializes in the cases of Alberta during periods of low economic growth. Our empirical results document the existence of a time-dependent causal relationship between renewable-energy prices and economic growth. • Causality link between renewable-energy (RE) prices & economic growth (EG) is probed. • The cases of Norway, New Zealand (NZ) and two Canadian provinces are presented. • Oil prices & interest rate are control variates in a Markov-switching VAR model. • There is a unidirectional causality (EG to RE) at high EG period for NZ & Ontario. • A unidirectional causality is found from EG to RE at low EG period for Alberta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the dynamic causal relationship between renewable energy prices and economic growth in the cases of Norway, New Zealand, and two Canadian provinces. A Markov-switching vector autoregression (MS-VAR) model is used with model parameters being governed by a hidden Markov chain, allowing the causal relationship to vary amongst different states of the economy. A unidirectional causal link, running from economic growth to renewable energy is found in the case of New Zealand, Alberta, and Ontario. The causality emerges in the cases of New Zealand and Ontario, during periods of high economic growth, whilst it materializes in the cases of Alberta during periods of low economic growth. Our empirical results document the existence of a time-dependent causal relationship between renewable-energy prices and economic growth. • Causality link between renewable-energy (RE) prices & economic growth (EG) is probed. • The cases of Norway, New Zealand (NZ) and two Canadian provinces are presented. • Oil prices & interest rate are control variates in a Markov-switching VAR model. • There is a unidirectional causality (EG to RE) at high EG period for NZ & Ontario. • A unidirectional causality is found from EG to RE at low EG period for Alberta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper quantitatively measures the labor productivity dispersion index of 30 provincial-level political regions (excluding Tibet) in mainland China from 2006 to 2018 based on industrial employment and output share data. Based on clarifying each region's economic variability, a spatial panel model is used to examine regional economic growth and labor productivity dispersions' effects on energy intensity. It was found that energy intensity in China is significantly spatially correlated. There is a clear gap between the share of output and the share of employment in China's three industries where labor productivity has deviated. The highest index of labor productivity dispersion is found in the western region, followed by the central region, with the lowest in the eastern region. Although, China's economic growth has had a significant negative impact on energy intensity, the current stage of China's economic development model is able to gradually achieve efficient energy use. However, the dispersion of labor productivity is not conducive to the improvement of energy factor allocation efficiency, and rationalization of industrial structure and employment structure transformation are urgently needed. To control energy intensity, China should actively adjust the current labor productivity dispersion; promote the transfer of primary industry labor to secondary and tertiary industries; strengthen control mechanisms for energy prices; optimize the impact of investment activities on energy intensity; and improve energy efficiency. • China's factor input structure and power sources are undergoing profound changes. • The study incorporates spatial measures to study the energy intensity problem. • Labor productivity dispersion raises energy intensity. • Economic growth is decoupled from energy intensity at this stage. • Higher energy prices can actually lead to higher energy intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many empirical studies have examined the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth. Given the significant role of China in global economic growth and electricity use, this study analyzes the multiple causal mechanisms underlying the electricity consumption-economic growth nexus in China using a structural equation model and comparing the nexus with national-level data from 1978 to 2019. This study contributes to the understanding of the direct and indirect causal mechanisms between the electricity consumption-economic growth nexus. We find: (1) the nexus has strengthened with time, and the direct and indirect effects from electricity consumption to economic growth have also increased with time; (2) indirect influences of electricity consumption on economic growth are stronger than the direct influence; and (3) increasing ecological awareness brought about by economic growth increases the demand for electricity generation from clean energy sources. Therefore, the Chinese government should formulate policies to facilitate high-quality electricity production to meet the increasing demand from economic growth. • SEM tests the causality between electric consumption and economic growth in China. • Causal mechanisms between electricity consumption and economic growth are compared. • The direct effect of electricity consumption on economic growth increases. • The effect of electricity development on ecological awareness increases with time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern era of globalization, financial and natural resources are considered the vital indicators that intensely contribute to mitigate environmental degradation and boost economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to realize a more significant assessment of the intricacies of determining greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and economic growth. The current research analyzes the dynamic association between financial development, natural resources, globalization, non-renewable, and renewable energy consumption on GHG emission and economic growth for eight Arctic countries from 1990 to 2017. Additionally, the current study confirms the presence of cross-sectional dependency by employing the second-generation panel unit root, cointegration, and long-run elasticity estimation tests for robust and efficient outcomes. The findings explored that financial development and renewable energy consumption considerably condense environmental deterioration, while other potential factors like globalization, economic growth, and non-renewable energy contribute to increased environmental degradation. Moreover, financial development, natural resources, globalization, non-renewable, and renewable energy boost economic growth. Based on these empirical outcomes, several policy recommendations are formulated to overcome and control the environmental damages without hindering economic growth for the Arctic region. • The drivers of GHG emissions and economic growth are investigated. • A significant cross-sectional dependency is detected across cross-sections. • Financial development and renewable energy help to reduce GHG emission. • Natural resources, economic growth and non-renewable energy increase the GHG emission. • All potential variables like FD, NRR, GLO, REC and NREC boost the economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the literature that examined the total and renewable energy-growth nexus, few of them were conducted in low and middle-income countries, however, the total-renewable energy-growth nexus in the lower and middle-income countries at the regional and global levels has not discussed. In this respect, this study examines the impact of total and renewable energy consumption on growth at the global and regional levels across the low-, lower and middle-, and upper-middle-income groups for a sample of 75 countries from 1980 to 2016. The cross-sectional augmented Autoregressive distributed lagged (CS-DL) and common correlated effect means group (CCEMG) have been employed. The findings reveal that total energy is significantly and positively affects economic growth in three income groups; especially this effect is increasing concerning the level of income group, and renewable energy consumption positively affects economic growth at the global level. At the regional levels, the effect of total and renewable energy consumption on growth is mixed across the income groups. Furthermore, negative and neutral effects of renewable energy on growth are highly prevalent than those from total energy at the regional levels. Therefore, policymakers need to reflect on cause-led negative effects and set relative policies, which could attract investors in renewable energy projects so that renewable energy will positively affect economic growth in all regions across income groups. • Total-renewable consumption and growth nexus is examined across income and regional levels. • The most recent approaches (CS-DL and CCEMG) are employed. • Increasing effect of total energy uses on growth is respect to income levels at the globe. • Positive and mixed effects of total and renewable energy on growth noted in all regions, respectively. • Investors are encouraged to invest in energy sector to increase economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asian liquefied natural gas (LNG)-exporting countries have large natural gas reserves with a combined LNG export share value of 58% globally. Nevertheless, their global share in petrochemical exports is merely 2.2%. Among the selected countries, Indonesia and Malaysia have exploited 39% and 17% of the products in their petrochemical sectors, but the UAE, Myanmar, Oman, Qatar, and Brunei have exploited only 2%–10%. The significant potential for these countries with regard to exploiting these petrochemical products to scale up their export diversification, in turn leads to sustainable economic growth. The primary reason for their low global share is insufficient knowledge concerning their production capacity, as well as the sector's feasibility and potential with respect to their capabilities. This study thoroughly investigates the export diversification potential and opportunities for Asian LNG-exporting countries by exploring the nexus between LNG and petrochemicals using a product space model (PSM). The results indicate that production of unexploited petrochemicals is imminent in Indonesia and Malaysia, while the UAE, Myanmar, and Oman have moderate opportunities for exploration. These findings can assist policymakers in formulating realistic policies in accordance with their country's capabilities. It will also assist entrepreneurs in identifying potential sectors for establishing new enterprises. • Asian LNG-exporting countries are studied through product space model. • PRODY, EXPY, proximity, density, strategic value, and open forest are calculated. • Asian LNG-exporting countries have a negligible share in global petrochemical exports. • Indonesia and Malaysia are very close to unexploited petrochemicals. • UAE, Myanmar, and Oman are medium proximate countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is noteworthy because both industrial and residential sectors in Bangladesh use a significant amount of electricity for various purposes. Thus, it motivates us to examine the asymmetric impacts of electricity consumption on economic growth in Bangladesh by using the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model over the annual data of 1971–2014. After confirming the long-run asymmetric cointegration between the series, the long-run result indicates that economic growth responds to electricity consumption asymmetrically in Bangladesh. The long-run result also indicates the dominant effect of negative shocks in electricity consumption over its positive shocks while affecting the economic growth in Bangladesh. Therefore, the policies to tackle the issues of economic growth unsustainability and ecological grief should not underestimate the long-run asymmetric effects of electricity consumption on economic growth in Bangladesh. • Asymmetric impacts of electricity consumption on economic growth are examined. • Employs Nonlinear-ARDL model for Bangladesh relying on annual data 1971–2014. • The study confirms the long-run asymmetric cointegration between the series. • The negative shocks in electricity use affect GDP more than its positive shocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industry and agriculture in Malaysia are the main contributors to economic growth and employment. These sectors also play an important role in Malaysia's total exports. The question then is whether technological innovation, sectoral output, and exports growth have had a real impact on these two sectors, which are very important for policy-making. This paper attempts to empirically identify such relations using econometric methods, including an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing method and a dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) during 1978–2018. The results confirmed that overall long-run economic growth is the main contributor to the increase in energy consumption with a greater magnitude than in the short-run. In the long-run, an increase of 1% in economic growth leads to an increase of 4.6% and 1.1% in energy demand in agriculture and industrial sectors, respectively. Exports are the second largest contributor to energy demand in the overall economy and the agriculture sector. Finally, the technological innovation that enhances energy efficiency is only effective in reducing energy consumption in the industrial sector, which ultimately reduces emissions. [Display omitted] • It the relationships between energy consumption and crude oil price is investigated. • Technological innovation have negative relationships with energy consumption. • Economic growth is the main factor to energy consumption in the short- and long-runs. • The magnitude of long-run economic growth effects are greater than the short-run. • Agriculture export is the main contributor to energy consumption in the short-run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the dynamic relationship of energy consumption, international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) with economic growth for a panel of BRICS and ASEAN countries over the period of 1990–2017 within a multivariate framework. The panel co-integration test, panel quantile regression method, impulse response function and heterogeneous panel causality test are used for empirical investigation. The results reveal the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship among the variables. In the long run, the effects of energy consumption, international trade, capital and FDI are found to be positive and significant on the economic growth of these countries. The heterogeneous panel causality test results indicate bidirectional causality between energy consumption and economic growth, labour force and economic growth, international trade and energy consumption, and labour force and international trade. A unidirectional causality from economic growth to international trade and FDI, and from international trade and energy consumption to FDI is also identified. The implications of these results are also discussed. • A dynamic link of energy use, international trade and economic growth is explored. • Panel data of BRICS and ASEAN countries are considered for this study. • Energy use and international trade positively affect economic growth. • Effect of energy is three times more than that of trade on economic growth. • A bidirectional causality between energy use and economic growth is found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on China's 30 provinces penal data, from 1990 to 2017, this paper uses the quantile regression model to estimate the impact of fossil energy abundance and clean energy abundance on economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. The findings show that fossil energy abundance exerts a greater impact on economic growth in the intermediate quantile provinces such as Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning, and Shandong because these provinces have larger petroleum processing and coal gas production industries. The CO 2 emissions in the upper 90th quantile provinces such as Liaoning, Shanxi, and Shandong, receive the biggest impact from fossil energy abundance because these provinces consume more coal and oil. However, the impacts of renewable energy abundance on economic growth in the 50th-75th, upper 90th, and 75th-90th quantile groups are greater, since their renewable energy industry is growing faster. The influence of renewable energy abundance on CO 2 emissions in all quantile groups is positive, meaning it does not play a prominent role in mitigating CO 2 emissions. Therefore, each quantile province should formulate specific policies to promote the growth of renewable energy and actively develop strategic emerging industries. • Fossil energy contributes more to economic growth in the middle-level quantiles. • The impact of fossil energy on emissions in the upper 90th quantiles is the strongest. • Renewable energy abundance does not play a prominent role in reducing emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harnessing energy resources contributes to achieving economic targets and environmental change, as well as fulfilling energy demands via producing clean energy and new technologies. However, the procedures for accomplishing these interlinked objectives and achieving sustainable development need to be addressed empirically. To this end, we examined the nexus between fossil fuel, renewable energy, and economic growth, using a time series data 1980–2017 of Pakistan. By employing a non-linear autoregressive distributed lag and asymmetric causality approaches, this study determines the asymmetric impact of one variable on the others. During the investigation, the results confirmed asymmetric and nonlinear co-integration between pairs of the variables. An asymmetric feedback causality was observed between positive shocks to economic growth and renewable energy consumption. In contrast, the asymmetric causality test showed that positive and negative shocks in fossil fuel and economic growth had a neutral effect, while a symmetric bidirectional hypothesis was observed between fossil fuel consumption and economic growth. Finally, an asymmetrically unidirectional causal nexus was confirmed between foreign direct investment and economic growth. Prospectively, our findings suggest the significance of clean energy along with the installation of new technologies for achieving sustainable economic growth without undermining environmental intactness and ecosystem. • Asymmetric nexus between fossil fuel, renewable energy use and economic growth. • Variables are decomposed into positive and negative shocks to examine nonlinearity. • NARDL model is used to investigate long and short-run cointegration in one model. • Asymmetric causality tests used to examine the nexus between the variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The imperative to mitigate climate change is one of the biggest challenges that confront mankind in the present millennium and investment in renewable energy source is one of the most viable options. This study examines the dynamic causal relationship between renewable and non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth and climate change for a sample of 16 selected African countries. It applies the Panel Pooled Mean Group-Autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL-PMG), Panel Mean Group-Autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL-MG) and Granger Causality tests to annual data covering the period 1980–2014. The empirical analysis confirms the presence of cointegration long-run relationship among variables. In the long-run, non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth are found to have a harmful effect on the climate change, whereas, renewable energy consumption has a beneficial climate change effect. In the short-run, results reveal a bidirectional causality relationship running from non-renewable energy consumption to climate change, supporting the feedback hypothesis, whereas, a unidirectional causality relationship running from climate change to renewable energy consumption is proven. The results suggest mostly that renewable energy consumption can help to mitigate climate change in African countries. • This study examines the relations between energy sources and climate change. • It employs ARDL-PMG, ARDL-MG and Granger Causality tests. • Renewable energy consumption has a beneficial climate change effect. • Non-renewable energy and output contributes to climate change acceleration. • Policy suggestions that can help the continent achieve global climate objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth has deservedly received much attention in the literature due to its significance to sustainable development, particularly in countries such as China with rapid economic growth. However, few studies have explored the spatial heterogeneous nature of this relationship within countries where there are spatial variations in terms the level and speed of economic development. This study analyzes how industrial GDP and employment are related to industrial electricity consumption at prefecture city level across China using Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR). It also examines the role of foreign direct investment (FDI) and research/development (RD) in mediating the relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption. The results show that, during the study period, industrial electricity consumption became increasingly related to industrial GDP while the influence of employment diminished. However, this relationship varied over space and time with clear differences between the cities in the developed east coast and the rest of the country. Also, the FDI and RD improved efficiency in electricity consumption especially in less developed central and western regions during the study period. • Identify the spatial heterogeneity of energy-economy relationship across China. • MGWR models are used. • Results on spatial variations correspond to the knowledge of regional gaps in China. • Results on temporal effects examine the predictability of energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of renewable energy in protecting the environment is well established. This study explores the dynamic links among energy transitions, energy consumption, and sustainable economic growth in thirty-eight International Energy Agency (IEA) countries. We apply advanced econometric methodologies for empirical analysis from 1995 to 2015 and find long-run relationships among the variables. However, the effect of energy transitions on economic growth is significant only in the long run, and economic sustainability influences economic growth in both the short run and the long run. Moreover, the energy transition is negatively associated with host countries' economic growth, while economic sustainability, renewable energy consumption, non-renewable energy consumption, labor, and capital are positively related to that growth. Policymakers in the IEA countries are encouraged to settle carbon costs and taxation, provide continuous support to research and development, commercialize low–CO 2 –emission technologies, reduce subsidies on non-renewable energy, offer cooperative programs for technology transfers, and generate a green trade policy to procure sustainable development. Study limitations and directions for future research in the area are presented. [Display omitted] • Checked links among energy transitions, energy consumption, and economic growth. • Constructed PCA indexes for energy transition and crucial economic indicators. • Energy transition affects GDP in the long run and economic sustainability does so in the short and long runs. • Energy transition is negatively associated with economic growth. • Economic sustainability and energy consumption stimulate economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has been confronting economic challenges for two decades due to many factors such as the electricity crisis, among others. It is therefore essential to identify such factors that may play a constructive role in economic growth. In doing so, this study investigates the determinants of economic growth in Pakistan from 1972 to 2018. The dynamic autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) simulations approach is applied to analyze positive and negative changes in energy consumption, industrial growth, urbanization, and carbon emissions on economic growth in Pakistan. The frequency-domain causality (FDC) test is utilized to check long-, medium-, and short-run relationships. Our empirical evidence reveals that electricity consumption and industrial value-added have a short- and long-run impact on economic growth. However, carbon emissions and urbanization have positive effects on economic growth in the short run. Consequently, we conclude that energy consumption, industrial growth, urbanization, and CO 2 emissions positively impact economic growth in Pakistan. The FDC also confirms the long-, medium-, and short-run causality hypothesis. The study suggests a requirement to integrate better electricity generation and management with the planning of economic policies. The government is advised to invest more in renewable energy to protect the environment from degradation, ban the import of low-efficiency electrical appliances, and evaluate the refugee reception policy. • The study examines the determinants of economic growth in Pakistan from 1972 to 2018. • This study employs a newly developed, dynamic ARDL simulation model. • The study also applied the frequency-domain causality (FDC) test. • Empirical results show long and short-run significant impacts on economic growth. • However, the FDC evidence revealed the short, medium, and long-run relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study scrutinised the symmetric/asymmetric impact of energy consumption on the economic growth (RGDP) of Iran in the framework of the extended Cobb-Douglas production function from 1970 to 2017. The linear and nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) confirmed that a positive and negative shock on energy consumption had the same impact on RGDP. The empirically obtained outcomes supported confirmed the positive impact of energy consumption and capital stock on GDP in both the short and long terms. The opposite was true for CO 2 emissions and labour force. The results of a Toda Yamamato (T-Y) test showed bidirectional causality between CO 2 emissions and energy consumption. Moreover, CO 2 emissions and energy consumption exhibited a causality effect on economic growth. Furthermore, residual diagnostic/model stability tests and sensitivity analyses based on Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FM-OLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) verified the perfectness and robustness of the results obtained from the ARDL model, respectively. Based on the growth-enhancing and environment-degrading effects of energy consumption, switching from conventional energy to renewable energy must be considered in national energy policies. Appropriate policy implications were recommended under two categories: market-based interventions (both directly and indirectly) and non-market-based interventions. • The asymmetric impact of energy consumption on economic growth of Iran were studied. • The Toda Yamamato causality test was applied to check the causal relationship. • The symmetric impact of energy consumption on GDP was confirmed. • The one-way causality running from EC and CO 2 emissions to GDP was verified. • The market-based and nonmarket-based interventions were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of energy efficiency (EE) in promoting economic growth (EG), the empirical evidence about the growth effect of EE is quite thin. This research intends to examine the heterogeneous impacts of EE, renewable energy consumption (REC), and other factors on EG of BRICS countries for 1990–2014. The empirical results unveil that EE in BRICS countries is an important source for EG. The findings of fixed-effect panel quantile regression analysis clearly explain that the effects of all the selected components of EG are heterogeneous along the quantiles. The effect of EE is significantly positive across all the quantiles, but the positive effect is more robust at 50th and 60th quantiles of EG. REC significantly decreases the EG in BRICS economies, but the negative influence is more robust at the upper quantiles of EG (0.60–0.90). Moreover, the results obtained from Dumitrescu-Hurlin (D-H) heterogeneous panel causality test approve the feedback hypothesis between EE and EG in BRICS countries. The findings also provide the bidirectional causal relationship between REC and EG. Furthermore, a causal association is observed from EE to REC. It suggests that EE is also beneficial to enhance REC in BRICS countries. The study suggests that more prolific use of energy can stimulate EG in BRICS countries by improvement in EE and renewable energy (RE). • Heterogeneous impact of energy efficiency and renewable energy use on the economic growth of BRICS countries. • Fixed effect panel quantile regression analysis is used to capture the heterogeneous effects. • Energy efficiency is an important source of economic growth in BRICS countries. • The feedback hypothesis exists between energy efficiency and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the importance of energy efficiency (EE) in promoting economic growth (EG), the empirical evidence about the growth effect of EE is quite thin. This research intends to examine the heterogeneous impacts of EE, renewable energy consumption (REC), and other factors on EG of BRICS countries for 1990–2014. The empirical results unveil that EE in BRICS countries is an important source for EG. The findings of fixed-effect panel quantile regression analysis clearly explain that the effects of all the selected components of EG are heterogeneous along the quantiles. The effect of EE is significantly positive across all the quantiles, but the positive effect is more robust at 50th and 60th quantiles of EG. REC significantly decreases the EG in BRICS economies, but the negative influence is more robust at the upper quantiles of EG (0.60–0.90). Moreover, the results obtained from Dumitrescu-Hurlin (D-H) heterogeneous panel causality test approve the feedback hypothesis between EE and EG in BRICS countries. The findings also provide the bidirectional causal relationship between REC and EG. Furthermore, a causal association is observed from EE to REC. It suggests that EE is also beneficial to enhance REC in BRICS countries. The study suggests that more prolific use of energy can stimulate EG in BRICS countries by improvement in EE and renewable energy (RE). • Heterogeneous impact of energy efficiency and renewable energy use on the economic growth of BRICS countries. • Fixed effect panel quantile regression analysis is used to capture the heterogeneous effects. • Energy efficiency is an important source of economic growth in BRICS countries. • The feedback hypothesis exists between energy efficiency and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning process focusing on Energy-Environment-Economy nexus heavily relies upon the results of causality studies for policy and decision guidance. These studies are mostly aimed to determine the true direction of the causal-path among key variables such as energy consumption, economic growth and GHGs emissions. However, there are some weak points attached to already available methods and their variants such as Granger type causality tests and Peter and Clark (PC) algorithms based on Graph theoretic approach. Swanson and Granger (1997) [89] used the vector autoregressive (VAR) residuals in the PC algorithms to find the causal ordering in time series. However, these residuals carry only contemporaneous information about cross-variable effect and remove the past information. This study modified the original PC algorithms based on modified R-residuals test to analyze the causal relationship between energy consumption, economic growth and GHGs emissions in Pakistan. The results reveal that, unidirectional causality is running from economic growth towards CO 2 emissions. However, no causality is running from energy consumption towards economic growth and vice-versa. This is due to the fact that, a significant portion of energy is consumed in residential and transportation sectors, both of which does not contribute to economic growth in long-run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing the recent pace of globalization and greenhouse gas emissions growth, this study compares the dynamic nexus amid carbon emissions, trade, energy usage, urbanization and growh output over the period 1992–2015. For policy perspective, the observed sample of countries are grouped into two sub-panels namely; Belt and Road (B&R), and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The panel unit root and cointegration outcomes show the evidence of stationarity and equilibrium relationship for all three panels in the long-term, respectively. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) assumption is confirmed in the three panels. Our outcomes from the Common Correlated Effect Mean Group (CCEMG) and Augmented Mean Group (AMG) methods consistently indicated that growth output has significant postive effect on evironmental pollution for all panels. The outcome further demonstrates that other factors such as trade openness, urbanization and energy usage have been responsible for the recent increase in carbon emissions globally. However, there are disparities per the estimated coefficients. The impact is greater within the OECD region than the Belt and Road region. The Granger non-causality estimates show the proof of a two-way causal relationship between output, energy usage, trade openness and urbanization on carbon emission for all three panels in the long-term. Efforts to promote a low-carbon and sustainable green environment therefore should jointly consider these factors during policy development. • The EKC assumption is confirmed in the three panels (Full sample, OECD, and B&R countries). • The impact of economic growth on environmental pollution is greater within the OECD region than the Belt and Road region. • The Granger non-causality estimates show proof of a two-way causal relationship for all three panels in the long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global energy consumption continues to increase, an increasing attention is also being drawn to the need to embrace cleaner energy despite ensuring energy security and efficiency in production. This study examines the relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption in sub-Sahara African economies between 1971 and 2017. It employs the System Generalized Methods-of-Moments (System GMM) techniques so as to address the issues of endogeneity in the data generating process. We also examine whether the impact of electricity consumption differs by the level of energy intensity, by employing an advanced dynamic panel threshold regression model to ascertain the degree of threshold level of energy intensity and the potential of threshold asymmetric of energy consumption on economic growth. Our results show significant positive relationship between electricity consumption and growth, including a threshold level of energy intensity which stood at 0.48%. This suggests that energy consumption beyond 0.48% will reduce growth, while consumption below this level will stimulate growth. • Relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption in African economies examined. • Bi-directional relationship exists between electricity consumption and economic growth in Africa economies. • Energy efficiency threshold in Africa is 48%. • Energy consumption beyond 0.48% will reduce Africa's growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What impact will increasing renewable energy consumption have on economic growth? What is the direction or magnitude of the impact and the determinants behind it? Existing research on the relationship between renewable energy and economic growth focuses on the linear relationship, whereas ignoring the non-linear relationship between them. In this study, the nonlinear relationship between renewable energy and economic growth in OECD countries was investigated by developing panel threshold regression models. Non-renewable energy intensity, urbanization level and per capita income are used as threshold variables to explore the internal mechanism of renewable energy for economic development. Three panel threshold models are developed based on these three threshold variables. The results show that the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth is positive, which indicates that increased renewable energy consumpiotn contributes to economic growth. In addition, this positive relationship changes as the threshold value changes, which means that the role of increasing renewable energy consumption to promote economic development is nonlinear. In other words, if the EU countries increase their renewable energy consumption by more than a certain amount (threshold value), the role of renewable energy consumption in promoting economic development is more significant. • Analyzing renewable energy and economic in OECD countries. • The fixed-effect model and non-linear threshold model are employed. • Three factors were used as threshold variables to explore the mechanism. • Renewable energy has a threshold effect on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of non-renewable resources emits a high quantity of CO 2 into environment, leading to a greenhouse effect, to reduce CO 2 emissions all countries have shifted to use renewable energy sources. Therefore, this study re-examines the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth across 38 renewable-energy-consuming countries from 1990 to 2018. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS), fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and heterogeneous non-causality approaches are applied. The empirical analysis confirms the presence of a long-run relationship between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. Further, we noted that renewable energy, non-renewable energy, capital and labor have positive impact on economic growth, particularly, renewable energy consumption has a positive impact on economic growth for 58% of the sample countries. The empirical results suggest that international cooperation agencies, energy organizers, governments, and associated bodies must act together in increasing renewable energy investment for low carbon growth in most of these economies. • This study evaluates the impact of sustainable and non-sustainable energy sources. • It employs DOLS and heterogeneous non-causality approaches. • The study estimated a time-series analysis of long-run output elasticities. • Renewable energy has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. • Cooperation agencies must act together in increasing renewable energy investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to explore the dynamic linkages between health expenditure, economic growth, CO2 emission, information and communication technology and renewable energy consumption in the case of Pakistan. To fulfill the study objective, a variety of econometric methods is employed over the period of 1995–2017. The results indicated the dynamic linkages among under-considered variables. The results established that economic growth and CO2 emission have a positive Impact on health expenditure, while information and communication technology and renewable energy consumption have a negative impact on health expenditure. Moreover, bidirectional Granger causality is confirmed between Health expenditure, economic growth, carbon dioxide emission, and information and communication technology. The unidirectional causality is running from renewable energy consumption to these variables. Short-run causality is running from renewable energy consumption to health expenditure and economic growth. Furthermore, short-run causality is running from information and communication technology to economic growth. Consequently, this study empirically contributed by confirming the critical role of information and communication technology and renewable energy consumption in reducing health expenditure. So, the policymakers should invest in information and communication technology and renewable energy projects to enhance air quality and provide a healthy environment to society. • This study established that ICT reduces health expenditure and CO2 emission. • Renewable energy consumption reduces health expenditure and CO2 emission. • CO2 emission and economic growth have a positive impact on health expenditure. • Health expenditure, CO2 emission, economic growth, and ICT have two-way causality. • Renewable energy causes health expenditure, CO2 emission, economic growth, and ICT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional wisdom suggests that fossil-dominated energy mix is problematic to sustainable development. Like many countries, the Egyptian government has set ambitious targets for a possible transition towards renewable energy sources. In this study, a production model is adopted to examine the feasibility of energy substitution in Egypt and subsequently quantify the emissions reduction potential that arises from such a conversion. First, results suggest that renewable energy currently has no significant impact on economic growth in Egypt. However, it has the potential to contribute a 5% growth share if capital investment is at least doubled beyond current levels. Second, while energy substitution is possible from a technological standpoint, economically, inter-fuel substitution is limited in practice due to higher costs associated with renewable power generation technologies. This is further confirmed by the two investment scenarios which point to evidence of marginal reductions in nonrenewable energy (between 0.08% and 0.13%) and CO 2 emissions when energy substitution is carried out. In general, these findings have implications for economic growth, renewable energy expansion, and CO 2 emissions not only in Egypt but other developing countries as well. • Substitution potential between RE and NRE are evaluated using data for Egypt. • Substitution potential exists but requires at least 50% increase in investment. • Currently, NRE has higher benefits but the situation could change as RE cost falls. • These results are applicable to other developing countries similar to Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]