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In this work, we focus on industrial sector decarbonization in California through the synthesis and injection of Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) into the existing natural gas pipeline using two technology approaches: (1) a net carbon-negative biomass SNG process from wood residue gasification, and (2) a carbon-neutral Power-to-Gas (PtG) SNG process for the chemical storage of surplus electricity from high adoption of intermittent renewable sources in the electricity grid (e.g., more than 20% of electricity supply from wind and solar). SNG is a key potential low-carbon fuel to meet an array of industrial process requirements without replacing application-specific end-use equipment. We outline and model pathways that can make these technologies more competitive and present a case study for the industrial sector in California, accounting for industrial fuel demand, feedstock supply, and recent federal incentives for carbon capture and storage (45Q federal regulation). A performance assessment and economic analysis with single and coupled parameter sensitivity have been carried out. BioSNG with carbon capture is found to be less expensive today ($96.67/MWh SNG) than PtG SNG ($421.21/MWh). PtG SNG has more opportunity for cost reduction with electrolyzer capital costs and electricity prices the most critical cost parameters. The estimated cost for bioSNG in 2050 ($73/MWh SNG) is lower than the projected reference citygate price of conventional natural gas in 2050 ($87.57/MWh), but the projected cost of PtG SNG is still two to three times higher unless a high capacity factor can be achieved with low electricity prices and lower electrolyzer cost. SNG can reduce up to 17% of industrial natural gas demand and almost 19 Mt CO 2 from California's industrial GHG emissions in 2050. These pathways represent significant opportunities to decarbonize the industrial sector but represent dramatic production changes and underscore the need for sustained policy commitments to support these technologies. • BioSNG can displace 19% of 2016 levels of industrial natural gas in California. • PtG-SNG can displace 7% of 2016 levels of industrial natural gas in California. • Estimated 2050 LCOE for bio- and lower-cost PtG SNG comparable to projected NG price. • The 45Q federal tax credit reduces the current price of bioSNG by 23%–31%. • In 2050, bioSNG with carbon capture gives 18.6 MtCO 2 industrial GHG reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many countries and regions of the world are pursuing aggressive decarbonization policies in the transportation sector aiming to sharply reduce the sales of conventional gasoline and diesel-powered internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Zero emission vehicles (ZEVs), such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), have zero tailpipe emissions, but still can be considerably more expensive than ICEVs, which is one key factor hampering their wide-scale adoption. Still, many decarbonization roadmaps and plans call for a large ramp up of ZEVs in coming years. For example, the International Energy Agency's aggressive 2DS high H 2 scenario estimates 11 M BEVs and 4 M FCEVs sold in 2030 and California has also set aggressive sales targets under its ZEV Mandate. This paper provides a detailed life cycle cost analysis comparison for FCEV versus other vehicle technologies, assuming these international adoption scenarios are implemented using a learning rate approach. Results show that the fuel cell system is the key factor in making FCEV life cycle costs comparable to ICEV costs. With an 18% learning rate, FCEVs are estimated to be cost competitive with ICEVs by 2025, but with an 8% learning rate, this cost-competitive point is pushed out almost 25 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]