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Industry poses one of the biggest challenges in the renewable energy transition. In this paper, fossil fuels in the European industrial sector are replaced by renewable energy using a novel tool, IndustryPLAN, a planning tool for the assessment of national industrial sectors. In a bottom-up approach, each industry sub-sector is addressed with energy efficiency and fossil fuel replacement measures based on best available and innovative technologies, and in a top-down approach, the fuel and electricity consumption per country is analysed and decarbonised. The results indicate that: 1. Known technologies can decarbonise most of the industrial sector; 2. Costs and efficiencies are improved by energy savings and electrification; 3. Limiting bioenergy consumption is a critical challenge, emphasising the key role of energy savings and electrification, and the alternative of using hydrogen or hydrogen-based electrofuels will make the transition more expensive and induce energy losses. A full transition to renewable energy and a decarbonised industry sector may be possible before 2050, however, this requires that all investments are sustainable from 2030 onwards and that grid electricity is fully decarbonised. This paper presents several pathways toward 100% renewable energy supply in the European industrial sector and discusses the implications of the outlined scenarios. • Four tangible 100% renewable energy scenarios for industry in EU27 + UK are established. • 100% renewable energy in industry is feasible before 2050. • Energy efficiency improvements are essential to limit biomass consumption. • Industry energy transition needs to be prioritised in short- and long-term planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cost of heat savings in buildings increase as more heat savings are achieved and hence, alternatives other than savings typically become more economically feasible at a certain level of heat reductions. The challenge addressed in this paper is to identify when the cost of heat savings become more expensive than the cost of sustainable heat supply, so society does not overinvest in heat saving measures. This study first investigates the heat saving potentials for different countries in Europe, along with their associated costs, followed by a comparison with alternative ways of supplying sustainable heating. Furthermore, the levelised cost of supplying sustainable heat is estimated for both a single technology and from an energy system perspective. The results are analysed by assessing various parameters such as socio-economic costs and energy efficiency improvements in the national energy systems. The results demonstrate the economically feasible levels of heat savings and heat production for various European countries, highlighting differences in their national conditions and energy systems. The findings in this paper indicate that overinvestments in heat savings can be avoided by saving heat until a level around 30–50% of projected heat demands and supplying the remaining heat demand with sustainable heat sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater gliders are one of the most promising approaches to achieve an increase of human presence in the oceans. Among existing solutions, thermal driven gliders present long range and endurance capabilities, offering the possibility of remaining years beneath water collecting and transmitting data to shore. A key component in thermal gliders lies in the process used to collect ocean's thermal energy. In this paper a new quasi-static model of a thermal driven volumetric pump, for use in underwater gliders, is presented. The study also encompasses an analysis of the influence different hydraulic system parameters have on the thermodynamic cycle efficiency. Finally, the paper proposes a simple dynamic model of a heat exchanger that uses commercially available materials for the Phase Change Material (PCM) container. Simulation results validate the models developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two generic photovoltaic (PV) panels (poly-Si and mono-Si) were experimentally tested in typical Mediterranean climatic conditions. The focus of the applied experimental approach was to examine the effect of backside convective thermal profile and its impact on temperature distribution, i.e. on panel electrical efficiency. Therefore, a series of measurements was made in 2015, from April to July, as well as CFD modeling in order to obtain a detailed analysis of the possible working regimes. According to the obtained experimental and CFD results, the present design of typical PV panels have an unfavorable impact on PV panel electrical efficiency. Namely, typical contemporary panel designs lead to two typical backside convective air temperature profiles which have a direct impact on the effectiveness of natural cooling. As shown in the obtained measurements, the specific convective profiles at the backside of PV panels have a significant influence on the degradation rate of panel electrical efficiency in the estimated amount of 2.5% up to 4.5%. The results of the research discussed in this paper signal the need to provide a possible redesign of the backside surface in conventional PV panels, in order to increase their average efficiency (more efficient backside thermal dissipation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation has become one of the major challenges facing the global community. This paper aims to explore the more effective options to combat environmental degradation by investigating the linearity and nonlinearity (trade openness set as a threshold variable) of energy efficiency, natural gas, renewable energy and ecological footprint. To this end, linear and non-linear panel models were constructed using panel data from 60 countries. The results of the linear analysis show that improving energy efficiency, and increasing the consumption of natural gas and renewable energy are conducive to inhibiting environmental degradation. Energy efficiency has the most significant negative correlation with ecological footprint, followed by renewable energy, and then natural gas, implying that improving energy efficiency and developing renewable energy is a more effective strategy to combat environmental degradation. The results of the nonlinear analysis show that there are threshold effects of trade openness between energy efficiency and ecological footprint, and between renewable energy and ecological footprint. The negative impact of both renewable energy and energy efficiency on the ecological footprint increases when trade openness exceeds the threshold. This suggests that, in terms of curbing environmental degradation, enhancing trade openness may further increase the negative impacts of energy efficiency and renewable energy on ecological footprint. At the same time, this confirms the positive role of trade openness in environmental protection. [Display omitted] • Exploring more effective option to combat environmental degradation. • Energy efficiency, renewable energy, natural gas can reduce ecological footprint. • Trade openness help energy efficiency, renewables lower ecological footprint. • The most effective strategy is energy efficiency, followed by renewables and natural gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By 2020 Europe has to increase its energy efficiency and share of renewables in 20%. However, even accomplishing these challenging objectives Europe will be effectively wasting energy as we demonstrate in this paper. In our way towards a fully renewable scenario, we need at least to stop wasting energy in order to guarantee the energy supply needed for growth and comfort. We waste energy when we employ more primary energy than the final energy we ultimately use and this excess cannot be reutilized. In this paper we propose the WE (wasted energy) as a novel metric to measure the performance of energy systems and set up appropriate targets. The WE incorporates information about energy efficiency and renewable sources. Unlike European legislation, the WE considers them in an integrated way. This approach will help Member States to exploit their intrinsic capabilities and design their optimum strategy to reach their objectives. Using the information in Eurostat, we calculate the WE of Member States in EU-28 and their evolution. We also analyze illustrative examples to highlight strategies to reduce the WE, study the connection between economic development and WE, and provide a tool to diagnose the potential of improvement of an energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a thermodynamic model for the regenerative Brayton cycle that uses monochlorobiphenyl waste as fuel in a combustion chamber to power a gas turbine. The regenerator increases the air temperature entering the combustion chamber to react with monochlorobiphenyl wastes to produce a higher turbine inlet temperature. The pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature can negatively or positively affect power plants' thermal efficiency. Thus, different pressure ratios and turbine inlet temperatures are used to calculate the overall thermal efficiency. A stoichiometric reaction-based gas composition model is used to determine the combustion gas composition at the combustion chamber exit and to calculate the heat capacity of air and combustion gases as a function of temperature. The exergy analysis of the proposed power plant is presented to determine the effect of the pressure ratio on the exergy efficiency of the turbine, compressor, and regenerator. According to the results, an increase in pressure ratio increases cycle thermal efficiency and turbine inlet temperature when using a regenerator, whereas the temperatures decrease when not using a regenerator. The Brayton cycle with a regenerator increases thermal efficiency from 30% to 100% for a pressure ratio of 6–30. This contrasts with the Brayton cycle without a regenerator. In addition, for the regenerative Brayton cycle, the turbine inlet temperature rises from 1050 K to 1200 K as the pressure ratio rises from 1 to 30. In the absence of the regenerator, however, this variation's trend is in the opposite direction. Furthermore, the results show that an increase in pressure ratio will increase the exergy efficiency of the compressor and regenerator, while a decrease will occur in the exergy efficiency of the turbine. Findings indicate that the regenerator has the highest exergy efficiency at a pressure ratio higher than five, followed by turbine and compressor exergy efficiency. [Display omitted] • Increase in pressure ratio, improves regenerator and compressor exergy efficiency. • Turbine efficiency increases system efficiency in "with regenerative" mode. • In "no regeneration" mode, boosting the pressure ratio improves thermal efficiency. • In "with regeneration" mode, turbine intake temperature decrease with pressure ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges of implementing District Heating (DH) in Canada, with focus on the network design and operation. We selected for case study an urban area in Ottawa. First, we proved that the medium-temperature district heating (MTDH) (70°C≤ T supply ≤90°C) had better energy delivery performance than high-temperature district heating (HTDH) (T supply >100°C), decreasing the heat loss by approximately 40%. The low-temperature networks (T supply <60°C) achieved even lower heat losses, but they required additional capital investment. The implementation of low-temperature district heating (LTDH) should be considered, thanks to the capability of including more renewable energy and excess industrial waste heat. Next, the simulations show that DH can be implemented to supply present heating loads with medium temperature DH, and operate in the future at low temperature, after energy saving measures have been implemented in the buildings. Areas having linear heat densities greater than 3MWh/(myr) could economically be supplied by DH. Areas with linear heat density below 1.5MWh/(myr) are considered not practically feasible with the current energy market situation in Canada. The paper discusses critical issues and quantifies the performance of design concepts for DH supply to low heat density areas. DH is a fundamental energy infrastructure and is part of the solution for sustainable energy planning in Canadian communities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper will summarise the European Strategy for Energy and Climate Change. In current international negotiations Europe has proposed a 20% reduction in GHG (greenhouse gases) in the developed countries by 2020 or 30% should there be an international agreement in the domain. However it is important to define measures to achieve the targets. One of the principal tools is to improve energy efficiency under the energy efficiency action plan, which will help to achieve a 20% energy saving by 2020. On the other hand, the amount of energy from renewable sources consumed in Europe will have to rise from its current level of 8.5%–20% by 2020. These are ambitious but achievable targets. Nonetheless, these can only be achieved through strong investment in areas of the knowledge triangle which strengthens research and innovation in the energy sector in Europe. The paper covers European Energy and Climate Change Policy, the European Strategic Energy Technology plan, the consequences of the Lisbon Treaty, European and national Road maps to a low carbon economy, the Energy Efficiency Plan for 2011 and finishes with a brief consideration of the EU’s energy infrastructure priorities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The rapid growth of Chinese economy has tremendously stimulated the expansion of energy consumption. The structure of energy consumption in China is featured with the coal domination. Air pollution is becoming increasingly severe. As a result, we are confronted with the extremely arduous task to balance energy consumption and environmental protection. In order to coordinate the relationship between energy consumption and environmental protection in a strategic way, this paper analyzes comprehensively the instruments, effects and perspectives of energy-related environmental management. Meanwhile, this paper illustrates the barriers and challenges facing the energy and energy-related environmental management in China, and suggests a priority strategy of management instrument, mainly composed of energy-saving, optimization of energy structure, promulgation of environmental standards, advance in environmental technologies, internalization of environmental costs, establishment of a public benefit fund and adoption of a Renewable Portfolio System. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper defines the diverging interests of multiple actors in typically achieving and advancing energy efficiency. Gaps in the literature include the short elaboration of energy efficiency factors and conditions and the lack of information about developed and developing countries and thorough consideration of their specific features, impeding the development and implementation of detailed energy efficiency management strategies. It is against this backdrop that this paper seeks to identify the essence of energy efficiency and developing specific recommendations for achieving the most beneficial effect and well-balanced energy efficiency on the global scale, within the achievements of international goals in sustainable development. The paper exposes the critical factors of energy efficiency, accurately models the best energy efficiency characteristics, and settles the best energy consumption structure. The methodological purpose is to find different energy efficiency scenarios and disentangle fundamental differences in energy efficiency in developed and developing countries. The paper indicates that the reasonable likelihood of noteworthy achievement results in energy efficiency with insignificant mid-term changes. We give recommendations about well-balanced energy efficiency on the global scale and global progress in sustainable development. • This paper disentangles key differences in energy efficiency in developed and developing countries. • We identify the essence of energy efficiency and develop recommendations for achieving balanced energy efficiency globally. • The paper models the best energy efficiency characteristics and settles the best energy consumption structure. • We give recommendations about well-balanced energy efficiency in sustainable development. • The study shows energy consumption optimization in terms of GDP structure, energy consumption, and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High energy efficiency for low operating cost of desalination can be obtained from operational optimizations as well as component-wise innovations. This paper is concerned with an energy-efficient operation for reverse osmosis (RO) desalination process involving a joint control of multiple modules. Energy resource considered for desalination is of two types: intermittent solar energy and steady grid energy. With solar energy, the energy efficiency is measured by total permeate production obtained while the solar energy is available. With grid energy, the energy efficiency is measured by the power consumed to get unit permeate production rate. Achieving maximum energy efficiency is equivalent to solving constrained optimization. For the constrained optimization, obligatory constraints are given by the permissible ranges of trans-membrane pressure on RO membrane and total dissolved solids of permeate, and optional constraint is given by the permissible range of permeate production rate. Constraints as well as the objective function are modeled by the empirical second order equations in terms of control variables of multiple modules. Jointly optimal values of the control variables are found by the sequential quadratic programming. Experimental results obtained by the jointly optimal control demonstrate superior performances as compared to those acquired by marginally optimal control schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we reported the current status of the energy sector and its future challenges in Morocco. Recent strategies deployed by the government for sustainable development were reviewed and discussed. These strategies put the transition to renewable alternatives on the top of the national policy implications for energy security and low-carbon economy. We have also suggested a methodological tool to prioritize energy alternatives for power generation. It was found that wind energy is the most appropriate power generation alternative in Morocco at the current level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study begins with a review of energy consumption by end-use sector in Hawaii. Then, the energy generated from renewable energy sources is analyzed between 1991 and 2006. The results show that while geothermal is a considerable source of renewable energy on the Island of Hawaii (also known as Big Island), fossil fuel is the main energy source in the State of Hawaii. The energy intensity index for the State of Hawaii is then calculated by dividing energy consumption per capita by the income per capita. The calculated energy intensity index reveals that energy consumption is directly controlled by per capita income. The results also indicate that the energy intensity index increases over time despite positive developments in energy efficient technologies. In the second part of the paper, the effect of the tourism industry on energy usage in the State of Hawaii is analyzed. The results show that tourism volume, measured in terms of tourist arrival numbers, does not change the energy consumption directly. However, a change in tourism volume does affect per capita income within a few months to a year. In the last part of the study, the energy efficiency index of Hawaii is compared with consumption averages for the US, California and the most energy efficient country in Europe, Denmark. The comparison shows that Hawaii lags behind California and Denmark in terms of energy efficiency. The comparison also shows that an increase in energy efficiency corresponds to an increase in per capita income across the board, which is in agreement with a recent report published by the American Physical Society. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Although several studies have recognized the challenges brought about the high integration of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), research has yet to systematically investigate the effects of different levels of Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) on power systems with a high share of RES. The primary aim of this paper is to quantitatively evaluate the economic impact of different levels of energy efficiency investments in systems with a high share of RES, based on the case of Brazil. Our review analysis revealed a lack of understanding of how to calculate the Long-term Average Cost of Saved Electricity (LACoSE). Therefore, the methodological contribution of this research also lies in the proposition of a step-by-step procedure to estimate this variable. Findings of this study suggest that EEMs may result in a reduction in the expected new installed capacity between 1.9% and 10.3%, and from 0.4% to 4.3% for the total CO 2 emissions (for reductions in the final electricity demand varying from 1% to 5% respectively). This comes with a decrease in the overall system costs between 1.9% and 7.7%. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that the economic impacts of energy efficiency investments and its cost-effectiveness are affected by the share of RES in the power system and these type of measures may provide holistic benefits including not only economic advantages but also environmental and social improvements. The proposed methodology largely extends beyond the case addressed as it may provide valuable lessons for other electricity systems. • Cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency measures is assessed for a renewable system. • A methodology is proposed to calculate the Long-term Average Cost of Saved Electricity (LACoSE). • The economic benefits are positive for the power system evaluated. • Results are not highly influenced by the estimated LACoSE. • Findings would support the development of effective energy efficiency policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]