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Energy system and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models play vital roles in climate change mitigation studies. These models have advantages and disadvantages, and attempts have been made to integrate them. This study aimed to describe the method for integrating energy system and CGE models and demonstrate the new model that captures the strengths of both models. The method developed in this study ensured the detailed convergence of the energy system by exchanging the results iteratively. We demonstrated the model integration by adopting the method to MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM and AIM/Hub and estimating a mitigation scenario that limits the temperature rise to below 2 °C under the middle-of-the-road socioeconomic projection in Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. As a result of the integration, the index showing the difference between the two models proposed in this study decreased from 1.0 to 0.066. Therefore, we confirmed that these models estimated consistent scenarios. The diagnostic indicators showed that compared to its counterpart CGE model, the newly-developed model was characterized by a higher contribution of demand-side reductions, a lesser alteration in the primary energy supply composition, and lower abatement costs. Given the convergence and advantages of the integrated framework, the proposed method is useful for further application to mitigation studies. • Proposed a new method to integrate energy system models and CGE models. • Integrated MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM and AIM/Hub using the newly proposed method. • AIM/Hub provided multi-sectoral and goods representation. • MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM enabled estimates in consideration of detailed technologies. • Integrated model was characterized by demand-side effort and lower abatement costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing energy demand and the industrialization of communities have been the leading causes of climate change. As a result, natural disasters have increased blackouts in power systems. Climate change mitigation should be a global goal of communities. Since natural disaster occurrence has risen recently, rapid system restoration after natural disasters is essential. Mitigation of global warming is inextricably linked to the mechanisms and architecture of energy systems. Energy resilience is a multi-dimensional solution to this problem. In this research, resilient strategies for dealing with natural disasters have been examined. Implementing distributed energy resources (DERs), smart distribution networks, and defining load priority based on consumers' preferences have made a viable solution to the post-disaster operation. Previous efforts cared more about the generation and transmission sectors. This study focused on active distribution systems (ADSs) because distribution systems, as a vital part of energy systems, have not sufficiently contributed to crisis management. A framework for resilience enhancement to smartening conventional distribution systems against natural disasters has been proposed. Three-stage socio-technical optimization was investigated, including optimal allocation of battery storage systems (BESSs), intentional islanding, and optimal power flow (OPF) in MATLAB and DIgSILENT. This optimization presents a decision-making tool for distribution system operators to quickly prepare the system against natural disasters. By applying eight scenarios in the proposed system, in the best scenario (CS4), the recovered power value (RPV) has increased from 38% to more than 99% (more than 61% increase in the resilience index). The amount of supplied load increased from 56% to 92%. Furthermore, prioritizing crucial consumers and reconfiguration are two primary crisis management tools. This approach creates a solid ground for avoiding the social consequences of natural disasters like electrocution and power outages of priority consumers. Failure to apply these two techniques would result in a 21% reduction in the RPV. • Determining load priorities based on consumers' preference. • Optimal placement of batteries considering cost and load priority. • Intentional islanding of the system to enhance resilience. • In the best scenario (CS4), recovered power value (RPV) has increased to 99.35%. • Failure to apply load priority and reconfiguration has reduced RPV to 77.85% (CS5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deployment of geothermal energy systems can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation and play a part in the transition to a low carbon society. This study proposes a framework for identifying the shallow geothermal energy potential of new individual and district heating (DH) systems. The model accounts for thermal interference between neighbouring wells and borehole heat exchangers, where the main criteria for analysis are ground temperature, thermal conductivity, heat flow, and heat capacity. The paper presents a cost-effective area method for the identification of potential new DH areas, while considering the cost competitiveness of the heat supplied. Economic potential is determined based on the cost-effectiveness of the competing technologies, separately for urban and rural areas. The results show that although 54% of technical DH potential in Slovenia remains untapped, the future of shallow geothermal energy systems lies predominantly in individual systems, which have proven to be the most cost efficient solution on locations with favourable geological or hydro-geological conditions. Where possible, shallow geothermal energy can contribute from 2% to 25% of energy for heat production in analysed existing fossil fuel based DH systems, thus making shallow geothermal energy suitable for supplying base load power in an economical manner. • Study of shallow geothermal energy exploitation in individual and new DH systems. • Ground-source heat pumps are examined at a grid cell size resolution of 100 m. • Cost-effective area model is introduced, which identifies new DH areas. • Out of 5 TWh/a technical potential for new DH, only 0.95 TWh/a is economically viable. • Temperature plume plays a key role in analyses of potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy resources have garnered considerable attention owing to concerns regarding climate change mitigation and sustainability. The performance of renewable energy resources varies based on weather conditions, which is an important consideration in power system planning as renewable energy penetration increases. In this study, a probabilistic approach for the potential estimation of renewable energy resources based on augmented spatial interpolation was proposed. The proposed algorithm was verified using empirical data obtained from wind farms in Jeju Island. Wind power output scenarios were modeled through ordinary kriging and Monte Carlo simulations. Moreover, the point and cause of line overload according to the seasonal wind power output and power demand were analyzed through transmission security analysis, and the frequency and scale of the curtailments were estimated. This can be used to estimate potential renewable energy resources and establish a power system operation plan. Further study includes the development of stable power system operation plans for large-scale renewable energy resource-integrated power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: As forecasted by the International Energy Agency Energy Technology Perspectives baseline scenario, the largest increment in LDV (light-duty vehicles) stock, travel demand and transport sector energy consumption will take place in the developing world. In the developing countries where the import of used vehicles is allowed, a considerable portion of the LDV stock increment will be realized with used vehicles. In this paper, the analytical framework for assessment of climate change mitigation potential of transport sector in developing countries is adapted in order to incorporate the expected vehicle fleet increase with used vehicles. The evaluation of appropriate mitigation strategies is performed using the GHG Costing Model (GACMO), which compares each mitigation option with the BAU (business-as-usual) option and determines its environmental effectiveness (t CO2 reduced) and economic effectiveness (US$/t CO2 reduced). The adapted analytical framework is applied on the case of transport sector of Macedonia, evaluating appropriate options inline with five mitigation strategies: improvement of vehicle fleet, introduction of low carbon fuels, improvement of travel behaviour, advancement of vehicle equipment and improvement of driver behaviour. The resulting marginal cost curve for the year 2020 indicates a total achievable reduction of 22% with respect to BAU GHG transport sector emissions, with bulk of it at relatively high specific costs of around 90 US$/t CO2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents an assessment of global economic energy potentials for all major natural energy resources. This work is based on both an extensive literature review and calculations using natural resource assessment data. Economic potentials are presented in the form of cost-supply curves, in terms of energy flows for renewable energy sources, or fixed amounts for fossil and nuclear resources, with strong emphasis on uncertainty, using a consistent methodology that allow direct comparisons to be made. In order to interpolate through available resource assessment data and associated uncertainty, a theoretical framework and a computational methodology are given based on statistical properties of different types of resources, justified empirically by the data, and used throughout. This work aims to provide a global database for natural energy resources ready to integrate into models of energy systems, enabling to introduce at the same time uncertainty over natural resource assessments. The supplementary material provides theoretical details and tables of data and parameters that enable this extensive database to be adapted to a variety of energy systems modelling frameworks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Energy consumption in the residential sector has grown significantly over the last 30 years. In recent years, a large number of authors have analysed the determinants of behaviour related to climate change. However, in this paper, referring to the behaviour and consumption level, we focused on energy consumption and direct household CO 2 emissions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the determinants of energy consumption and CO 2 emissions in the Lithuanian residential sector. Energy consumption was evaluated referring to the residential bills based on the official energy prices; CO 2 emission equivalent was calculated employing the emission factors for separate energy resources. The regression analysis revealed that attitudes were significant only in the case of energy consumption for heating, but not in the case of heating-related CO 2 , which depended solely on the housing area, the type of fuel, and home heating (centralized). Meanwhile, concerning electricity consumption and related CO 2 emissions, the pro-environmental behaviour was one of the factors along with the type of house, the number of children, family size, and gender. Results indicated that a complex of different factors needed to be considered to increase energy savings and CO 2 reduction inthe residential sector regarding heating and electricity consumption. • Paper focused on energy consumption and direct household CO 2 emissions. • Attitudes significant influenced energy consumption for heating. • CO 2 emissions are affected by the house characteristics. • Pro-environmental behaviour and the attitudes make limited impact on energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]