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This document is a compilation of research papers that explore the topics of Smart Cities and Positive Energy Districts (PEDs). The papers cover a range of subjects including energy efficiency, renewable energy communities, smart urban management, and financial schemes for sustainable neighborhoods. The findings emphasize the importance of energy renovation, potential energy and financial savings, and the need for collaborative approaches and policy direction to achieve sustainable urban development. The papers also provide insights into innovative solutions and technological advancements that can contribute to the realization of carbon-neutral and sustainable cities. This document serves as a valuable resource for library patrons conducting research on energy efficiency and sustainable building practices. [Extracted from the article]

The present paper reviews the hot topics at the 18th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water, and Environment Systems (SDEWES) held from 24 to 29 September 2023 in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The selected papers, including aspects of biomass energy application, energy saving in building, low-carbon development and climate change adaptation, hybrid application of sustainable energy, energy storage system, and other measures in sustainable development, are published in this Special Issue of Energies. The 12 selected papers in Energies and corresponding literature that relates to the above topics and has been published in the most recent year are reviewed. In particular, diversifying energy applications are trending towards comprehensive integration with more efficient clean energy capacities for global energy procurement, which can also offer increased resilience and sustainability, reduce reliance on fossil fuels, mitigate environmental impacts, and enhance energy security through a mix of renewable sources and innovative technologies. Meanwhile, energy storage has become increasingly important, which can manage the intermittent of renewable energy, stabilize the grid, and improve energy security and resilience against disruptions. In addition to conventional solar energy storage, biomass energy storage, building energy storage, water storage, etc., can also reduce the overall energy costs, deferring investments in additional transmission infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a key project of China's western development, the West-East Natural Gas Transmission Project (WENGT) has effectively alleviated China's uneven energy distribution and supply-demand issues. It has promoted the optimization of China's energy structure and sustainable development in the new era, helping to achieve the goal of "double carbon". Based on pollution data from Chinese industrial enterprises from 2000 to 2012, this paper analyzes the impact of the West-East Natural Gas Pipeline Project on the air pollution emissions of industrial enterprises using a difference-in-difference model and explores the moderating role of local government environmental regulations. The findings indicate that the project significantly reduced air pollutant emissions from industrial enterprises in cities along the route, with a more pronounced reduction effect in areas with higher environmental regulation intensity. Additionally, the emission reduction effect varied among different types of enterprises and regions, with private enterprises showing the smallest reduction impact and the eastern coastal region exhibiting the most significant effect. This paper delves into the relationship between sustainable cross-regional energy development and air pollution emissions from industrial enterprises, providing a theoretical basis for energy conservation and emission reduction policies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The green port multi-energy microgrid, featuring renewable energy generation, hydrogen energy, and energy storage systems, is an important gateway to achieve the net-zero emission goal. But there are many forms of energy in green port multi-energy microgrid systems, the power fluctuates frequently, and the port loads with large fluctuations and fast changes. These factors can easily lead to the problem of the state of charge exceeding the limit of the energy storage system. To distribute the fluctuating power in the green port multi-energy microgrid system reasonably and maintain the state of charge (SOC) of the hybrid energy storage system in an moderate range, an energy management strategy (EMS) based on dual-stage fuzzy control with a low pass-filter algorithm is proposed in this paper. First, the mathematical model of a green port multi-energy microgrid system is established. Then, fuzzy rules are designed, and the dual-stage fuzzy controller is used to change the time constant of the low-pass filter (LPF) and modify the initial power distribution by an LPF algorithm. Finally, simulation models are built in Matlab 2016a/Simulink. The simulation results demonstrate that, compared with other algorithms under the control of the EMS proposed in this paper, the high-frequency component in the flywheel power is smaller, and the SOC of the supercapacitor is maintained in a reasonable range of 34–78%, which extends the lifespan of the flywheel and supercapacitor. Additionally, it has a faster automatic adjustment ability for the state of charge of the energy storage system, which is conducive to better maintaining the stable operation of green port multi-energy microgrid systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric review and visualization of smart and sustainable energy consumption, delving into the challenges and opportunities of developing renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The study examines research trends and emerging themes about integrating smart solutions and sustainable energy resource consumption. The analytical methods used involve thoroughly analyzing empirical data, case studies, and review papers to map the research landscape. The results highlight dominant research topics, influential authors, and publication timelines in this field. The review identifies the key challenges in harnessing renewable and non-renewable energy sources, including the need for reliable energy sources, energy storage systems, and smart grid technologies. The paper concludes with insights into the most effective practices for promoting smart and energy-efficient methods while emphasizing the complexity of sustainable energy solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable energy projects can help societies reduce climate change's negative impacts. In the present paper, published studies regarding European community energy schemes (CESs) were analysed to investigate CESs' barriers and drivers towards including community members and, more specifically, vulnerable groups. This review followed the PRISMA guidelines to ensure transparency. Exclusion and inclusion criteria were defined to select the proper articles and books that were aligned with the scope of this review. A total of 143 publications from 2019 to February 2024 were considered and selected. Content analysis was used to outline the various definitions of energy poverty, vulnerable groups, and CESs as well as the different strategies and approaches followed by European countries to tackle energy poverty and increase public engagement in CESs. This research suggests that environmental citizenship is a concept that can bring individuals and society together to promote changes in energy-related behaviours. The outcome reveals factors that enhance community energy acceptance and social cohesion such as providing energy education or education for sustainability to community members, financial support, increased prosocial culture, and the participation of vulnerable groups in CESs. This can be achieved through various interventions to help community members, including vulnerable groups, understand sustainable energy behaviour and thus reduce energy poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy communities are a transformative force in the electricity markets and ancillary services, reshaping the energy landscape through collective action. This paper explores the successful strategies adopted by these communities, highlighting real-world cases where they have participated directly in the market, or through aggregators, or sold their energy to retailers, which is of paramount importance because it serves as a foundation for those countries that wish to implement these entities as part of their decarbonization plan. It also serves as a model for the development of future citizen initiatives that aim to turn citizens into active users of the electricity system. The paper examines collaborative dynamics within the energy sector, highlighting how these communities optimize resource sharing and contribute to a more resilient and sustainable energy system. The study emphasizes the potential of energy communities in driving innovation and fostering a participatory approach to energy management. The results show that some pilot projects are being developed and several electricity cooperatives, one of the most common forms of energy communities, are participating in energy trading with their members and other entities. More efforts are also needed for energy communities to participate more directly in the market and/or through aggregators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation is part of a topical situation where wireless equipment is gradually being used for energy transfer, particularly for autonomous systems and the use of decarbonized energies. A characteristic example of decarbonized autonomous use is linked to the substitution of thermal engine vehicles for electric vehicles (EVs) equipped with energy storage batteries. This response was considered in an ecological context of reducing air pollution and defending planetary biodiversity, which are currently vital. These EVs ultimately operate thanks to the wireless charging of their batteries when stationary or running. By changing long-established means of transport that have become a threat to biodiversity, it is necessary to ensure that innovative replacement solutions protect this biodiversity. In addition, the construction of wireless power transfer (WPT) battery chargers for these EVs must offer an optimal ecology of clean energy saving. In such a context, the two concepts of One Health (OH) and Responsible Attitude (RA) will find their place in the design and control of WPT tools in EVs. This contribution aims to illustrate and analyze the roles of the green and non-wasteful OH and RA approaches in the design and control of WPT embedded in EVs for the smart city (SC) environment. In the paper, WPT tools are first introduced. The design and control of EV battery charging tools are then examined. The biological effects on living tissues due to the electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation of WPT are analyzed. The phenomena and equations governing the design of WPT and the effects of EMF radiation are then exposed. The OH and RA approaches in the SC context are afterward analyzed. The protection against the unsafe effects of WPT tools in the SC environment is consequently explored. The analyses followed in the paper are supported by examples from the literature. The explorations proposed in this contribution have made it possible to highlight certain notions, allowing a more in-depth understanding of the use of EVs with WPT rechargeable batteries for SCs. Thus, the analysis and fusion of these topics are at the heart of this contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing interest in renewable energy solutions for sustainable development has significantly advanced the design and analysis of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs). Modeling FOWTs presents challenges due to the considerable coupling between the turbine's aerodynamics and the floating platform's hydrodynamics. This review paper highlights the critical role of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in enhancing the design and performance evaluation of FOWTs. It thoroughly evaluates various CFD approaches, including uncoupled, partially coupled, and fully coupled models, to address the intricate interactions between aerodynamics, hydrodynamics, and structural dynamics within FOWTs. Additionally, this paper reviews a range of software tools for FOWT numerical analysis. The research emphasizes the need to focus on the coupled aero-hydro-elastic models of FOWTs, especially in response to expanding rotor diameters. Further research should focus on developing nonlinear eddy viscosity models, refining grid techniques, and enhancing simulations for realistic sea states and wake interactions in floating wind farms. The research aims to familiarize new researchers with essential aspects of CFD simulations for FOWTs and to provide recommendations for addressing challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present a decision support system (DSS) to capture the complexity of the transition of a national energy system to net zero in the context of multiple sustainability themes. The paper proposes an integrated assessment framework that combines dynamic systems modeling, sustainability indicators, and multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) with direct stakeholder involvement. To illustrate the use of the DSS, the paper compares bundles of climate change policies that aim to decarbonize the road transport sector in Iceland. Eighteen scenarios and alternative development trajectories are defined for the Icelandic energy system based on a combination of three main driving forces. These are, firstly, economic development (three cases); secondly, changes in energy efficiency (two cases); and finally, three climate policy bundles aimed at increasing the share of electric vehicles. Based on the results from the integrated assessment framework, the performance scores of the climate policy bundles are compared across the following five sustainability themes: social impact; economic development; environmental impact; energy security; and technical aspects. The findings confirm that a different conclusion may be reached when multiple sustainability themes are applied in the selection of preferred policy bundles as compared to conventional techno-economic criteria. Banning the registration of fossil-fueled vehicles, combined with economic instruments, offers the best decarbonizing strategy to reach climate and energy policy goals simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global interest in environmental issues and sustainable energy has propelled extensive research in photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Brazil has emerged as one of the top ten solar energy producers and flexible PV suppliers in the world. In this context, organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs) have garnered attention due to their flexibility and ability to integrate into various surfaces, albeit facing challenges regarding lifespan and efficiency compared to silicon cells. This review examines the current state of research on OPVs and thin-film solar technologies, employing the systematic literature review methodology Proknow-C. The review includes an analysis of raw materials such as conductive polymers, fabrication processes including film deposition and encapsulation, and technological advancements that enhance the efficiency and stability of OPVs. Utilizing the Proknow-C methodology, a bibliographic portfolio was constructed to identify the current state of research in this field. Of 268 papers from major scientific databases, only 30 were deemed relevant to the theme, highlighting a significant research gap. This paper is a valuable resource for researchers, providing an updated overview and a foundation for future investigations in organic photovoltaics. The results emphasize the importance of materials such as conductive polymers and donor–acceptor molecules and the role of nanotechnology in advancing OPVs. Innovations in manufacturing techniques, such as inkjet and blade coating-based printing techniques, are shown to increase efficiency by providing precise control over film thickness and uniformity and reducing costs through lower material waste. Overall, this review highlights the necessity of further exploration and collaboration within the scientific community to address the challenges and propel advancements in organic photovoltaic cells. These advancements are crucial for transitioning to cleaner energy sources, reinforcing the ongoing significance of thin-film technologies in energy innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and trustworthy forecasting of coal prices can offer theoretical support for the rational planning of coal industry output, which is of great importance in ensuring a stable and sustainable energy supply and in achieving carbon neutrality targets. This paper proposes a novel decomposition integration model, called VCNQM, to perform point and interval forecasting of coal price by a combination of variational modal decomposition (VMD), chameleon swarm algorithm (CSA), N-BEATS, and quantile regression. Initially, the variational modal decomposition is enhanced by the chameleon swarm algorithm for decomposing the coal price sequence. Then, N-BEATS is used to forecast each subsequence of coal prices, integrating all results to obtain a point forecast of coal prices. Next, interval forecasting of coal prices is achieved through quantile regression. Finally, to demonstrate the superiority of the VCNQM model's prediction, we make a cross-comparison about predictive performance between the VCNQM model and other benchmark models. According to the experimental findings, we demonstrate the following: after the decomposition by CSA-VMD, the coal price subseries' fluctuation is significantly weakened; using quantile regression provides a reliable interval prediction, which is superior to point prediction; the predicted interval coverage probability (PICP) is higher than the confidence level of 90%; the share power industry index and coal industry index have the greatest impact on coal prices in China; compared to these benchmark models, the VCNQM model's prediction errors are all reduced. Therefore, we conclude that when forecasting coal prices, the VCNQM model has an accurate and reliable prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal energy is a unique energy source in the energy policy mix that would help the clean energy transition and energy independence, supporting the energy needs in heating and electricity. Although there have been studies on the opportunities and challenges of renewable energy, this paper is the first paper that concentrates on geothermal energy for three distinct countries, Italy, Belgium, and Iceland, for the first time. Using semi-structured interviews that will cover the stakeholders representing the quadruple helix (academia, citizens, policymakers, and industry), this paper aims to find the unique and common opportunities and barriers the geothermal sector has. Shared challenges include financial barriers, regulatory complexities, environmental issues, and the need for improvement in the social acceptability of geothermal energy. Despite these challenges, geothermal energy, a promising energy source for clean transition, could create opportunities like improved household welfare through combined uses in district heating and electricity and have the potential to generate employment opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with renewable energy technologies is revolutionizing modern power systems by enhancing efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. This paper examines the role of the IoT in optimizing the integration and management of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the electrical grid. The IoT enables real-time monitoring, data analysis, and automation, facilitating advanced load management, demand response, and energy storage solutions. Key advancements in IoT technologies, including smart grids and energy management systems, are discussed, highlighting their impact on improving grid stability and promoting the use of renewable energy. The paper also finds some challenges such as data security, privacy, and the need for standardized communication protocols. Furthermore, it finds how the IoT optimizes electric vehicle performance through advanced battery management, real-time energy consumption monitoring, and improved interaction with the electrical grid. Future research directions emphasize the potential of the IoT to further enhance renewable energy integration through artificial intelligence and machine learning, driving the transition towards a more sustainable and resilient energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, global efforts towards a future with sustainable energy have intensified the development of renewable energy sources (RESs) such as offshore wind, solar photovoltaics (PVs), hydro, and geothermal. Concurrently, green hydrogen, produced via water electrolysis using these RESs, has been recognized as a promising solution to decarbonizing traditionally hard-to-abate sectors. Furthermore, hydrogen storage provides a long-duration energy storage approach to managing the intermittency of RESs, which ensures a reliable and stable electricity supply and supports electric grid operations with ancillary services like frequency and voltage regulation. Despite significant progress, the hydrogen economy remains nascent, with ongoing developments and persistent uncertainties in economic, technological, and regulatory aspects. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the green hydrogen value chain, encompassing production, transportation logistics, storage methodologies, and end-use applications, while identifying key research gaps. Particular emphasis is placed on the integration of green hydrogen into both grid-connected and islanded systems, with a focus on operational strategies to enhance grid resilience and efficiency over both the long and short terms. Moreover, this paper draws on global case studies from pioneering green hydrogen projects to inform strategies that can accelerate the adoption and large-scale deployment of green hydrogen technologies across diverse sectors and geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into smart grids has been considered crucial for advancing towards a sustainable and resilient energy infrastructure. Their integration is vital for achieving energy sustainability among all clean energy sources, including wind, solar, and hydropower. This review paper provides a thoughtful analysis of the current status of the smart grid, focusing on integrating various RES, such as wind and solar, into the smart grid. This review highlights the significant role of RES in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reducing traditional fossil fuel reliability, thereby contributing to environmental sustainability and empowering energy security. Moreover, key advancements in smart grid technologies, such as Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), Distributed Control Systems (DCS), and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems, are explored to clarify the related topics to the smart grid. The usage of various technologies enhances grid reliability, efficiency, and resilience are introduced. This paper also investigates the application of Machine Learning (ML) techniques in energy management optimization within smart grids with the usage of various optimization techniques. The findings emphasize the transformative impact of integrating RES and advanced smart grid technologies alongside the need for continued innovation and supportive policy frameworks to achieve a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper navigates the critical role of hydrogen in catalyzing a sustainable energy transformation. This review delves into hydrogen production methodologies, spotlighting green and blue hydrogen as pivotal for future energy systems because of their potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Through a comprehensive literature review and a bibliometric analysis, this study underscores the importance of technological advancements, policy support, and market incentives in promoting hydrogen as a key energy vector. It also explores the necessity of expanding renewable energy sources and international cooperation to secure a sustainable, low-carbon future. The analysis highlights the importance of scalable and cost-effective hydrogen production methods, such as solar-thermochemical and photo-electrochemical processes, and addresses the challenges posed by resource availability and geopolitical factors in establishing a hydrogen economy. This paper serves as a guide for policy and innovation toward achieving global sustainability goals, illustrating the essential role of hydrogen in the energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this paper focuses on developing a control approach to improve the operational performance of a three-level neutral point clamped (3LNPC) shunt active power filter (SAPF) within a grid-tied PV system configuration. Indeed, this developed control approach, based on the used 3LNPC-SAPF topology, aims to ensure the seamless integration of a photovoltaic system into the three-phase four-wire grid while effectively mitigating grid harmonics, grid current unbalance, ensuring grid unit power factor by compensating the load reactive power, and allowing power sharing with the grid in case of an excess of generated power from the PV system, leading to overall high power quality at the grid side. This developed approach is based initially on the application of the four-wire instantaneous p-q theory for the identification of the reference currents that have to be injected by the 3LNPC-SAPF in the grid point of common coupling (PCC). Whereas, the 3LNPC is controlled based on using the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC), which can be accomplished by determining the convenient set of switch states leading to the voltage vector, which is the most suitable to ensure the minimization of the selected cost function. Furthermore, the used topology requires a constant DC-link voltage and balanced split-capacitor voltages at the input side of the 3LNPN. Hence, the cost function is adjusted by the addition of another term with a selected weighting factor related to these voltages to ensure their precise control following the required reference values. However, due to the random changes in solar irradiance and, furthermore, to ensure efficient operation of the proposed topology, the PV system is connected to the 3LNPN-SAPF via a DC/DC boost converter to ensure the stability of the 3LNPN input voltage within the reference value, which is achieved in this paper based on the use of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique. For the validation of the proposed control technique and the functionality of the used topology, a set of simulations has been presented and investigated in this paper following different irradiance profile scenarios such as a constant irradiance profile and a variables irradiance profile where the main aim is to prove the effectiveness and flexibility of the proposed approach under variable irradiance conditions. The obtained results based on the simulations carried out in this study demonstrate that the proposed control approach with the used topology under different loads such as linear, non-linear, and unbalanced can effectively reduce the harmonics, eliminating the unbalance in the currents and compensating for the reactive component contained in the grid side. The obtained results prove also that the proposed control ensures a consistent flow of power based on the sharing principle between the grid and the PV system as well as enabling the efficient satisfaction of the load demand. It can be said that the proposal presented in this paper has been proven to have many dominant features such as the ability to accurately estimate the power sharing between the grid and the PV system for ensuring the harmonics elimination, the reactive power compensation, and the elimination of the neutral current based on the zero-sequence component compensation, even under variable irradiance conditions. This feature makes the used topology and the developed control a valuable tool for power quality improvement and grid stability enhancement with low cost and under clean energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a groundbreaking approach to demand response management, aiming to empower consumers through innovative strategies. The key contribution is the concept of "acquiring flexibility rights", wherein consumers engage with power aggregators to curtail energy usage during peak-load periods, receiving incentives in return. A flexibility right coefficient is introduced, allowing consumers to tailor their participation in demand response programs, ensuring their well-being. Additionally, a lighting intensity control system is developed to enhance residential lighting network efficiency. The study demonstrates that high-energy consumers, adopting a satisfaction factor of 10, can achieve over 61% in electricity cost savings by combining the lighting control system and active participation in demand response programs. This not only reduces expenses but also generates income through the sale of flexibility rights. Conversely, low-energy consumers can fully offset their expenses and accumulate over USD 33 in earnings through the installation of solar panels. This paper formulates an optimization problem considering flexibility rights, lighting control, and time-of-use tariff rates. An algorithm is proposed for a distributed solution, and a sensitivity analysis is conducted for evaluation. The proposed method showcases significant benefits, including cost savings and income generation for consumers, while contributing to grid stability and reduced blackout occurrences. Real data from a residential district in Tehran validates the method's effectiveness. This study concludes that this approach holds promise for demand response management in smart grids, emphasizing the importance of consumer empowerment and sustainable energy practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of offshore wind farms is an important step toward increasing the share of green energy in Poland's energy mix, offering promising prospects for the energy industry. However, in addition to numerous benefits, such investments also carry potential risks for the marine environment, including the risk of spills of hazardous substances such as gear oils, hydraulic oils, and lubricants. This paper analyses the potential impact of oil spills from offshore wind farms on the marine ecosystems of the Baltic Sea, taking into account hydrometeorological factors, particularly protected areas (such as Natura 2000 sites) and the intensity of ship traffic in the area of the planned farms. Simulations of spill scenarios are also presented to assess the potential extent of pollution and its impact on the environment. This paper emphasises the importance of advanced monitoring and safety systems in minimising the risk of accidents and responding quickly to possible incidents. The development of offshore wind farms in Poland presents itself as a key element in a sustainable energy development strategy, combining advanced technology with environmental concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy has emerged as a promising solution to address the challenges of climate change, energy security, and socio-economic development. South Africa, with its abundant renewable energy resources, has made significant strides in the utilization of renewable energy over the past decade. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the progress of renewable energy advancement in South Africa, examining the policies, initiatives, and achievements in various renewable energy sectors. This study explores the country's transition from a heavily coal-dependent energy system to a diversified and sustainable energy mix. It analyses the growth of renewable energy technologies, such as wind power and solar photovoltaic (PV), highlighting the key milestones, challenges, and opportunities. Furthermore, this paper discusses the role of government support, regulatory frameworks, and private sector investments in driving renewable energy deployment in South Africa. Finally, it identifies the prospects and potential areas for further advancement in the renewable energy sector. This review aims to contribute to the understanding of South Africa's renewable energy journey and provides valuable insights for policy-makers, researchers, and stakeholders involved in the sustainable energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of optimal energy community design, leveraging time-of-use pricing mechanisms and techno-economic parameters. Focusing on a case study of Valongo, Portugal, this study explores the intricate interplay between energy infrastructure planning, economic considerations, and pricing dynamics. Through a systematic approach, various factors, such as renewable energy integration, demand–response strategies, and investment costs, are evaluated to formulate an efficient and sustainable energy community model. Time-of-use pricing schemes are incorporated to reflect the dynamic nature of energy markets and consumer behavior. By integrating techno-economic analyses, this study aims to optimize energy resource allocation while ensuring cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. The influence of optimized sizes of photovoltaics (PV), battery storage, and electrical vehicles (EVs) on self-sufficiency rates, self-consumption rates and CO2 savings is analyzed. The findings offer valuable insights into the design and implementation of energy communities in urban settings, highlighting the importance of adaptive strategies in the transition towards a resilient and low-carbon energy future. The novelty of this paper lies in its comprehensive approach to energy community design, which integrates time-of-use pricing mechanisms with techno-economic parameters. By focusing on the specific case of Valongo, Portugal, it addresses the unique challenges and opportunities present in urban settings. Additionally, the analysis considers the interaction between renewable energy production, demand profiles and investment costs, providing valuable insights for optimizing resource allocation and achieving both cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerating the transition to a cleaner global energy system is essential for tackling the climate crisis, and green hydrogen energy systems hold significant promise for integrating renewable energy sources. This paper offers a thorough evaluation of green hydrogen's potential as a groundbreaking alternative to achieve near-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions within a renewable energy framework. The paper explores current technological options and assesses the industry's present status alongside future challenges. It also includes an economic analysis to gauge the feasibility of integrating green hydrogen, providing a critical review of the current and future expectations for the levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). Depending on the geographic location and the technology employed, the LCOH for green hydrogen can range from as low as EUR 1.12/kg to as high as EUR 16.06/kg. Nonetheless, the findings suggest that green hydrogen could play a crucial role in reducing GHG emissions, particularly in hard-to-decarbonize sectors. A target LCOH of approximately EUR 1/kg by 2050 seems attainable, in some geographies. However, there are still significant hurdles to overcome before green hydrogen can become a cost-competitive alternative. Key challenges include the need for further technological advancements and the establishment of hydrogen policies to achieve cost reductions in electrolyzers, which are vital for green hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coupling between modern electric power physical and cyber systems is deepening. An increasing number of users are gradually participating in power operation and control, engaging in bidirectional interactions with the grid. The evolving new power system is transforming into a highly intelligent socio–cyber–physical system, featuring increasingly intricate and expansive architectures. Demands for stable system operation are becoming more specific and rigorous. The new power system confronts significant challenges in areas like planning, dispatching, and operational maintenance. Hence, this paper aims to comprehensively explore potential synergies among various power system components from multiple viewpoints. It analyzes numerous core elements and key technologies to fully unlock the efficiency of this coupling. Our objective is to establish a solid theoretical foundation and practical strategies for the precise implementation of integrated planning and operation dispatching of source–grid–load–storage systems. Based on this, the paper first delves into the theoretical concepts of source, grid, load, and storage, comprehensively exploring new developments and emerging changes in each domain within the new power system context. Secondly, it summarizes pivotal technologies such as data acquisition, collaborative planning, and security measures, while presenting reasonable prospects for their future advancement. Finally, the paper extensively discusses the immense value and potential applications of the integrated planning and operation dispatching concept in source–grid–load–storage systems. This includes its assistance in regards to large-scale engineering projects such as extreme disaster management, facilitating green energy development in desertification regions, and promoting the construction of zero-carbon parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development and utilization of clean energy is becoming more extensive, and wind power generation is one of the key points of this. Occasionally, wind turbines are faced with various extreme environmental impacts such as icing, lightning strikes and so on. In particular, the icing of wind turbines increases icing–wind loads, and results in a reduced power output. And blades broken down lead to large-area shutdown accidents caused by high-speed rotating, which seriously affects the reliability and equipment safety of wind power generation. Relevant institutions and researchers at home and abroad have carried out a lot of research on this. This paper summarizes the formation and influencing factors of wind turbine icing, the influence of icing on wind power generation, and defense technologies. First, it introduces the formation conditions and mechanisms of icing in wind farm regions and the relationship between meteorological and climatic characteristics and icing, and analyzes the key influence factors on icing. Then, the impact of icing on wind turbines is explained from the aspects of mechanical operation, the power curve, jeopardies and economic benefits. And then the monitoring and safety status of wind turbines icing is analyzed, which involves collecting the relevant research on anti-de-icing in wind power generation, introducing various anti/de-icing technologies, and analyzing the principle of icing defense. Finally, this paper summarizes wind turbine icing and its defense technologies, and puts forward the future research direction based on the existing problems of wind power generation icing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demand for sustainable energy solutions grows, there is a critical requirement for continuous innovation to optimize the performance and safety of renewable energy systems (RESs). Closed-loop digital twins (CLDTs)—synchronized virtual replicas embedded with real-time data and control loops to mirror the behavior of physical systems—have emerged as a promising tool for achieving this goal. This paper presents a systematic literature review on the application of digital twin (DT) technology in the context of RESs with an emphasis on the impact of DTs on the efficiency, performance, and safety assurance of RESs. It explores the concept of CLDTs, highlighting their key functionalities and potential benefits for various renewable energy technologies. However, their effective implementation requires a structured approach to integrate observation, orientation, decision, and action (OODA) processes. This study presents a novel OODA framework specifically designed for CLDTs to systematically identify and manage their key components. These components include real-time monitoring, decision-making, and actuation. The comparison is carried out against the capabilities of DT utilizing the OODA framework. By analyzing the current literature, this review explores how DT empowers RESs with enhanced efficiency, reduced risks, and improved safety assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the demand for electricity, electrification, and renewable energy rises, accurate forecasting and flexible energy management become imperative. Distribution network operators face capacity limits set by regional grids, risking economic penalties if exceeded. This study examined data-driven approaches of load forecasting to address these challenges on a city scale through a use case study of Eskilstuna, Sweden. Multiple Linear Regression was used to model electric load data, identifying key calendar and meteorological variables through a rolling origin validation process, using three years of historical data. Despite its low cost, Multiple Linear Regression outperforms the more expensive non-linear Light Gradient Boosting Machine, and both outperform the "weekly Naïve" benchmark with a relative Root Mean Square Errors of 32–34% and 39–40%, respectively. Best-practice hyperparameter settings were derived, and they emphasize frequent re-training, maximizing the training data size, and setting a lag size larger than or equal to the forecast horizon for improved accuracy. Combining both models into an ensemble could the enhance accuracy. This paper demonstrates that robust load forecasts can be achieved by leveraging domain knowledge and statistical analysis, utilizing readily available machine learning libraries. The methodology for achieving this is presented within the paper. These models have the potential for economic optimization and load-shifting strategies, offering valuable insights into sustainable energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an overview of the status and future prospects of fuel-cell electric vehicles (FC-EVs). As global concerns about emissions escalate, FC-EVs have emerged as a promising substitute for traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This paper discusses the fundamentals of fuel-cell technology considering the major types of fuel cells that have been researched and delves into the most suitable fuel cells for FC-EV applications, including comparisons with mainstream vehicle technologies. The present state of FC-EVs, ongoing research, and the challenges and opportunities that need to be accounted for are discussed. Furthermore, the comparison between promising proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technologies used in EVs provides valuable insights into their respective strengths and challenges. By synthesizing these aspects, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and facilitate decision-making for future advancements in sustainable FC-EV transportation, thereby contributing to the realization of a cleaner, greener, and more environmentally friendly future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on microgrid development in the UAE, focusing on the socio-economic costs and benefits, policy frameworks, market dynamics, and environmental implications. The analysis encompasses publications from 2011 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. A total of 33 papers were identified and classified, revealing gaps in comprehensive valuation models, consideration of environmental and social governance factors, and research informing policy and investment decisions. The findings highlight the significance of microgrid technology in the UAE, its limited adoption and commercialization, and its predominant usage in remote areas and academic testbeds. The paper underscores the UAE's vision for net-zero emissions by 2050 and the potential of microgrids in supporting its realization. Recommendations include the development of a comprehensive valuation framework to drive effective investments in microgrid technology, aligning with the UAE's sustainable energy goals. The study contributes to the understanding of microgrid development in the UAE, offering insights into its socio-economic, policy, market, and environmental dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the critical role of tax credits, specifically Sections 45Q and 45V, in the financing and economic feasibility of low-carbon-intensity hydrogen projects, with a focus on natural-gas-based hydrogen production plants integrated with carbon capture and storage (CCS). This study covers the current clean energy landscape, underscoring the importance of low-carbon hydrogen as a key component in the transition to a sustainable energy future, and then explicates the mechanics of the 45Q and 45V tax credits, illustrating their direct impact on enhancing the economic attractiveness of such projects through a detailed net present value (NPV) model analysis. Our analysis reveals that the application of 45Q and 45V tax credits significantly reduces the levelized cost of hydrogen production, with scenarios indicating a reduction in cost ranging from USD 0.41/kg to USD 0.81/kg of hydrogen. Specifically, the 45Q tax credit demonstrates a slightly more advantageous impact on reducing costs compared to the 45V tax credit, underpinning the critical role of these fiscal measures in enhancing project returns and feasibility. Furthermore, this paper addresses the inherent limitations of utilizing tax credits, primarily the challenge posed by the mismatch between the scale of tax credits and the tax liability of the project developers. The concept and role of tax equity investments are discussed in response to this challenge. These findings contribute to the broader dialogue on the financing of sustainable energy projects, providing valuable insights for policymakers, investors, and developers in the hydrogen energy sector. By quantifying the economic benefits of tax credits and elucidating the role of tax equity investments, our research supports informed decision-making and strategic planning in the pursuit of a sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low or even zero carbon dioxide emissions will be an essential requirement for energy supplies in the near future. Besides transport and electricity generation, industry is another large carbon emitter. Hydrogen produced by renewable energy provides a flexible way of utilizing that energy. Hydrogen, as an energy carrier, could be stored in a large capacity compared to electricity. In Sweden, hydrogen will be used to replace coal for steel production. This paper discusses how the need for electricity to produce hydrogen will affect the electricity supply and power flow in the Swedish power grid, and whether it will result in increased emissions in other regions. Data of the Swedish system will be used to study the feasibility of implementing the hydrogen system from the power system viewpoint, and discuss the electricity price and emission issues caused by the hydrogen production in different scenarios. This paper concludes that the Swedish power grid is feasible for accommodating the additional electricity capacity requirement of producing green hydrogen for the steel industry. The obtained results could be references for decision makers, investors, and power system operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to clean energy remains a major issue in developing countries, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa, despite successive policies and the assistance of international institutions or organizations. The United Nations (UN) launched some of the most ambitious initiatives with the Millennium Development Goals and, more recently, the Sustainable Development Goals and Power Africa, a United States (US) government initiative. Sub-Saharan Africa has an important potential in renewable energy for both biogas and solar photovoltaic energy, but they remain underexploited. This paper presents the challenges of access to clean energy in developing countries and the failure of remedial policies mostly based on public–private partnerships (PPPs) in the context of endemic poverty of rural populations. In addition, the development of modern energy technologies remains very limited. Appropriate reforms should be carried out to change the paradigm and allow universal access to clean energy. This paper also addresses the different structural barriers that hinder access to technology in Sub-Saharan Africa and the consequences of access to clean energy in the context of poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging energy transition is particularly described as a move towards a cleaner, lower-carbon system. In the context of the global shift towards sustainable energy sources, this paper reviews the potential and roadmap for hydrogen energy as a crucial component of the clean energy landscape. The primary objective is to present a comprehensive literature overview, illuminating key themes, trends, and research gaps in the scientific discourse concerning hydrogen production and energy policy. This review focuses particularly on specified geographic contexts, with an emphasis on understanding the unique energy policies related to renewable energy in Brazil, Austria, and Germany. Given their distinct social systems and developmental stages, this paper aims to delineate the nuanced approaches these countries adopt in their pursuit of renewable energy and the integration of hydrogen within their energy frameworks. Brazil exhibits vast renewable energy potential, particularly in wind and solar energy sectors, positioning itself for substantial growth in the coming years. Germany showcases a regulatory framework that promotes innovation and technological expansion, reflecting its highly developed social system and commitment to transitioning away from fossil fuels. Austria demonstrates dedication to decarbonization, particularly through the exploration of biomethane for residential heating and cooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A major goal of the "14th Five-Year Plan" phase is to promote the green transformation of industrial enterprises to address the 'dual carbon' challenge. Utilizing the China Industrial Enterprises Database and the Polluting Enterprises Database, this paper calculates the carbon emissions of Chinese industrial enterprises from 2001 to 2010 at the micro level. It presents an analysis of the heterogeneity of carbon emission efficiency (TPI) in industrial enterprises, as well as the factors influencing corporate TPI. This study finds that enterprises within a subdivided industry exhibit heterogeneous levels of TPI, with carbon emissions largely affected by the structure of energy consumption. The researchers suggest accelerating the transition of industrial enterprises to green technology and argue that carbon emission policies should shift from controlling direct total targets to strengthening market-oriented policy tools. Carbon reduction targets should be more stringent for enterprises with lower TPI, considering the heterogeneity among enterprises. To meet the challenges of emission reduction, industrial enterprises are encouraged to actively reform their energy consumption structure. Government policies should aim to reduce clean energy costs and encourage the use of clean energy by industrial enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve the ambitious goal of "carbon neutrality", countries around the world are striving to develop clean energy. Against this background, this paper takes China and Italy as representatives of developing and developed countries to summarize the energy structure composition and development overview of the two countries. The paper analyzes the serious challenges facing the future energy development of both countries and investigates the possibilities of energy cooperation between the two countries, taking into account their respective advantages in energy development. By comparing the policies issued by the two governments to encourage clean energy development, this paper analyzes the severe challenges faced by the two countries' energy development in the future and combines their respective energy development advantages to look forward to the possibility of energy cooperation between the two countries in the future. This lays the foundation for China and Italy to build an "Energy Road" after the "Silk Road". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources (RESs) offer key transformative potential from a societal point of view due to their modularity and ability to generate energy at the local level, allowing for the development of grassroots democratic and participatory initiatives. The paper aims to share insights into the processes of creating RES cooperatives in Poland. One of the first cooperatives to be established in the Upper Silesian region in Poland was the energy cooperative (EC) "Our Energy". This study presents an in-depth empirical analysis of a community-based renewable energy cooperative. The study employed a case study methodology, including a SWOT analysis framework, to describe the research subject and identify its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Key findings indicate that members benefit from stable energy prices and full recovery of the energy produced, and the cooperative is at the forefront of energy-sharing practices that minimize costs through direct transactions with the local municipality. The strategic goals of the EC focus on expanding membership, increasing the number of photovoltaic installations, implementing energy balancing, combating energy poverty, and reducing emissions. Challenges such as financial constraints and a lack of real-time monitoring of energy distribution are acknowledged, and carbon footprint reduction innovations and stakeholder engagement are highlighted as forward-looking approaches. The study highlights the role of cooperatives as a model for community-led sustainable energy initiatives. However, the study acknowledges the limitations of its small sample size, suggesting the need for broader research to understand the impact of collaborative energy on decarbonization. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on the long-term sustainability and socioeconomic impacts of energy cooperatives. This study contributes to the scholarly discourse on renewable energy cooperatives by offering insight into their potential to bridge the gap between energy producers and consumers and support sustainable community development. The main novelty of this paper lies in its detailed examination of a specific renewable energy cooperative, incorporating SWOT analysis, stakeholder perspectives, quantitative assessments, and a forward-thinking approach. This multifaceted analysis contributes to the existing literature on renewable energy initiatives, providing a valuable reference for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, renewable, clean energy options such as hydropower, wind energy and solar energy have been attracting more and more attention as high-quality alternatives to fossil fuels, due to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental pollution. Multi-energy power systems have replaced traditional thermal power systems. However, the output of solar and wind power is highly variable, random and intermittent, making it difficult to integrate it directly into the grid. In this context, a multi-objective model for the short-term operation of wind–solar–hydro–thermal hybrid systems is developed in this paper. The model considers the stability of the system operation, the operating costs and the impact in terms of environmental pollution. To solve the model, an evolutionary cost value region search algorithm is also proposed. The algorithm is applied to a hydro–thermal hybrid system, a multi-energy hybrid system and a realistic model of the wind–solar–hydro experimental base of the Yalong River Basin in China. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm exhibits superior performance in terms of both convergence and diversity when compared to the reference algorithm. The integration of wind and solar energy into the power system can enhance the economic efficiency and mitigate the environment impact from thermal power generation. Furthermore, the inherent unpredictability of wind and solar energy sources introduces operational inconsistencies into the system loads. Conversely, the adaptable operational capacity of hydroelectric power plants enables them to effectively mitigate peak loads, thereby enhancing the stability of the power system. The findings of this research can inform decision-making regarding the economic, ecological and stable operation of hybrid energy systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper was to identify which European capitals are sustainable and smart, why, and what influences the ranking. The main research hypothesis was to indicate that cities in the 'old' E.U. countries (richer and with higher levels of economic development) are more sustainable and smart. Furthermore, sustainable smart cities, by definition, through the use of advanced and modern management tools and technological support, should contribute to community resilience. Sustainable energy plays a significant role in the measurement system. The study's results showed the differences that exist across countries, as well as the leaders in each smart category and area. This is interesting and new; from a research point of view, there has been no study based on OECD research and data confronting and correlating the range of data with indicators found in the literature. The study results show that the concept of a smart city is comprehensive and that it is necessary to analyze in depth the various sub-categories included in the measurement and assessment of smartness offered by different indicators. This is because it turns out that an overall score and ranking do not always mean that a city is smart in every area and every element included in smart. Statistical methods and literature analysis are used for the study. The results represent a novel development and contribution to the science discipline and can be the basis for further scientific exploration in this area. The research gap and challenge indicate whether there is a link and correlation between the use of sustainable energy in E.U. countries and the implementation of smart concepts in European capitals in the context of the division into 'new' and 'old' E.U. capitals. An important element is the verification of the thesis that 'old' capitals are more advanced in the implementation of smart cities and make greater use of sustainable energy to meet social and economic needs. The thesis has been partly falsified and confirmed negatively; the results are not obvious. It means that the 'new' E.U. countries are very skillful in using financial, organizational, and common development policy opportunities to make their cities modern, intelligent, and friendly to their inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric power is crucial for economic growth and the overall development of any country. The efficient planning of distribution system is necessary because all the consumers mainly rely on the distribution network to access the power. This paper focuses on addressing distribution system challenges and meeting consumers' fundamental needs, such as achieving an improved voltage profile and minimizing costs within an environmentally sustainable framework. This work addressed the gap in the existing research by analysing the performance of both balanced and unbalanced systems within the same framework, specifically using the IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 118-bus test systems. Unlike prior studies that focused solely on either balanced or unbalanced systems, this work redistributed balanced loads into three-phase unequal unbalanced loads to create a more challenging unbalanced distribution network. The primary objective is to compare the effects of balanced and unbalanced loads on system the performances and to identify strategies for mitigating unbalanced load issues in each phase. Six optimization methods (PSO, TLBO, JAYA, SCA, RAO, and HBO) were employed to minimize losses, voltage variations, and other multi-objective function factors. Additionally, the study compared the cost of energy loss (CEL), emission factors, costs associated with distributed clean energy resources (DCER), and active and reactive power losses. Phase angle distortions due to unbalanced loads were also analysed. The results showed that among the optimization techniques tested (PSO, TLBO, JAYA, SCA, RAO, and HBO), the HBO method proved to be the most effective for the optimal allocation of distributed clean energy resources, yielding the lowest PFMO values and favourable outcomes across the technical, economic, and environmental parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrid (MG) control is crucial for efficient, reliable, and sustainable energy management in distributed energy systems. Genetic Algorithm-based energy management systems (GA-EMS) can optimally control MGs by solving complex, non-linear, and non-convex problems but may struggle with real-time application due to their computational demands. Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based EMS, which predicts future behaviour to ensure optimal performance, usually depends on linear models. This paper introduces a novel Genetic Predictive Control (GPC) method that combines a GA and MPC to enhance resource allocation, balance multiple objectives, and adapt dynamically to changing conditions. Integrating GAs with MPC improves the handling of non-linearities and non-convexity, resulting in more accurate and effective control. Comparative analysis reveals that GPC significantly reduces excess power production, improves resource allocation, and balances cost, emissions, and power efficiency. For example, in the Mutation–Random Selection scenario, GPC reduced excess power to 76.0 W compared to 87.0 W with GA; in the Crossover-Elitism scenario, GPC achieved a lower daily cost of USD 113.94 versus the GA's USD 127.80 and reduced carbon emissions to 52.83 kg CO2e compared to the GA's 69.71 kg CO2e. While MPC optimises a weighted sum of objectives, setting appropriate weights can be difficult and may lead to non-convex problems. GAs offer multi-objective optimisation, providing Pareto-optimal solutions. GPC maintains optimal performance by forecasting future load demands and adjusting control actions dynamically. Although GPC can sometimes result in higher costs, such as USD 113.94 compared to USD 131.90 in the Crossover–Random Selection scenario, it achieves a better balance among various metrics, proving cost-effective in the long term. By reducing excess power and emissions, GPC promotes economic savings and sustainability. These findings highlight GPC's potential as a versatile, efficient, and environmentally beneficial tool for power generation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most important future clean energy sources, natural gas hydrate (NGH) is attracting widespread attention due to the vast reserves available and high energy density. How to extract this source in a safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly manner has become the key to the commercial utilization of its resources. This paper reviews the recent advances in the study of the fundamental reservoir properties of offshore NGH, summarizing the methods and technologies for testing the sedimentary properties of reservoirs, analyzing the characteristics in reservoir mechanics, electrics, thermodynamics, and fluid dynamics, and discusses the influence of reservoir fundamental properties on NGH exploitation. The aim is to provide guidance and reference for research on the exploitation of NGH in different target exploitation areas offshore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development in the fields of clean energy, particularly wind and photovoltaic power, generates a large amount of data streams, and how to mine valuable information from these data to improve the efficiency of power generation has become a hot spot of current research. Traditional classification algorithms cannot cope with dynamically changing data streams, so data stream classification techniques are particularly important. The current data stream classification techniques mainly include decision trees, neural networks, Bayesian networks, and other methods, which have been applied to wind power and photovoltaic power data processing in existing research. However, the data drift problem is gradually highlighted due to the dynamic change in data, which significantly impacts the performance of classification algorithms. This paper reviews the latest research on data stream classification technology in wind power and photovoltaic applications. It provides a detailed introduction to the data drift problem in machine learning, which significantly affects algorithm performance. The discussion covers covariate drift, prior probability drift, and concept drift, analyzing their potential impact on the practical deployment of data stream classification methods in wind and photovoltaic power sectors. Finally, by analyzing examples for addressing data drift in energy-system data stream classification, the article highlights the future prospects of data drift research in this field and suggests areas for improvement. Combined with the systematic knowledge of data stream classification techniques and data drift handling presented, it offers valuable insights for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrids have emerged as a pivotal solution in the quest for efficient, resilient, and sustainable energy systems. Comprising diverse distributed energy resources, microgrids present a compelling opportunity to revolutionize how we generate, store, and distribute electricity, while simultaneously reducing carbon footprints. This paper proposes an optimal battery energy storage system (BESS) management scheme, along with capacitor placement for reactive power (Q)-compensation, and scheduling for the purpose of a renewable-based microgrid's loss minimization. The proposed model evaluates the impact of BESS management on energy efficiency and analyzes how optimal scheduling of BESS influences system losses. Furthermore, it investigates the coordinated planning and operation of active assets within the microgrid, such as controllable capacitor banks, in enhancing overall efficiency. The model is formulated as a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem which is solved for both deterministic and stochastic generation and consumption data. The proposed model is tested on a 21-bus microgrid comprising photovoltaic and hydropower energy resources, and the efficacy of the model is approved by several case studies. The simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce microgrid energy losses by approximately 12 percent using the deterministic approach and around 14 percent with the stochastic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing awareness for sustainable future and green energy, the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) is growing rapidly, thus placing immense pressure on the energy grid. To alleviate this, local trading between EVs should be encouraged. In this paper, we propose a blockchain and public key infrastructure (PKI)-based secure vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) energy-trading protocol. A permissioned blockchain utilizing the proof of authority (PoA) consensus and smart contracts is used to securely store data. Encrypted communication is ensured through transport layer security (TLS), with PKI managing the necessary digital certificates and keys. A multi-leader, multi-follower Stackelberg game-based trade algorithm is formulated to determine the optimal energy demands, supplies, and prices. Finally, we propose a detailed communication protocol that ties all the components together, enabling smooth interaction between them. Key findings, such as system behavior and performance, scalability of the trade algorithm and the blockchain, smart contract execution costs, etc., are presented through numerical results by implementing and simulating the protocol in various scenarios. This work not only enhances local energy trading among EVs, encouraging efficient energy usage and reducing burden on the power grid, but also paves a way for future research in sustainable energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition towards renewable energy is not as impressive as expected when considering the wide array of efforts undertaken. Energy-abundant countries do not have sufficient stimuli to curb the use of fossil fuels; some of them even work on increasing international supply. Greenhouse gas emissions remain high. As the world population grows, more attention must be devoted to the transition towards renewables. This transition requires additional resources and leaves behind waste that must be recycled. Without a circular economy, the transition towards renewable energy will require extra power, resulting in a spiral that is very detrimental to the environment of our planet. This paper provides a picture of the current situation, discusses tendencies, and systemizes issues that must be tackled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research proposes the utilization of Peltier modules to convert electrical energy from thermal energy to show its potential as a renewable energy source for residential and commercial application. The study, whose results are presented in this manuscript, was conducted in the city of Monterrey, located in the northeast of Mexico. The energy source was tested and analyzed utilizing a set of statistical metrics and further comparison against experimental test results. The Distrito Tec area in Monterrey city is an academic complex and it was chosen for this study, which consisted of the indirect measurement of the average annual heat energy stored within the buildings' cement structure. The aim was to obtain the annual accumulated electrical power in Wh per year that Peltier modules could provide in Distrito Tec, which is located in a city with solar irradiation levels above the world average. The proposal in this paper could encourage further investigation regarding this energy that is currently waste heat. More specifically, the results of this research highlight the importance of thermoelectric modules and seek to motivate research to improve their properties and make them more efficient and more viable as well. Thermoelectric modules have the potential to be part of the solution to sustainable development as presented in the United Nations SDG-7—ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assurance of universal access to electricity refers to not only physical access to electricity, heating, and/or cooling services but also making them affordable to families. This is the case in Brazil, where physical electricity access reaches more than 99% of the urban population, but a high proportion of households are disconnected due to lack of payment. Affordability is a key factor in planning the expansion and maintenance of the electricity grid. In this paper, therefore, we propose the development of a strategy, called the Payment Capability Indicator (PCI), that provides new information about the relationship between energy cost and family income. The classic indicator, the Ten Percent Rule (TPR), was the base, and empirical research was conducted in two low-income neighborhoods in Paraná state, southern Brazil. The results consider variables that add new information to guide local public policies, combining interventions to improve affordability, energy efficiency, alternatives to energy services and consumer behavioral changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SMEs are asked to incorporate sustainable energy solutions into their organizations' processes to be environmentally friendly and operate more effectively. In this regard, IoT-based technologies seem to have the potential to monitor and optimize energy use. However, more extensive research is required to assess the efficacy of such solutions in the context of SMEs. Despite the growing interest in the Internet of Things (IoT) for renewable energy, there is a lack of information on how well these solutions work for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). While much of the existing literature addresses the application of new technologies in SMEs, the social background underlying their transformation received relatively little attention in previous years. The present research adopts a quantitative approach, employing time series forecasting, specifically long short-term memory networks (LSTM). This paper uses IoT-based approaches to collect and preprocess an energy consumption dataset from various SMEs. The LSTM model is intended to forecast energy consumption in the future based on experience. In terms of analysis, the study adopts Python for data preprocessing, constructing, and assessing models. The main findings reveal a strong positive correlation (r = 0.85) between base energy consumption and overall energy usage, suggesting that optimizing base consumption is crucial for energy efficiency. In contrast, investment in RETs and staff training demonstrate weak correlations (r = 0.25 and r = 0.30, respectively) with energy consumption, indicating that these factors alone are insufficient for significant energy savings. The long short-term memory model used in the study accurately predicted future energy consumption trends with a mean absolute error of 5%. However, it struggled with high-frequency variations, showing up to 15% of mistakes. This research contributes to the literature in line with IoT-based sustainable energy solutions in SMEs, which has not been widely addressed. The findings highlight the critical role of integrating renewable energy technologies (RETs) and fostering a culture of energy efficiency, offering actionable insights for policymakers and business owners. With the application of Python in data analysis and model creation, this research shows a real-world approach to handling issues in sustainable energy management for SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global climate change intensifies and environmental awareness increases, investing in renewable energy has become a primary economic and social development priority. Photovoltaic (PV) projects, as a clean and sustainable energy technology, have garnered significant attention due to their notable environmental and economic benefits. However, traditional investment evaluation methods such as net present value (NPV) analysis fail to adequately capture the flexibility and future uncertainties inherent in PV project investments. This paper presents a case study analysis proposing a delay option model that incorporates environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors, providing a more scientific and flexible investment decision framework for PV projects. The case study results indicate that considering ESG factors significantly enhances the investment value of PV projects. This model not only provides comprehensive support for PV project investment decisions but also underscores the importance of establishing stringent carbon trading markets and policy incentive mechanisms to promote the widespread adoption and sustainable development of renewable energy projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecuador, like every country in the world, urgently requires a conversion of transportation to electric power, both for economic and environmental reasons. This paper focuses on the technical and economic feasibility of a solar-powered electric charging station equipped with battery storage in Cuenca, Ecuador. By reviewing current literature, we assess the environmental impact of electric mobility and its potential to reduce fossil fuel dependence and generate energy savings. The analysis encompasses various factors, including EV energy consumption, solar energy system sizing, energy production, and battery storage capacity. Key findings indicate that integrating solar PV systems with EV charging stations efficiently supports a reliable and sustainable energy supply. Simulation results reveal seasonal variations in solar generation, highlighting the importance of proper system sizing to maintain charging supply reliability and manage surplus generation. The economic analysis of three scenarios underscores the financial viability of implementing PV systems without battery storage, yielding a positive Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV). However, scenarios with battery storage present negative NPV and long investment return periods, impacting economic viability negatively. These insights underscore the need for a balanced design to ensure sustainability and economic feasibility in the transition to electric mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]