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This paper presents an economic and enhanced technological solution for rural electrification of a village Jalalabad, in Ghaziabad District, Uttar Pradesh state, India. The considered system concentrates on optimal sizing of an integrated renewable energy system (IRES) with grid provide a more continuous power supply with respect to the existing system. The different available sources Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV), Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), and a time constrained grid are considered in designing of the system. The system size optimization, sensitivity analysis and techno-economic viability has been done by using a standard software tool HOMER to fulfil the demand of the study area under consideration. A demand response strategy has been applied for the different load profiles. The configuration with the lowest Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and Total Net Present Cost (TNPC) with maximum value of renewable fraction (RF) has been considered as optimum. This ensures the minimization of the Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission. A comparative analysis has been presented showing the impact of the demand response on the LCOE and NPC as well as the system size. The economic analysis has been done according to four different cases obtained by varying the fraction (β NELS) of non-essential load shifting. It has been observed that the value of LCOE with the strategy of demand response and optimal resource management under which β NELS = 0.25 is reduced Rs. 11.23/kWh and Rs. 8.36/kWh with the grid tariff Rs.10/kWh and Rs.6/kWh respectively while the value of TNPC Rs. 1.99 × 107 and Rs. 1.48 × 107 respectively with the maximum renewable fraction of 31.06. An exhaustive performance analysis has been done and the obtained results show the effectiveness of proposed resource and demand management to provide 24 × 7 supply with limited, time constrained grid availability. • An economic, enhanced solution for PV & BESS with grid is determined in this study. • Demand response and resource optimization is used to achieve 24 × 7 power supply. • Optimal sizing, sensitivity analysis and energy cost with grid price is analyzed. • Demand response strategy has been used to reduce LCOE & TNPC. • It is found that LCOE & TNPC decrease with fractional non-essential load shift. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a case study for powering energy poor remote rural communities of Eastern India with locally available solar, biomass, diesel energy resources using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables tool to identify the optimized system architecture. The selection of the energy resources has been based on the performance assessment of the resources. The software tool brings four different categorized optimized hybrid configurations using different architectures of resources mentioned above with battery bank. The study exposed that cost of electricity, and net present cost of the most suitable low cost optimized hybrid configuration (600 kW solar photo-voltaic/10 kW biomass generator/50 kW diesel generator/1000 kWh battery/200 kW bidirectional converter) is $0.222/kWh and $0.922 M. The system benefits in terms of reduced emissions and improved system economics. The use of solar energy resource in optimal system modelling provides 45.5% return of investment, 49.4% internal rate of return, payback period of 2.04 years, and discounted payback of 2.25 years from the system without solar photo-voltaic component. Additionally, variation of cost of electricity is analyzed by interpreting sensitivity variables affecting load, system economics, and power production of energy sources using one-dimensional and distinguished multi-dimensional approaches. Eventually, the proposed configuration suitability is justified by comparing with the esteemed works from existing literature. • Performance analysis of local renewable energy sources for the remote Eastern India. • Optimal sizing of off-grid solar photo-voltaic/biomass/diesel/battery hybrid system. • Exclusive self-sustained power supply modeling approach. • Impact assessment of hybrid system after inclusion of solar photo-voltaic resource. • Sensitivity analysis of hybrid system using an unique three-dimensional approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Attractive economic performance of energy systems is important for their long term sustainability. In this paper, a cost benefit analysis (CBA), standard thermoeconomic analysis, and a new method that combines the two was applied to seven modelled candidate decentralised energy systems for small Indian rural villages. By including elements of CBA in standard thermoeconomics, economic inefficiencies at the component level and revenue adjusted costs of exergy for each stream were ascertained. The analysed systems all produced household and irrigation electricity as well as a secondary product or service, which in some cases utilised waste heat from the electricity generation process. The system that produced distilled water as a secondary product was the most economically sustainable out of those modelled. While the standard thermoeconomic electricity cost remained around 0.5 USD/kWh for all analysed systems, the benefit to cost ratios varied from 0.29 to 0.97, demonstrating differing appeal to outside investment. By incorporating CBA into standard thermoeconomics the accounted revenue produced a larger spread in exergetic costs than standard thermoeconomics (for example, an electricity cost range of 0.217–0.507 USD/kWh), thus providing a better comparison of systems with different energy end uses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An Integrated Renewable Energy Optimization Model (IREOM) model has been developed for sizing and optimization of renewable energy systems based on seasonal variation in the load profiles of the study area. An attempt has been made to develop correlations between renewable energy system sizes and their capital cost for the user specified system sizes. The developed correlations were used for the analysis of IREOM model using user specified system sizes and compared with manufacturer specified system sizes. The cluster of seven unelectrified villages having micro-hydro power, biomass, wind and solar energy resources in the state of Uttarakhand, India has been considered for the implementation of IREOM model. Based on the results obtained from the proposed model, suitable sizes of renewable energy systems have been suggested. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In accordance with the long-term policy objectives of the government of India for rural electrification, an off-grid woodfuel-based power plant for generation of grid quality electricity has been installed in a remote island of West Bengal. The present study focuses on technical performance of the largest biomass gasifier based power plant in India. Sustainability of such a power plant has been reviewed with respect to diesel replacement, fuelwood supply, cost of electricity generation and pollution load. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The world has witnessed a paradigm shift in the last decade in the way countries engage with each other. A cooperation based international paradigm is being challenged by countries engaging in rivalry with each other, motivated by their national interests. The developmental pathway the world charts in the future is going to be path defining for global energy and emissions use. India, expected to play a critical role in the global energy and emissions debate, would continue to impact and be impacted by these pathways. In India specific literature, however, little attention has been paid to development pathways related uncertainties and their impact on India's energy and resource futures. We seek to address this gap by modelling India's electricity futures and associated water demands under different development pathways. Our analysis shows that alternative development pathways would have significantly different implications for the energy access and equity, electricity generation mix, associated water withdrawals, and carbon dioxide emissions in India. We conclude by arguing that energy, emissions and water policies should be conceived with an explicit understanding of uncertainties related to potential development pathways that the world and India can chart. • Development pathways would have critical implications for India's resource policy. • These imply vastly different states of electricity, water and emissions futures. • Resource policy should explicitly consider implications of development pathways. • India needs to start considering dry cooling seriously as an adaptation option. • We also present an India specific dataset of water coefficients for power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]