Many believe that humans can ‘perceive unconsciously’ – that for weak stimuli, briefly presented and masked, above-chance discrimination is possible without awareness. Interestingly, an online survey reveals that most experts in the field recognize the lack of convincing evidence for this phenomenon, and yet they persist in this belief. Using a recently developed bias-free experimental procedure for measuring subjective introspection (confidence), we found no evidence for unconscious perception; participants’ behavior matched that of a Bayesian ideal observer, even though the stimuli were visually masked. This surprising finding suggests that the thresholds for subjective awareness and objective discrimination are effectively the same: if objective task performance is above chance, there is likely conscious experience. These findings shed new light on decades-old methodological issues regarding what it takes to consider a neurobiological or behavioral effect to be 'unconscious,' and provide a platform for rigorously investigating unconscious perception in future studies. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09651.001, eLife digest In the 1980s, psychologists made an unexpected discovery while working with individuals who had become blind after sustaining damage to areas of the brain required for vision. These individuals could respond correctly to questions about the shape and location of objects in their visual field, even though they could no longer see the objects. This phenomenon became known as 'blindsight', and it is regarded as a classic example of perception in the absence of conscious awareness. Many researchers who study consciousness believe that everyone is capable of subliminal or unconscious perception: that is, of detecting and processing stimuli without being consciously aware of them. However, studies investigating this phenomenon have produced contradictory results. Peters and Lau have now tested unconscious perception directly, using a recently developed method that overcomes some of the problems faced by previous studies. Human volunteers took part in several trials, in which they were shown two images. Each image was ‘masked’ to prevent the volunteers from consciously registering them. After each image was shown, the volunteers had to state whether a patch of gray and white stripes in the masked image was tilted to the left or to the right. However, one of the two images did not include a gray and white patch. After seeing both images in a trial, the volunteers also had to indicate which of their answers they were most confident about. If the volunteers could perceive the patches without being consciously aware of doing so, their response should show two features. The volunteers should correctly state the tilt direction of the stripes more often than would be expected if they were guessing at random. However, they should also feel no more confident in their responses for the images that did feature a striped patch than for the ‘no patch’ ones. Peters and Lau found no such evidence of unconscious perception. Nevertheless, the volunteers were consistently better at correctly stating the direction the stripes were tilted in than their confidence ratings would suggest. Does this indicate some degree of perception without awareness? Peters and Lau argue that it does not, because a computer model designed to perform the task showed a similar level of performance to the volunteers. These findings suggest that previous reports of unconscious perception may have been contaminated by the problems that Peters and Lau controlled for, and that perhaps unconscious perception doesn’t occur in people without brain damage. Researchers will now need to do more studies using similar approaches to determine whether observers without brain damage can truly experience unconscious perception, and how such unconscious perception might be represented in the brain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09651.002