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A laser opening technique is employed as the photolithography process to form selective emitter (SE) structures on multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) substrates for the large-area (156 × 156 × mm 2 ) solar-cell industry. The best efficiency of 16.35% is obtained with the developed SE structure after a damage removal process with optimisation of heavily and lightly doped dopants, which yields a gain of 0.88% absolute compared with that of a reference cell. Significantly, the SE mc-Si solar cell without the damage removal process can also reach a gain of 0.48% absolute. The developed SE process has simplicity, reliability, is fast, cost-effective, and could be effectively applied to mass production in industrial applications.

A miniaturised broadside coupled-line coupler is presented. The coupler is fabricated on a six-layered printed circuit board and consists of a 90° coupled slow-wave artificial transmission line section. Compared with previous works on printed circuit boards, the proposed design features the smallest occupied size. It also demonstrates a comparable operating bandwidth of 85%. The design concept, methodology and results are investigated.