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The 20th century has witnessed remarkable advances in health and medicine. The creation of infrastructures and measures to improve public health, as well as medical advances in the second half of the century, have increased the life expectancy of many people around the world. Antibiotics have finally given us a potent weapon to combat infectious diseases, people can effectively control diabetes and have made large strides towards curing some forms of cancer. The life expect of HIV infected patients has been improved and surgery allows people to replace failing organs through transplantation.