102 results on '"Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome"'
Search Results
2. Hedgehogs as Amplifying Hosts of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus, China
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Chaoyue Zhao, Xing Zhang, Xiaoxi Si, Ling Ye, Kevin Lawrence, Yajun Lu, Chunhong Du, Haidong Xu, Qian Yang, Qianfeng Xia, Guoxiang Yu, Wei Xu, Fei Yuan, Junfeng Hao, Jia-Fu Jiang, and Aihua Zheng
- Subjects
severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,SFTSV ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,viruses ,bandavirus ,hedgehog ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tickborne bandavirus mainly transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in East Asia, mostly in rural areas. As of April 2022, the amplifying host involved in the natural transmission of SFTSV remained unidentified. Our epidemiologic field survey conducted in endemic areas in China showed that hedgehogs were widely distributed, had heavy tick infestations, and had high SFTSV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence. After experimental infection of Erinaceus amurensis and Atelerix albiventris hedgehogs with SFTSV, we detected robust but transitory viremias that lasted for 9–11 days. We completed the SFTSV transmission cycle between hedgehogs and nymph and adult H. longicornis ticks under laboratory conditions with 100% efficiency. Furthermore, naive H. longicornis ticks could be infected by SFTSV-positive ticks co-feeding on naive hedgehogs; we confirmed transstadial transmission of SFTSV. Our study suggests that the hedgehogs are a notable wildlife amplifying host of SFTSV in China.
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- 2022
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3. Rapid Spread of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Parthenogenetic Asian Longhorned Ticks
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Xing Zhang, Chaoyue Zhao, Chaoyuan Cheng, Guogang Zhang, Tao Yu, Kevin Lawrence, Hongyue Li, Jimin Sun, Zeyu Yang, Ling Ye, Hongliang Chu, Ying Wang, Xiaohu Han, Yongchao Jia, Shuozhang Fan, Hirotaka Kanuka, Tetsuya Tanaka, Cheryl Jenkins, Kristene Gedye, Shona Chandra, Dana C. Price, Qiyong Liu, Young Ki Choi, Xiangjiang Zhan, Zhibin Zhang, and Aihua Zheng
- Subjects
severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,SFTSV ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,SFTS ,ticks ,Asian longhorned ticks ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is spreading rapidly in Asia. This virus is transmitted by the Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis), which has parthenogenetically and sexually reproducing populations. Parthenogenetic populations were found in ≥15 provinces in China and strongly correlated with the distribution of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome cases. However, distribution of these cases was poorly correlated with the distribution of populations of bisexual ticks. Phylogeographic analysis suggested that the parthenogenetic population spread much faster than bisexual population because colonization is independent of sexual reproduction. A higher proportion of parthenogenetic ticks was collected from migratory birds captured at an SFTSV-endemic area, implicating the contribution to the long-range movement of these ticks in China. The SFTSV susceptibility of parthenogenetic females was similar to that of bisexual females under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that parthenogenetic Asian longhorned ticks, probably transported by migratory birds, play a major role in the rapid spread of SFTSV.
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- 2022
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4. Direct Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus from Domestic Cat to Veterinary Personnel
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Atsushi Yamanaka, Yumi Kirino, Sho Fujimoto, Naoyasu Ueda, Daisuke Himeji, Miho Miura, Putu E. Sudaryatma, Yukiko Sato, Hidenori Tanaka, Hirohisa Mekata, and Tamaki Okabayashi
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severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,SFTS ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,SFTSV ,viruses ,Dabie bandavirus ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Two veterinary personnel in Japan were infected with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) while handling a sick cat. Whole-genome sequences of SFTSV isolated from the personnel and the cat were 100% identical. These results identified a nosocomial outbreak of SFTSV infection in an animal hospital without a tick as a vector.
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- 2020
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5. Co-infection with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Rickettsia japonica after Tick Bite, Japan
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Tatsuya Fujikawa, Tomoki Yoshikawa, Takeshi Kurosu, Masayuki Shimojima, Masayuki Saijo, and Kyoko Yokota
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severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Japanese spotted fever ,tickborne infectious diseases ,co-infection ,rickettsia ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome was diagnosed in a febrile woman in Japan after a tick bite. However, Rickettsia japonica DNA was retrospectively detected in the eschar specimen, suggesting co-infection from the bite. Establishment of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection might have overpowered the R. japonica infection.
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- 2021
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6. Human Case of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection, Taiwan, 2019
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Shih-Huan Peng, Su-Lin Yang, Shih-En Tang, Tzy-Chen Wang, Tung-Chien Hsu, Chien-Ling Su, Meng-Yu Chen, Masayuki Shimojima, Tomoki Yoshikawa, and Pei-Yun Shu
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severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,autochthonous case ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Taiwan ,viruses ,Huaiyangshan banyangvirus ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We report on a 70-year-old man with fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, vomiting, malaise, dyspnea, and consciousness disturbance who was infected with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in northern Taiwan, 2019. This autochthonous case was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR, virus isolation, and genomic sequencing.
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- 2020
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7. Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks, China
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Lu Zhuang, Yi Sun, Xiao-Ming Cui, Fang Tang, Jian-Gong Hu, Li-Yuan Wang, Ning Cui, Zhen-Dong Yang, Dou-Dou Huang, Xiao-Ai Zhang, Wei Liu, and Wu-Chun Cao
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severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,SFTSV ,Haemaphysalis longicornis ,transovarial transmission ,transstadial transmission ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We demonstrate maintenance and transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus by Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in the larva, nymph, and adult stages with dissemination in salivary gland, midgut, and ovarian tissues. The H. longicornis tick is a competent vector to transmit this virus in both transovarial and transstadial modes.
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- 2018
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8. Serologic Evidence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Related Viruses in Pakistan.
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Zohaib, Ali, Jingyuan Zhang, Saqib, Muhammad, Athar, Muhammad Ammar, Hussain, Muhammad Hammad, Jing Chen, Sial, Awais-ur-Rahman, Tayyab, M. Haleem, Batool, Murrafa, Saeed Khan, Yun Luo, Waruhiu, Cecilia, Taj, Zeeshan, Hayder, Zulfiqar, Ahmed, Riaz, Siddique, Abu Bakr, Xinglou Yang, Qureshi, Muhammad Asif, Ujjan, Ikram Uddin, and Lail, Amanullah
- Abstract
We describe the seroprevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and the association of antibody occurrence with location, sex, and age among the human population in Pakistan. Our results indicate substantial activity of SFTSV and SFTSV-related viruses in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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9. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Japan, 2013-2017.
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Yusuke Kobayashi, Hirofumi Kato, Takuya Yamagishi, Tomoe Shimada, Tamano Matsui, Tomoki Yoshikawa, Takeshi Kurosu, Masayuki Shimojima, Shigeru Morikawa, Hideki Hasegawa, Masayuki Saijo, Kazunori Oishi, Kobayashi, Yusuke, Kato, Hirofumi, Yamagishi, Takuya, Shimada, Tomoe, Matsui, Tamano, Yoshikawa, Tomoki, Kurosu, Takeshi, and Shimojima, Masayuki
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THROMBOCYTOPENIA , *FEVER , *PETS , *SYNDROMES , *FERAL cats , *LYME disease , *ANIMAL experimentation - Abstract
We conducted an epidemiologic study of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in Japan during 2013-2017. Of 303 cases reported during that period, 133 (44%) were included in this study. The median time between onset of illness and diagnosis of SFTS shortened, from 11.5 to 3.0 days, but the case-fatality rate remained high, at 27%. In 64 patients (48%), a close contact with companion animals was reported within 2 weeks of disease onset. Of these 64 patients, 40 were surveyed further, and we confirmed that 3 had direct contact with body fluids of ill companion animals; 2 had direct contact with the saliva of an ill feral cat or pet dog. These patients reported no history of tick bite, suggesting that ill companion animals might be a source of SFTS virus transmission. Direct contact with the body fluids of ill companion animals should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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10. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection, Thailand, 2019–2020
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Patthaya, Rattanakomol, Sarawut, Khongwichit, Piyada, Linsuwanon, Keun Hwa, Lee, Sompong, Vongpunsawad, and Yong, Poovorawan
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Phlebovirus ,Microbiology (medical) ,Ticks ,Infectious Diseases ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome ,Epidemiology ,Animals ,Humans ,Thailand - Abstract
Infection with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus, which can cause hemorrhagic febrile illness, is often transmitted by ticks. We identified 3 patients with SFTS in or near Bangkok, Thailand. Our results underscore a need for heightened awareness by clinicians of possible SFTS virus, even in urban centers.
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- 2022
11. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Patients Suspected of Having Scrub Typhus
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Yu Mi Wi, Hye In Woo, Dahee Park, Keun Hwa Lee, Cheol-In Kang, Doo Ryeon Chung, Kyong Ran Peck, and Jae-Hoon Song
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severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,scrub typhus ,mite ,tick ,vector ,vector-borne infections ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
To determine prevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in South Korea, we examined serum samples from patients with fever and insect bite history in scrub typhus–endemic areas. During the 2013 scrub typhus season, prevalence of this syndrome among patients suspected of having scrub typhus was high (23.0%), suggesting possible co-infection.
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- 2016
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12. Accuracy of Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in China
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Gary P. Wormser
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anaplasma ,human granulocytic anaplasmosis ,nosocomial infections ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,blood parasite ,bacteria ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
In 2008, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) was reported from China. However, the clinical and laboratory findings, including reports of nosocomial transmission, were inconsistent with those reported for HGA in the United States. In 2012, it was demonstrated that the patients described in the 2008 report had all been infected with a newly discovered bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, which causes an illness with the same clinical features described for the patients in the 2008 report. This finding raises the question of HGA misdiagnosis in China and establishes the need for further studies to determine whether HGA occurs there.
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- 2016
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13. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus RNA in Semen, Japan
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Satoru Koga, Takahiro Takazono, Tsuyoshi Ando, Daisuke Hayasaka, Masato Tashiro, Tomomi Saijo, Shintaro Kurihara, Motohiro Sekino, Kazuko Yamamoto, Yoshifumi Imamura, Taiga Miyazaki, Katsunori Yanagihara, Kouichi Morita, Koichi Izumikawa, and Hiroshi Mukae
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severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,semen ,RNA virus ,viruses ,vector-borne infections ,Japan ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) can be transmitted between humans. We describe a case of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in which SFTSV RNA was detected in semen after its disappearance from serum. Our findings indicate possible sexual transmission of this emerging virus.
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- 2019
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14. Seroprevalence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Antibodies in Rural Areas, South Korea
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Mi Ah Han, Choon-Mee Kim, Dong-Min Kim, Na Ra Yun, Sun-Whan Park, Myung Guk Han, and Won-Ja Lee
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seroprevalence ,antibodies ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,SFTS ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,SFTSV ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We investigated 1,228 residents of 3 rural areas in South Korea and determined that 50 (4.1%) were positive for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus antibodies. Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms in the previous 3 years and career duration were associated with virus seropositivity.
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- 2018
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15. Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks as Reservoir and Vector of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in China
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Li-Mei Luo, Li Zhao, Hong-Ling Wen, Zhen-Tang Zhang, Jian-Wei Liu, Li-Zhu Fang, Zai-Feng Xue, Dong-Qiang Ma, Xiao-Shuang Zhang, Shu-Jun Ding, Xiao-Ying Lei, and Xue-Jie Yu
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bunyavirus ,phlebovirus ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,SFTSV ,ticks ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging hemorrhagic fever in East Asia caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV), a newly discovered phlebovirus. The Haemaphysalis longicornis tick has been suspected to be the vector of SFTSV. To determine whether SFTSV can be transmitted among ticks, from ticks to animals, and from animals to ticks, we conducted transmission studies between developmental stages of H. longicornis ticks and between ticks and mice. Using reverse transcription PCR, we also analyzed the prevalence of SFTSV infection among H. longicornis ticks collected from vegetation in Shandong Province, China. Our results showed a low prevalence of SFTSV among collected ticks (0.2%, 8/3,300 ticks), and we showed that ticks fed on SFTSV-infected mice could acquire the virus and transstadially and transovarially transmit it to other developmental stages of ticks. Furthermore, SFTSV-infected ticks could transmit the virus to mice during feeding. Our findings indicate ticks could serve as a vector and reservoir of SFTSV.
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- 2015
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16. Characteristics and Factors Associated with Death among Patients Hospitalized for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, South Korea, 2013
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Jaeseung Shin, Donghyok Kwon, Seung-Ki Youn, and Ji-Hyuk Park
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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,virus ,phlebovirus ,Bunyaviridae ,tickborne ,vectorborne ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
In South Korea, nationwide surveillance for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) began during 2013. Among 301 surveillance cases, 35 hospitalized case-patients in 25 areas were confirmed by using virologic testing, and 16 (46%) case-patients subsequently died. The SFTS cases occurred during May–November and peaked during June (9 cases, 26%). The incidence of SFTS was higher in the southern regions of South Korea. Age and neurologic symptoms, including decreased level of consciousness and slurred speech, were heavily associated with death; neurologic symptoms during the first week after disease onset were also associated with death. Although melena was common among patients who died, no other hemorrhagic manifestations were substantively more common among those who died. No effective treatments, including ribavirin, were identified. Expansion of SFTS surveillance to include the outpatient sector and development of an antibody test would enhance completeness of SFTS detection in South Korea.
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- 2015
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17. Neutralizing Antibodies to Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus 4 Years after Hospitalization, China
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Yu-ting Huang, Li Zhao, Hong-Ling Wen, Yi Yang, Hao Yu, and Xue-Jie Yu
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severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,SFTS ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,SFTSV ,viruses ,bunyavirus ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome is an emerging hemorrhagic fever disease in eastern Asia, caused by a tickborne bunyavirus. Of 25 patients hospitalized with this disease in China, 100% produced and maintained neutralizing antibodies to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus for the study period of 4 years.
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- 2016
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18. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks and SFTS Incidence in Humans, South Korea.
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Jeong Rae Yoo, Sang Taek Heo, Sung Wook Song, Seung Geon Bae, Seul Lee, Sungho Choi, Chaehyun Lee, Sugyeong Jeong, Myeongseop Kim, Woojin Sa, Yeongrim Lee, Haseon Choi, Sun-Ho Kee, Keun Hwa Lee, Yoo, Jeong Rae, Heo, Sang Taek, Song, Sung Wook, Bae, Seung Geon, Lee, Seul, and Choi, Sungho
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TICKS , *FEVER , *THROMBOCYTOPENIA , *LYME disease , *SYNDROMES , *RURAL geography - Abstract
During 2016-2018, we collected 3,193 ticks from rural areas in South Korea to investigate the prevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). We detected SFTSV in ticks at an infection rate (IR) of 11.1%. We noted increases in the human IR associated with the monthly SFTSV IR in ticks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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19. Histopathological Characterization of Cases of Spontaneous Fatal Feline Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Japan
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Yuko Kuwabara, Keita Ishijima, Ryusei Kuwata, Masahiro Morimoto, Masaru Okuda, Kango Tatemoto, Yudai Kuroda, Serina Mura, Kenzo Yonemitsu, Saya Kagimoto, Hiroshi Shimoda, Shohei Minami, Masashi Sakurai, Ken Maeda, Yusuke Sakai, and Kenji Baba
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Phlebovirus ,Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Pathology ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome ,Epidemiology ,vector-borne infections ,030231 tropical medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Histopathological Characterization of Cases of Spontaneous Fatal Feline Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Japan ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Japan ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,viruses ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Infectious disease (athletes) ,tickborne diseases ,Pathological ,Gastrointestinal tract ,Lung ,SFTS ,biology ,business.industry ,Research ,lcsh:R ,cats ,SFTS virus ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,zoonoses ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Infectious Diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Tick-Borne Diseases ,histopathology ,Histopathology ,Autopsy ,SFTSV ,business ,felines - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tickborne infectious disease caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV). We report 7 cases of spontaneous fatal SFTS in felines. Necropsies revealed characteristic lesions, including necrotizing lymphadenitis in 5 cases and necrotizing splenitis and SFTSV-positive blastic lymphocytes in all cases. We detected hemorrhagic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract in 6 cases and lungs in 3 cases, suggesting a more severe clinical course of SFTS in felids than in humans. We noted necrotic or ulcerative foci in the gastrointestinal tract in 3 cases, the lung in 2 cases, and the liver in 4 cases. We clarified that blastic lymphocytes are predominant targets of SFTSV and involved in induction of necrotic foci. We also found that thymic epithelial cells were additional targets of SFTSV. These results provide insights for diagnosing feline SFTS during pathological examination and demonstrate the similarity of feline and human SFTS cases.
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- 2021
20. Use of Plasma Therapy for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Encephalopathy
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Se Yoon Park, WooYoung Choi, Yong Pil Chong, Sun-Whan Park, Eun Byeol Wang, Won-Ja Lee, Youngmee Jee, Seog-Woon Kwon, and Sung-Han Kim
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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,encephalopathy ,plasmapheresis ,investigational therapies ,viruses ,Republic of Korea ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Published
- 2016
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21. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks Collected from Humans, South Korea, 2013
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Seok-Min Yun, Wook-Gyo Lee, Jungsang Ryou, Sung-Chan Yang, Sun-Whan Park, Jong Yeol Roh, Ye-Ji Lee, Chan Park, and Myung Guk Han
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severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,SFTSV ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,SFTS ,Phlebovirus ,Bunyaviridae ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We investigated the infection rate for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) among ticks collected from humans during May–October 2013 in South Korea. Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks have been considered the SFTSV vector. However, we detected the virus in H. longicornis, Amblyomma testudinarium, and Ixodes nipponensis ticks, indicating additional potential SFTSV vectors.
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- 2014
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22. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Shandong Province, China, 2011
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Hong-Ling Wen, Li Zhao, Shenyong Zhai, Yuanyuan Chi, Feng Cui, Dongxu Wang, Ling Wang, Zhiyu Wang, Qian Wang, Shoufeng Zhang, Yan Liu, Hao Yu, and Xue-Jie Yu
- Subjects
severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,SFTS ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,SFTSV ,viruses ,bunyavirus ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease in China. The incidence and clinical and laboratory characteristics of SFTS are not clearly defined. During May 22–October 2, 2011, a total of 24 patients with fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia were clinically diagnosed as having SFTS in Yiyuan County, Shandong Province, China. We conducted laboratory tests for these SFTS patients. SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection was confirmed in 22 patients by using reverse transcription PCR and ELISA by acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples. Clinical and laboratory manifestations included fever (100%), gastrointestinal symptoms (91%), myalgia (55%), chills (41%), thrombocytopenia (100%), and leukopenia (95%).
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- 2014
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23. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus, South Korea, 2013
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Sun-Whan Park, Myung-Guk Han, Seok-Min Yun, Chan Park, Won-Ja Lee, and Jungsang Ryou
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Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Korea ,Phlebovirus ,Bunyaviridae ,viruses ,South Korea ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
During 2013, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome was diagnosed in 35 persons in South Korea. Environmental temperature probably affected the monthly and regional distribution of case-patients within the country. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates from Korea were closely related to isolates from China and Japan.
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- 2014
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24. Accuracy of Diagnosis of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis in China.
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Wormser, Gary P.
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MEDICAL screening , *ANAPLASMA phagocytophilum , *CATTLE infections , *MEDICAL care , *GRANULOCYTES , *DIAGNOSIS of ehrlichiosis , *RNA virus infections , *COMPARATIVE studies , *DIFFERENTIAL diagnosis , *DIAGNOSTIC errors , *GRAM-negative bacteria , *GRAM-negative bacterial diseases , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *RNA viruses , *EVALUATION research , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
In 2008, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) was reported from China. However, the clinical and laboratory findings, including reports of nosocomial transmission, were inconsistent with those reported for HGA in the United States. In 2012, it was demonstrated that the patients described in the 2008 report had all been infected with a newly discovered bunyavirus, severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, which causes an illness with the same clinical features described for the patients in the 2008 report. This finding raises the question of HGA misdiagnosis in China and establishes the need for further studies to determine whether HGA occurs there. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
- Full Text
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25. Endemic Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Vietnam.
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Xuan Chuong Tran, Yeojun Yun, Le Van An, So-Hee Kim, Phuong Thao, Nguyen T., C. Man, Phan Kim, Jeong Rae Yoo, Sang Taek Heo, Nam-Hyuk Cho, Keun Hwa Lee, Tran, Xuan Chuong, Yun, Yeojun, Van An, Le, Kim, So-Hee, Thao, Nguyen T Phuong, Man, Phan Kim C, Yoo, Jeong Rae, Heo, Sang Taek, Cho, Nam-Hyuk, and Lee, Keun Hwa
- Subjects
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TICK-borne diseases , *THROMBOCYTOPENIA , *SYNDROMES , *VIRUS diseases , *FEVER - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS), a tickborne viral disease, has been identified in China, South Korea, and Japan since 2009. We found retrospective evidence of SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection in Vietnam, which suggests that SFTSV infections also occur in Vietnam, where the virus has not been known to be endemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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26. Co-infection with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Rickettsia japonica after Tick Bite, Japan
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Kyoko Yokota, Tomoki Yoshikawa, Tatsuya Fujikawa, Masayuki Saijo, Takeshi Kurosu, and Masayuki Shimojima
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severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Epidemiology ,Co-infection with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Rickettsia japonica after Tick Bite, Japan ,vector-borne infections ,lcsh:Medicine ,Japonica ,0302 clinical medicine ,Japan ,030212 general & internal medicine ,bacteria ,biology ,Coinfection ,Rickettsia japonica ,food and beverages ,humanities ,Infectious Diseases ,tickborne infectious diseases ,Japanese spotted fever ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Microbiology (medical) ,030231 tropical medicine ,Eschar ,macromolecular substances ,Tick ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,co-infection ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Research Letter ,Humans ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Retrospective Studies ,Tick Bites ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Rickettsia Infections ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,rickettsia ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Rickettsia ,business ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome was diagnosed in a febrile woman in Japan after a tick bite. However, Rickettsia japonica DNA was retrospectively detected in the eschar specimen, suggesting co-infection from the bite. Establishment of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection might have overpowered the R. japonica infection.
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- 2021
27. Genotypic Heterogeneity of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Scrub Typhus Patients and Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Co-infection, Myanmar
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Hong-Il Kim, Okkar Kyaw, Bo San, Na Young Ha, Wah Win Htike, Yen Thi Hai Nguyen, Jun-Gu Kang, Aye Marlar Win, Dong Ok Choi, Yuri Kim, Keun Hwa Lee, and Nam Hyuk Cho
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Microbiology (medical) ,Orientia tsutsugamushi ,Epidemiology ,vector-borne infections ,030231 tropical medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,Scrub typhus ,macromolecular substances ,Myanmar ,Serology ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,co-infection ,0302 clinical medicine ,Genotype ,medicine ,Humans ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Orientia ,scrub typhus ,biology ,integumentary system ,Bacteria ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Dispatch ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Thrombocytopenia ,Virology ,humanities ,coinfection ,mite-borne infections ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Infectious Diseases ,phylogenic analysis ,tsutsugamushi ,Genotypic Heterogeneity of Orientia tsutsugamushi in Scrub Typhus Patients and Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Co-infection, Myanmar ,business ,differential diagnosis genotypes ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Co infection - Abstract
Serologic and molecular surveillance of serum collected from 152 suspected scrub typhus patients in Myanmar revealed Orientia tsutsugamushi of genotypic heterogeneity. In addition, potential co-infection with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus was observed in 5 (3.3%) patients. Both scrub typhus and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome are endemic in Myanmar.
- Published
- 2020
28. Direct Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus from Domestic Cat to Veterinary Personnel
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Yukiko Sato, Tamaki Okabayashi, Atsushi Yamanaka, Naoyasu Ueda, Putu Eka Sudaryatma, Hidenori Tanaka, Miho Miura, Daisuke Himeji, Sho Fujimoto, Yumi Kirino, and Hirohisa Mekata
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Phlebovirus ,Veterinary medicine ,Dabie bandavirus ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome ,Epidemiology ,030231 tropical medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,cat ,Tick ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Veterinarians ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Ticks ,Direct Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus from Domestic Cat to Veterinary Personnel ,cat-to-human transmission ,Japan ,medicine ,Animals ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,viruses ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Vector (molecular biology) ,Nosocomial outbreak ,biology ,SFTS ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,lcsh:R ,Dispatch ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,animal hospital ,zoonoses ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,nosocomial outbreak ,Infectious Diseases ,veterinary medicine ,Cats ,SFTSV ,business ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
Two veterinary personnel in Japan were infected with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) while handling a sick cat. Whole-genome sequences of SFTSV isolated from the personnel and the cat were 100% identical. These results identified a nosocomial outbreak of SFTSV infection in an animal hospital without a tick as a vector.
- Published
- 2020
29. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, South Korea, 2012
- Author
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Kye-Hyung Kim, Jongyoun Yi, Gayeon Kim, Su Jin Choi, Kang Il Jun, Nak-Hyun Kim, Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Nam-Joong Kim, Jong-Koo Lee, and Myoung-don Oh
- Subjects
severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,phlebovirus ,South Korea ,viruses ,bunyavirus ,Medicine ,Infectious and parasitic diseases ,RC109-216 - Abstract
We report a retrospectively identified fatal case of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in South Korea from 2012. SFTS virus was isolated from the stored blood of the patient. Phylogenetic analysis revealed this isolate was closely related to SFTS virus strains from China and Japan.
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- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Nosocomial Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Companion Animals, Japan, 2022.
- Author
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Mekata H, Umeki K, Yamada K, Umekita K, and Okabayashi T
- Subjects
- Animals, Dogs, Pets, Japan, Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Cross Infection, Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae Infections
- Abstract
In Japan, 2 cats that underwent surgery in a room where a sick dog had been euthanized became ill within 9 days of surgery. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus was detected in all 3 animals; nucleotide sequence identity was 100%. Suspected cause was an uncleaned pulse oximeter probe used for all patients.
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- 2023
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31. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks and SFTS Incidence in Humans, South Korea
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Chaehyun Lee, Jeong Rae Yoo, Yeongrim Lee, Sungho Choi, Myeongseop Kim, Woojin Sa, Haseon Choi, Keun Hwa Lee, Sang Taek Heo, Sun-Ho Kee, Sung Wook Song, Seul Gee Lee, Seung Geon Bae, and Sugyeong Jeong
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Phlebovirus ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome ,Epidemiology ,030231 tropical medicine ,vector-borne infections ,lcsh:Medicine ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks and SFTS Incidence in Humans, South Korea ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Ticks ,South Korea ,Republic of Korea ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Research Letter ,Animals ,Humans ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,tickborne diseases ,SFTS ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Incidence ,vectorborne diseases ,lcsh:R ,medicine.disease ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Virology ,Infection rate ,zoonoses ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Infectious Diseases ,SFTSV ,business - Abstract
During 2016-2018, we collected 3,193 ticks from rural areas in South Korea to investigate the prevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV). We detected SFTSV in ticks at an infection rate (IR) of 11.1%. We noted increases in the human IR associated with the monthly SFTSV IR in ticks.
- Published
- 2020
32. Hedgehogs as Amplifying Hosts of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus, China.
- Author
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Zhao C, Zhang X, Si X, Ye L, Lawrence K, Lu Y, Du C, Xu H, Yang Q, Xia Q, Yu G, Xu W, Yuan F, Hao J, Jiang JF, and Zheng A
- Subjects
- Animals, Hedgehogs, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Phylogeny, China epidemiology, Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Phlebovirus genetics, Ticks
- Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a tickborne bandavirus mainly transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in East Asia, mostly in rural areas. As of April 2022, the amplifying host involved in the natural transmission of SFTSV remained unidentified. Our epidemiologic field survey conducted in endemic areas in China showed that hedgehogs were widely distributed, had heavy tick infestations, and had high SFTSV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence. After experimental infection of Erinaceus amurensis and Atelerix albiventris hedgehogs with SFTSV, we detected robust but transitory viremias that lasted for 9-11 days. We completed the SFTSV transmission cycle between hedgehogs and nymph and adult H. longicornis ticks under laboratory conditions with 100% efficiency. Furthermore, naive H. longicornis ticks could be infected by SFTSV-positive ticks co-feeding on naive hedgehogs; we confirmed transstadial transmission of SFTSV. Our study suggests that the hedgehogs are a notable wildlife amplifying host of SFTSV in China.
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- 2022
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33. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, Shandong Province, China, 2011.
- Author
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Wen, Hong-Ling, Zhao, Li, Zhai, Shenyong, Chi, Yuanyuan, Cui, Feng, Wang, Dongxu, Wang, Ling, Wang, Zhiyu, Wang, Qian, Zhang, Shoufeng, Liu, Yan, Yu, Hao, and Yu, Xue-Jie
- Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease in China. The incidence and clinical and laboratory characteristics of SFTS are not clearly defined. During May 22-October 2, 2011, a total of 24 patients with fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia were clinically diagnosed as having SFTS in Yiyuan County, Shandong Province, China. We conducted laboratory tests for these SFTS patients. SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection was confirmed in 22 patients by using reverse transcription PCR and ELISA by acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples. Clinical and laboratory manifestations included fever (100%), gastrointestinal symptoms (91%), myalgia (55%), chills (41%), thrombocytopenia (100%), and leukopenia (95%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Human Case of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection, Taiwan, 2019
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Su-Lin Yang, Tomoki Yoshikawa, Tung-Chien Hsu, Chien-Ling Su, Pei-Yun Shu, Meng-Yu Chen, Shih-En Tang, Shih-Huan Peng, Masayuki Shimojima, and Tzy-Chen Wang
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Male ,Phlebovirus ,autochthonous case ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Epidemiology ,autochthonous ,030231 tropical medicine ,Taiwan ,lcsh:Medicine ,thrombocytopenia ,medicine.disease_cause ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Malaise ,03 medical and health sciences ,Huaiyangshan banyangvirus ,case study ,0302 clinical medicine ,co-infection ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Research Letter ,Humans ,Human Case of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection, Taiwan, 2019 ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,viruses ,030212 general & internal medicine ,bacteria ,Aged ,Leukopenia ,business.industry ,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ,Genomic sequencing ,lcsh:R ,clinical findings ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Infectious Diseases ,Phlebotomus Fever ,Vomiting ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
We report on a 70-year-old man with fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, vomiting, malaise, dyspnea, and consciousness disturbance who was infected with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in northern Taiwan, 2019. This autochthonous case was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR, virus isolation, and genomic sequencing.
- Published
- 2020
35. Serologic Evidence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Related Viruses in Pakistan
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Xing-Lou Yang, Jing Chen, Ali Zohaib, Cecilia Waruhiu, Ikram Uddin Ujjan, Fei Deng, Zeeshan Taj, Riaz Ahmed, Awais-ur-Rahman Sial, Amanullah Lail, Yun Luo, Murrafa Batool, Muhammad Ammar Athar, M Haleem Tayyab, Muhammad Saqib, Zulfiqar Hayder, Zhengli Shi, Muhammad Asif Qureshi, Tao Zhang, Jingyuan Zhang, Saeed Khan, Sajjad-ur-Rahman, Muhammad Hammad Hussain, Shu Shen, Iahtasham Khan, and Abu Bakr Siddique
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Phlebovirus ,China ,Serologic Evidence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Related Viruses in Pakistan ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome ,Epidemiology ,030231 tropical medicine ,Population ,lcsh:Medicine ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,Neutralizing antibodies ,Serology ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,medicine ,Seroprevalence ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Pakistan ,viruses ,030212 general & internal medicine ,education ,education.field_of_study ,biology ,seroprevalence ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Dispatch ,medicine.disease ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Infectious Diseases ,Immunology ,biology.protein ,Antibody ,SFTSV ,business ,SFTSV-related viruses ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
We describe the seroprevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and the association of antibody occurrence with location, sex, and age among the human population in Pakistan. Our results indicate substantial activity of SFTSV and SFTSV-related viruses in this country.
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- 2020
36. Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks, China
- Author
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Wei Liu, Jian-Gong Hu, Xiao-Ming Cui, Wu-Chun Cao, Xiao-Ai Zhang, Zhen-Dong Yang, Dou-Dou Huang, Li-Yuan Wang, Yi Sun, Lu Zhuang, Ning Cui, and Fang Tang
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Microbiology (medical) ,Male ,Nymph ,Phlebovirus ,China ,Transovarial transmission ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Ixodidae ,Epidemiology ,030231 tropical medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,transovarial transmission ,Tick ,transstadial transmission ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,Haemaphysalis longicornis ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Transstadial transmission ,ticks ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,microinjection ,Animals ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,viruses ,Transmission of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Haemaphysalis longicornis Ticks, China ,vectorborne infections ,biology ,lcsh:R ,fungi ,Dispatch ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Larva ,Arachnid Vectors ,Female ,SFTSV ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome - Abstract
We demonstrate maintenance and transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus by Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks in the larva, nymph, and adult stages with dissemination in salivary gland, midgut, and ovarian tissues. The H. longicornis tick is a competent vector to transmit this virus in both transovarial and transstadial modes.
- Published
- 2018
37. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Dogs, South Korea
- Author
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Joon-Seok Chae, Jeong-Byoung Chae, Young-Hoon Joo, Yoon-Kyoung Cho, Jun-Gu Kang, Young-Sun Jo, and Kyoung-Wan Park
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Phlebovirus ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Dogs, South Korea ,dogs ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Epidemiology ,vector-borne infections ,Prevalence ,lcsh:Medicine ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,ticks ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,reverse transcription PCR ,phleboviruses ,South Korea ,Republic of Korea ,medicine ,Research Letter ,Seroprevalence ,Animals ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Dog Diseases ,Clade ,Phylogeny ,biology ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Serum samples ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Infectious Diseases ,biology.protein ,RNA, Viral ,Antibody ,business ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
Of 103 serum samples collected from dogs in South Korea, 3 (2.9%) were positive for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and 22 (21.4%) were positive for antibodies against SFTSV. A dog-derived isolate of SFTSV clustered with many South Korea SFTSV strains in the Japanese clade.
- Published
- 2019
38. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Complicated by Co-infection with Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae, China
- Author
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Chen-Tao Guo, Xiao-Ming Cui, Ya-Di Fan, Wei Liu, Hao Li, Qing-Bin Lu, Wu-Chun Cao, Zhen-Dong Yang, Pan-He Zhang, Xiao-Ai Zhang, Jian-Gong Hu, and Ning Cui
- Subjects
Phlebovirus ,0301 basic medicine ,clinical features ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,spotted fever group rickettsiae ,Epidemiology ,vector-borne infections ,lcsh:Medicine ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Complicated by Co-infection with Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae, China ,0302 clinical medicine ,epidemiologic characteristics ,tick bites ,Phlebotomus Fever ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Rickettsia ,bacteria ,biology ,Dispatch ,Hospitalization ,Infectious Diseases ,tick-borne pathogen ,Coinfection ,SFTSV ,Microbiology (medical) ,China ,complications ,030106 microbiology ,macromolecular substances ,ticks ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,co-infection ,medicine ,Humans ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,SFTS ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,coinfection ,zoonoses ,Spotted fever ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,laboratory findings ,Immunology ,human infection ,business ,SFGR ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Co infection ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
During 2013-2015 in central China, co-infection with spotted fever group rickettsiae was identified in 77 of 823 patients infected with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus. Co-infection resulted in delayed recovery and increased risk for death, prompting clinical practices in the region to consider co-infection in patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.
- Published
- 2016
39. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus RNA in Semen, Japan
- Author
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Katsunori Yanagihara, Tsuyoshi Ando, Shintaro Kurihara, Yoshifumi Imamura, Koichi Izumikawa, Masato Tashiro, Daisuke Hayasaka, Taiga Miyazaki, Kazuko Yamamoto, Motohiro Sekino, Satoru Koga, Tomomi Saijo, Hiroshi Mukae, Takahiro Takazono, and Kouichi Morita
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Male ,Phlebovirus ,Sexual transmission ,RNA virus ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Epidemiology ,vector-borne infections ,lcsh:Medicine ,Semen ,macromolecular substances ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,Virus ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Japan ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,medicine ,Research Letter ,Humans ,Public Health Surveillance ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,biology ,SFTS ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,RNA ,semen ,Middle Aged ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus RNA in Semen, Japan ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Infectious Diseases ,RNA, Viral ,SFTSV ,business ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) can be transmitted between humans. We describe a case of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome in which SFTSV RNA was detected in semen after its disappearance from serum. Our findings indicate possible sexual transmission of this emerging virus.
- Published
- 2019
40. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection, South Korea, 2010
- Author
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Keun Hwa Lee, Yeojun Yun, Young Ree Kim, Jae Myun Lee, Nam Hyuk Cho, Yang Soo Kim, Suhyun Kim, Seung Geon Bae, and Dahee Park
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Phlebovirus ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,030231 tropical medicine ,lcsh:Medicine ,Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Infection, South Korea, 2010 ,thrombocytopenia ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia virus ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,South Korea ,Republic of Korea ,Research Letter ,Medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,viruses ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Phylogeny ,Retrospective Studies ,biology ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,SFTS virus ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,humanities ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Infectious Diseases ,SFTSV ,business ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) was reported in China in 2009 and in South Korea in 2012. We found retrospective evidence of SFTS virus infection in South Korea in 2010, suggesting that infections in South Korea occurred before previously reported and were more concurrent with those in China.
- Published
- 2018
41. Rapid Spread of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus by Parthenogenetic Asian Longhorned Ticks.
- Author
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Zhang X, Zhao C, Cheng C, Zhang G, Yu T, Lawrence K, Li H, Sun J, Yang Z, Ye L, Chu H, Wang Y, Han X, Jia Y, Fan S, Kanuka H, Tanaka T, Jenkins C, Gedye K, Chandra S, Price DC, Liu Q, Choi YK, Zhan X, Zhang Z, and Zheng A
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Phylogeny, Bunyaviridae Infections epidemiology, Ixodidae, Phlebovirus genetics, Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Ticks
- Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is spreading rapidly in Asia. This virus is transmitted by the Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis), which has parthenogenetically and sexually reproducing populations. Parthenogenetic populations were found in ≥15 provinces in China and strongly correlated with the distribution of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome cases. However, distribution of these cases was poorly correlated with the distribution of populations of bisexual ticks. Phylogeographic analysis suggested that the parthenogenetic population spread much faster than bisexual population because colonization is independent of sexual reproduction. A higher proportion of parthenogenetic ticks was collected from migratory birds captured at an SFTSV-endemic area, implicating the contribution to the long-range movement of these ticks in China. The SFTSV susceptibility of parthenogenetic females was similar to that of bisexual females under laboratory conditions. These results suggest that parthenogenetic Asian longhorned ticks, probably transported by migratory birds, play a major role in the rapid spread of SFTSV.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Neutralizing Antibodies to Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus 4 Years after Hospitalization, China
- Author
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Xue Jie Yu, Hao Yu, Hongling Wen, Li Zhao, Yi Yang, and Yu-ting Huang
- Subjects
Male ,Phlebovirus ,0301 basic medicine ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Epidemiology ,lcsh:Medicine ,bunyavirus ,Disease ,Antibodies, Viral ,Communicable Diseases, Emerging ,0302 clinical medicine ,Phlebotomus Fever ,Virus quantification ,biology ,Dispatch ,Middle Aged ,Hospitalization ,Infectious Diseases ,RNA, Viral ,Female ,SFTSV ,Antibody ,Neutralizing Antibodies to Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus 4 Years after Hospitalization, China ,hemorrhagic fever ,Adult ,Microbiology (medical) ,China ,030231 tropical medicine ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,macromolecular substances ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,Neutralization Tests ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,viruses ,neutralizing antibodies ,Aged ,SFTS ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,plaque assay ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Antibodies, Neutralizing ,Virology ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,030104 developmental biology ,biology.protein ,business ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome is an emerging hemorrhagic fever disease in eastern Asia, caused by a tickborne bunyavirus. Of 25 patients hospitalized with this disease in China, 100% produced and maintained neutralizing antibodies to severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus for the study period of 4 years.
- Published
- 2016
43. Databases for Research and Development
- Author
-
Michael G Head
- Subjects
R&D Blueprint ,Databases, Factual ,R&D ,Epidemiology ,lcsh:Medicine ,Nipah virus ,Communicable Diseases, Emerging ,hantavirus ,Zika virus ,Ebola virus ,0302 clinical medicine ,Development (topology) ,South American hemorrhagic fever ,severe emerging infectious diseases ,multidisciplinary method ,030212 general & internal medicine ,bacteria ,0303 health sciences ,prioritization ,Online Report ,multicriteria decision analysis ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,expert opinion ,Infectious Diseases ,Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever ,Microbiology (medical) ,databases ,severe acute respiratory syndrome ,World Health Organization ,epidemics ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,Humans ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Lassa virus ,development ,030304 developmental biology ,Finance ,research ,business.industry ,funding ,lcsh:R ,investment ,Rift Valley fever ,plague ,World Health Organization Methodology to Prioritize Emerging Infectious Diseases in Need of Research and Development ,Marburg virus infection ,business ,Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome - Abstract
The World Health Organization R&D Blueprint aims to accelerate the availability of medical technologies during epidemics by focusing on a list of prioritized emerging diseases for which medical countermeasures are insufficient or nonexistent. The prioritization process has 3 components: a Delphi process to narrow down a list of potential priority diseases, a multicriteria decision analysis to rank the short list of diseases, and a final Delphi round to arrive at a final list of 10 diseases. A group of international experts applied this process in January 2017, resulting in a list of 10 priority diseases. The robustness of the list was tested by performing a sensitivity analysis. The new process corrected major shortcomings in the pre–R&D Blueprint approach to disease prioritization and increased confidence in the results.
- Published
- 2019
44. Seroprevalence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Antibodies in Rural Areas, South Korea
- Author
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Choon-Mee Kim, Won-Ja Lee, Myung Guk Han, Sun-Whan Park, Na Ra Yun, Mi Ah Han, and Dong-Min Kim
- Subjects
Male ,Phlebovirus ,Rural Population ,Pediatrics ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Epidemiology ,rural areas ,vector-borne infections ,lcsh:Medicine ,Seroprevalence of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Antibodies in Rural Areas, South Korea ,0302 clinical medicine ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,antibodies ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,seroprevalence ,biology ,Dispatch ,Middle Aged ,Infectious Diseases ,Female ,SFTSV ,Adult ,Microbiology (medical) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030231 tropical medicine ,Bunyaviridae Infections ,Virus ,ticks ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,South Korea ,Republic of Korea ,Humans ,Seroprevalence ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Aged ,SFTS ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Rural area ,business ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
We investigated 1,228 residents of 3 rural areas in South Korea and determined that 50 (4.1%) were positive for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus antibodies. Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms in the previous 3 years and career duration were associated with virus seropositivity.
- Published
- 2018
45. Co-infection with Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus and Rickettsia japonica after Tick Bite, Japan.
- Author
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Fujikawa T, Yoshikawa T, Kurosu T, Shimojima M, Saijo M, and Yokota K
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Japan, Retrospective Studies, Coinfection, Rickettsia, Rickettsia Infections, Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Tick Bites
- Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome was diagnosed in a febrile woman in Japan after a tick bite. However, Rickettsia japonica DNA was retrospectively detected in the eschar specimen, suggesting co-infection from the bite. Establishment of the severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus infection might have overpowered the R. japonica infection.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Histopathological Characterization of Cases of Spontaneous Fatal Feline Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Japan.
- Author
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Sakai Y, Kuwabara Y, Ishijima K, Kagimoto S, Mura S, Tatemoto K, Kuwata R, Yonemitsu K, Minami S, Kuroda Y, Baba K, Okuda M, Shimoda H, Sakurai M, Morimoto M, and Maeda K
- Subjects
- Animals, Autopsy, Cats, Humans, Japan, Bunyaviridae Infections, Phlebovirus, Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Tick-Borne Diseases
- Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging tickborne infectious disease caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV). We report 7 cases of spontaneous fatal SFTS in felines. Necropsies revealed characteristic lesions, including necrotizing lymphadenitis in 5 cases and necrotizing splenitis and SFTSV-positive blastic lymphocytes in all cases. We detected hemorrhagic lesions in the gastrointestinal tract in 6 cases and lungs in 3 cases, suggesting a more severe clinical course of SFTS in felids than in humans. We noted necrotic or ulcerative foci in the gastrointestinal tract in 3 cases, the lung in 2 cases, and the liver in 4 cases. We clarified that blastic lymphocytes are predominant targets of SFTSV and involved in induction of necrotic foci. We also found that thymic epithelial cells were additional targets of SFTSV. These results provide insights for diagnosing feline SFTS during pathological examination and demonstrate the similarity of feline and human SFTS cases.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Use of Plasma Therapy for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Encephalopathy
- Author
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Youngmee Jee, Wooyoung Choi, Yong Pil Chong, Sung-Han Kim, Sun-Whan Park, Eun Byeol Wang, Se Yoon Park, Won-Ja Lee, and Seog-Woon Kwon
- Subjects
Microbiology (medical) ,Pathology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Letter ,Epidemiology ,medicine.medical_treatment ,030231 tropical medicine ,Encephalopathy ,lcsh:Medicine ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Use of Plasma Therapy for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Encephalopathy ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,CSF pleocytosis ,South Korea ,Republic of Korea ,medicine ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,viruses ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Letters to the Editor ,Pleocytosis ,CSF albumin ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,encephalopathy ,medicine.disease ,investigational therapies ,Infectious Diseases ,plasmapheresis ,Plasmapheresis ,business ,Viral load ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
To the Editor: The central nervous system (CNS) manifestations of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) include apathy, seizure, muscular tremor, and coma (1,2); however, the mechanism underlying CNS manifestations in SFTS is not clear. Deng et al. reported that illness of 15 (13%) of 115 patients with SFTS met the case definition for suspected encephalitis (1). However, they did not present any straightforward evidence of CNS invasion by STFS virus (SFTSV). Cui et al. similarly reported that encephalitis developed in one fifth of 538 patients with SFTS (2). They found evidence of SFTSV by isolating the virus from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 1 of 2 patients with SFTS whose CSF was obtained, but they did not mention CSF pleocytosis (2). We report a case of SFTS-associated encephalopathy, without pleocytosis and with normal CSF protein and glucose levels, that was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription PCR of the CSF. The patient was treated with experimental plasma exchange followed by convalescent plasma therapy. During 2015, a 62-year-old woman who had a history of treated tuberculous meningitis 10 years earlier was admitted to a tertiary hospital in Seoul, South Korea (Republic of Korea), with a 5-day fever, myalgia, and headache. On hospital day (HD) 2, CSF examination revealed 1 leukocyte/mm3, protein 35 mg/dL (reference 9–58 mg/dL), glucose 74 mg/dL (reference 45–80 mg/dL), and CSF/blood glucose ratio 0.66 (reference 0.50–0.80). No bacteria or fungi were isolated from CSF. On HD 4, her headache worsened, and she displayed confused verbal responses and lacked orientation of time and place. No focal neurologic signs were observed. On HD 5, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain indicated no additional abnormalities of the parenchyma and extra-axial structures except for a focal parenchymal defect in the right midbrain that had been discovered as a sequelae of tuberculous meningitis 10 years earlier. On HD 7, follow-up CSF examination revealed no leukocytes, protein 57 mg/dL, glucose 209 mg/dL, and CSF/blood glucose ratio 0.62. SFTSV was detected by real-time reverse transcription PCR (Technical Appendix) in plasma and CSF (Figure). On HD 8, the patient became comatose and had no eye, verbal, and motor responses to noxious stimuli (Glasgow coma scale 3). Bilateral exotropia was noted with spared light and corneal reflexes and oculocephalic responses. Experimental plasma exchange was performed, and her viral load declined slightly; however, consciousness and platelet count did not change. An ABO-identical nurse who had recovered from SFTS in September 2014 agreed to donate plasma; her indirect immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) for SFTSV IgG had been 1:1,024 in October 2014. On HD 17, the patient’s titer of SFTSV IgG was 1:64 before the plasma therapy. We obtained ≈400 mL of convalescent plasma (IFA assay for SFTSV IgG 1:256 at the time of donation) from the donor and transfused it into the patient on HD 17. The viral load in the blood decreased steeply by a factor of 10 (6 × 102 to 6 × 101 copies/mL) during the first 7 hours (4–11 pm on HD 17); it then gradually decreased from 3 × 101 at 7 am on HD 18 to 6 × 100 copies/mL on HD 20, by which time the patient’s mental status had fully recovered (Figure). Figure Changes in viral RNA load and immunofluorescence antibody titer and timing of therapies for a 62-year-old woman with SFTSV-associated encephalopathy in response to plasma exchange followed by convalescent plasma therapy, South Korea, 2015. CSF, cerebrospinal ... This case is unique in that SFTS was detected in CSF in the absence of pleocytosis and with normal CSF protein and glucose levels, as in previous reports on influenza-associated acute encephalopathy (3). Although headache and encephalitis can occur in patients with SFTS (1,2), the pathophysiology of CNS manifestations in SFTS is unknown. As with influenza-associated acute encephalopathy, a possible hypothesis is direct invasion of SFTSV into the CNS; another hypothesis is that elevated cytokine levels or renal and hepatic dysfunction are associated with SFTS encephalopathy. We are aware of 1 report of a favorable outcome of plasma exchange and ribavirin in 2 patients with SFTS and multiorgan failure in South Korea (4). However, the patients’ clinical condition did not substantially improve despite the 5-day plasma exchange therapy and viral load only slightly decreased. Use of convalescent plasma therapy in severe acute respiratory syndrome, influenza A(H1N1) and A(H5N1), and Ebola virus disease has been reported (5–7), but little evidence exists to support its use. However, given the lack of conclusive data, these potential experimental treatments for emerging infectious diseases warrant further study in a clinical trial. Response was favorable in a mouse model of SFTS treated postexposure with antiserum from a patient who had recovered from SFTS (8). We do not know whether the convalescent plasma therapy given to the patient described here actually had a positive effect because her IFA titer was already increasing around the time she received the plasma therapy. At the time of this writing, 2 patients with SFTS who were treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and corticosteroid had been reported (9). Cautious interpretation of these experimental therapies is necessary because these therapies may not have had anything to do with the patients’ recovery. Technical Appendix: Performance of real-time reverse transcription PCR to detect severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus RNA. Click here to view.(82K, pdf)
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- 2016
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48. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus in Ticks Collected from Humans, South Korea, 2013
- Author
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Jong Yeol Roh, Sung-Chan Yang, Myung Guk Han, Jungsang Ryou, Sun-Whan Park, Seok-Min Yun, Wook-Gyo Lee, Chan Park, and Ye-Ji Lee
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Phlebovirus ,Male ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,Genes, Viral ,Epidemiology ,lcsh:Medicine ,Haemaphysalis longicornis ,Amblyomma testudinarium ,tick-borne ,Phlebotomus Fever ,Prevalence ,Phylogeny ,tickborne ,biology ,Dispatch ,SFTS virus ,Infectious Diseases ,Rhipicephalus microplus ,Female ,SFTSV ,Bunyaviridae ,Microbiology (medical) ,Molecular Sequence Data ,History, 21st Century ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,ticks ,Cell Line ,South Korea ,Republic of Korea ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,viruses ,SFTS ,lcsh:R ,Ixodes nipponensis ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Virology ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Arachnid Vectors ,vector ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus - Abstract
We investigated the infection rate for severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) among ticks collected from humans during May–October 2013 in South Korea. Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks have been considered the SFTSV vector. However, we detected the virus in H. longicornis, Amblyomma testudinarium, and Ixodes nipponensis ticks, indicating additional potential SFTSV vectors.
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- 2014
49. Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, South Korea, 2013
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Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Won Sup Oh, Myoung Don Oh, Jongyoun Yi, Su Jin Choi, Nam-Joong Kim, Jong Koo Lee, Kye-Hyung Kim, and Nak Hyun Kim
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Microbiology (medical) ,Anaplasmosis ,Human granulocytic anaplasmosis ,Epidemiology ,animal diseases ,vector-borne infections ,lcsh:Medicine ,human granulocytic anaplasmosis ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,ticks ,Norepinephrine ,South Korea ,parasitic diseases ,Republic of Korea ,medicine ,Humans ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Seroconversion ,bacteria ,HGA ,Phylogeny ,Doxycycline ,biology ,SFTS ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,Ceftriaxone ,Dispatch ,Middle Aged ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Virology ,Anaplasma phagocytophilum ,zoonoses ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Infectious Diseases ,Female ,business ,Adrenergic alpha-Agonists ,Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, South Korea, 2013 ,medicine.drug ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome - Abstract
We report a patient with human granulocytic anaplasmosis in South Korea. The patient had fever and thrombocytopenia. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis was confirmed by seroconversion, PCR, and sequence analysis for Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Morulae were observed in the cultured HL-60 cells inoculated with blood from the patient.
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- 2014
50. Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome, Shandong Province, China, 2011
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Feng Cui, Shoufeng Zhang, Yan Liu, Qian Wang, Zhiyu Wang, Dong-xu Wang, Yuanyuan Chi, Li Zhao, Hao Yu, Ling Wang, Xue Jie Yu, Hongling Wen, and Shenyong Zhai
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myalgia ,Male ,Phlebovirus ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,lcsh:Medicine ,bunyavirus ,Gastroenterology ,Communicable Diseases, Emerging ,hemic and lymphatic diseases ,Geography, Medical ,clinical characteristics ,Leukopenia ,biology ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,SFTS virus ,Middle Aged ,Infectious Diseases ,Phlebotomus Fever ,Synopsis ,Chills ,epidemiology ,Female ,Seasons ,medicine.symptom ,SFTSV ,Microbiology (medical) ,Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,China ,Fever ,History, 21st Century ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,viruses ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Serotyping ,Aged ,SFTS ,business.industry ,Shandong Province ,lcsh:R ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,Thrombocytopenia ,Molecular Typing ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome ,Immunology ,business ,laboratory characteristics ,Sentinel Surveillance ,Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus ,severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome - Abstract
Supportive therapy is recommended before laboratory confirmation of this disease., Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease in China. The incidence and clinical and laboratory characteristics of SFTS are not clearly defined. During May 22–October 2, 2011, a total of 24 patients with fever, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia were clinically diagnosed as having SFTS in Yiyuan County, Shandong Province, China. We conducted laboratory tests for these SFTS patients. SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection was confirmed in 22 patients by using reverse transcription PCR and ELISA by acute-phase and convalescent-phase serum samples. Clinical and laboratory manifestations included fever (100%), gastrointestinal symptoms (91%), myalgia (55%), chills (41%), thrombocytopenia (100%), and leukopenia (95%).
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- 2014
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