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The fabrication of the Screen‐Printed Electrode (SPE) was performed using the graphite ink to print the working (WE) and counter electrodes (CE), and silver/silver chloride path as reference electrode (RE). All the electrodes are printed in a paper substrate using screen‐printing technique. The resulting SPE is characterized using scanning electron microscopy, showing all the ink layer, and subsequently optimized. The paper sample presented the cellulose fibers entanglement, extremely rough, with highly porous network. Then the graphite ink was deposited and the surface became flat, thinner and very smooth. When the silver ink was painted on top of the graphite ink, the spherical silver particles, ranged from 2–3.5 μm in size, were observed. And finally, the silver ink was covered with a AgCl layer and the particle size becomes larger with an irregular sphere‐like phase. The images showed that the layers appear to be homogeneously distributed with good coverage. Then fabrication process was optimized concerning type of paper, the sanding process, the hydrophobic barrier, the electrode design and size. In summary, the optimized values included using the previously sanded matte paper with a mineral spirit layer. The design and size of the electrode were also tested to achieve the best electrochemical performance (design 3 with 3.5 cm). The final SPE was a miniaturized and flexible paper‐based electrochemical electrode. In order to evaluate the electrical properties, the ohmic resistance of each ink was tested using a multimeter and the obtained values were 2.18 kΩ for the graphite ink, 2.27 Ω for the silver ink and 38.33 kΩ for the silver/silver chloride ink. That can indicate the good conductivity of each ink used in the fabrication of the electrode and the correct deposition of Ag/AgCl. Finally, the electrode was used to measure the electrochemical response of K4[Fe(CN)6] in different concentrations. Then a calibration curve was obtained from the voltammograms and a linearity was observed between the current and concentration in the range of 0.50–2.00 mM. That indicates that the SPE has potential to be used as a voltammetric electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Modification of cellulosic paper with carbon nanotubes (CNT) was studied for the development of electronic and analytical devices. Interesting results were published by using a CNT aqueous solution and the capillary forces of filter paper to make conductive tracks, supercapacitors, potentiometric electrodes and chemometric sensors. In this report, we show for the first time an electrochemical characterization of CNT‐CS‐SDS paper electrodes constructed with an ink containing optimized proportions of multi‐wall CNT, chitosan (CS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and we compared our data with CNT‐SDS paper electrodes constructed with a previously reported ink. We achieved better reversibility (ΔE=131±14 mV, CVs) and reproducibility (RSD=3.63 %) with CNT‐CS‐SDS paper electrodes, when compared to CNT‐SDS paper electrodes (ΔE=249±7 mV; RSD=6.8 %) used as controls. When electrodes were fold at 90° angle, CNT‐CS‐SDS paper electrodes showed lower RSD than CNT‐SDS paper electrodes, 8.43 % and 21.5 % respectively. These results are in concordance with SEM analysis indicating a dense CS film in CNT‐CS‐SDS paper electrodes. As a proof of concept, we determine dopamine concentration by DPV in the presence of ascorbic and uric acids, the limit of detection calculated was 6.32 μM. Moreover, a bismuth‐film was prepared by in situ plating of Bi into CNT‐CS‐SDS paper electrodes. ASV allowed us to detect Pb in the presence of Bi (10–200 ppb) with a limit of detection of 6.74 ppb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Paper‐based analytical devices, which are suited to point‐of‐care diagnostics and on‐site detection because of cheap price and portability, have attracted increasing attention for improving global health and in other applications. Here, we constructed one carbon nanotube paper‐based electrode (CNTPE) for the detection of neurochemicals in brain microdialysate. CNTPE was directly fabricated through filter depositing CNT dispersion onto the surface of filter paper. The fabricated CNTPE have good electrochemical performance with advantage of CNT, which not only facilitate ascorbic acid (AA) oxidation, also could as a good platform to functionalize. As a proof, we demonstrate that the CNTPE act as electrode to detect AA directly and detect glucose with further modified CNTPE through electrodeposited Prussian blue (PB). The results show that the easily prepared CNTPE can be used for the selective measurement of AA without interference from dopamine and other electrochemical active substances; what's more, PB and glucose oxidase (GOx) modified CNTPE has good performance towards the specific detection of glucose. Therefore, we believe that CNTPE would have great potential application in detection of chemicals to understand the function of brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates, for the first time, the use of paper-based electrochemical devices coupled to external solid working electrodes. The paper-based electrochemical cells were fabricated using inexpensive and largely available office paper, according to a simple protocol that consists on the creation of hydrophobic barriers using paraffinized paper and preheated metal stamp. The counter and reference electrodes were integrated to the paper platform through the deposition of carbon and silver inks, respectively. The electrochemical paper analytical device (ePAD) was coupled to external glassy carbon rod electrode modified with reduced graphene oxide doped with Cu nanoparticles through meniscus configuration. The analytical usefulness of this electrochemical approach was demonstrated through the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and caffeine in biological samples. The analytes were successfully quantified in real urine samples and limits of detection of 24.6 nM (paracetamol) and 36.1 nM (caffeine) were obtained. The paper platform showed good stability (RSD of 1.07 % for the peak currents and 1.43 % for the peak potentials) and satisfactory performance. The use of solid electrodes coupled to paper electrochemical devices, firstly demonstrated here, opens new possibilities for the utilization of ePADs in electrochemistry and electroanalytical chemistry and offers advantages such as the extremely reduced consumption of reagents and the minimal generation of wastes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we detail a paper-based three-electrode electrochemical biosensor using a mitochondria modified Toray carbon paper working electrode. Cyclic voltammetry performed on the paper-based biosensor and similar electrodes in a common laboratory setup (not in an integrated paper-based device) compare favorably. In addition, instant detection of malathion with a detection limit of 20 nM by cyclic voltammetry is demonstrated, showing the device can potentially be used as a portable platform for pesticides detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of heavy metal detection for environmental, industrial and medical purposes has led to the development of many analytical techniques. Stripping voltammetry is a very sensitive electrochemical method and has been widely used for heavy metal detection. Carbon nanotubes, a well-studied carbon material with physical and chemical properties suited for electrode material is commonly employed for sensitive and selective metal detection in electrochemistry. This article reviews the recent (2011-2016) applications of carbon nanotubes as an electrode or electrode surface modifier for heavy metals detection with stripping voltammetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the development of a simple electroanalytical method for imazethapyr (IMT) determination in rice samples based on molecularly imprinted polymer and functionalized carbon black paste electrode (MIP‐fCBPE). Carbon black (CB) was functionalized by the insertion of oxygenated functional groups upon acid treatment with HNO3 and H2SO4. The functionalized carbon black (fCB) presented higher performance for IMT determination than the CB without functionalization. The insertion of molecularly imprinted polyvinylimidazole (MIP‐VN) in the fCBPE promoted a significant increase in the cathodic peak current even at low proportions (7.5 % w/w) due to the specific binding sites for IMT recognition. For IMT determination, DPV parameters were optimized by the Doehlert matrix applying 0.1 V for 60 s as pre‐treatment in acetate buffer solution (pH 3.0) as supporting electrolyte. The proposed method showed low limit of detection (0.03 μmol L−1), a wide linear range (0.10–70.00 μmol L−1), and good precision in terms of repeatability of intraday measures (RSD%=3.6). The method was applied in rice samples after microwave‐assisted extraction of IMT and the accuracy of the method was evaluated by addition/recovery assays (96.3–105.7 %), being statistically attested using HPLC‐DAD as reference technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our previous paper ( Analyst, 2014, 139, 5339) we introduced the concept of the back-to-back electrochemical design where the commonly overlooked back of screen-printed electrodes are utilised to provide electroanalytical enhancements in screen-printed electroanalytical sensors. In this configuration the overall sensor comprises of a flexible polyester substrate which has a total of two working, counter and reference electrodes present on the sensor, with a set of electrodes on each side of the substrate. The sensors are designed to allow for a commonly shared electrical connection to the potentiostat and do not require any specialised connections. In this paper we demonstrate proof-of-concept extending the electroanalytical utility of the back-to-back screen-printed electrode sensors to bulk modified single-walled carbon-nanotubes and electrocatalytic cobalt phthalocyanine microband electrodes. The electroanalytical applications of these novel electrode configuration are exemplified towards the sensing of dopamine, capsaicin and hydrazine. This paper demonstrates the versatility of the back-to-back configuration where different surface modifications can be readily employed giving rise to enhancements in sensor performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the use of the boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE) in flow and batch injection analysis (FIA and BIA) systems with multiple-pulse amperometric (MPA) detection for the determination of warfarin (WA) in pharmaceutical formulations. The electrochemical behavior of WA obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 mol L−1 phosphate buffer shows an irreversible oxidation process at +1.0 V ( vs Ag/AgCl). The MPA was based on the application of two sequential potential pulses as a function of time on BDDE: (1) for WA detection at +1.2 V/100 ms and; (2) for electrode surface cleaning at −0.2 V/200 ms. Both hydrodynamic systems (FIA-MPA and BIA-MPA) used for WA determination achieved high precision (with relative standard deviations around 2 %, n=10), wide linear range (2.0−400.0 μmol L−1), low limits of detection (0.5 μmol L−1) and good analytical frequency (94 h−1 for FIA and 130 h−1 for BIA). The WA determination made by the proposed methods was compared to the official spectrophotometric method. The FIA-MPA and BIA-MPA methods are simple and fast, being an attractive option for WA routine analysis in pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A miniaturized potentiometric saxitoxin sensor on graphene nanosheets with incorporated lipid films and Anti-STX, the natural saxitoxin receptor, immobilized on the stabilized lipid films is described in the present paper. An adequate selectivity for detection over a wide range of toxin concentrations, fast response time of ca. 5-20 min, and detection limit of 1 nM have been achieved. The proposed sensor is easy to construct and exhibits good reproducibility, reusability, selectivity, long shelf life and high sensitivity of ca. 60 mV/decade of toxin concentration. The method was implemented and evaluated in lake water and shellfish samples. This novel ultrathin film technology is currently adapted to the rapid detection of other toxins that could be used in bioterrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, eco‐friendly, accurate and inexpensive pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was utilized for the quantitative determination of Vilazodone hydrochloride (VLZ) by Square wave voltammetric (SWV) method. Optimum electrochemical performance of the electrode was achieved by optimizing the pH of the measuring solution, the rate of potential scan and the time of accumulation onto the electrode surface. The SWV showed linearity over the concentration range of 9.99×10−9 to 9.78×10−7 M, with LOD of 6.4×10−9 M. This method was applied to evaluate VLZ in pharmaceutical preparation and spiked plasma with %recovery± RSD of 99.99±0.41 and 99.40±1.36, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effect of the oxidation degree of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for the detection of NADH was evaluated in this paper. MWCNTs were oxidized by microwave‐assisted sulfonitic treatment at different times (5, 10, 15, and 30 min) and deposited onto a graphite screen printed electrodes. Oxidized MWCNTs were characterized and the electrochemical performance evaluated. The best sensor in terms of sensitivity and stability was obtained after 15 minutes of oxidation (SPE/CNT15). A significant reduction of the NADH oxidation potential was recorded for oxidized MWCNTs compared with unmodified MWCNTs (0.270 V and 0.500 V, respectively vs. Ag/AgCl pseudo reference electrode), increasing the selectivity of the system. Chronoamperometric calibration curves carried out applying a potential of 0.3 V for 1 min were linear in the 4–35 μM range of NADH. A limit of detection of 1 μM was achieved with negligible surface fouling (three consecutive calibration curves, 30 total measurements: slope decrease 5.9 %). Inter electrode reproducibility (n=13) was good resulting in RSD of 15.2 % and 5.0 % for the peak intensity and the oxidation potential, respectively. Quantification of glucose in white wine samples was carried out to demonstrate the ability of the NADH sensor to work in real samples. A good correlation with a spectrophotometric kit for the glucose quantification was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: AISI 304L is used in SudoscanTM technology (Impeto Medical Inc.) for the early diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy caused by type‐2 diabetes or cystic fibrosis. In a recent paper, several substitute electrodes were analyzed, among which the biocompatible nickel‐free AISI 430 appeared as an interesting material. In the present work, we compare in details the electrochemical behavior of AISI 430 with respect to the reference AISI 304L, using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in mimetic electrolytic solutions of sweat. Apart of being cheaper than AISI 304L, AISI 430 has roughly similar characteristics but is slightly more sensitive to chloride ions concentration and, according to EIS and SEM analyses, forms a thicker, more homogeneous and protective oxide layer, which makes it a convenient electrode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, an enzyme‐free recycling amplification‐based sensitive electrochemical thrombin aptasensor using catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and bisferrocene was proposed for electrochemical beacon. Thrombin triggered the CHA reaction that in turn formed a number of double‐stranded complexes,which are fixed on the surface of the gold electrode through potential‐assisted Au−S deposition, and a large number of labeled bisferrocene are placed close to the gold electrode to generate electrochemical signal. The linear range of the electrochemical sensor was 0.25 pM‐2.5 nM for thrombin with detection limit of 0.18 pM. This sensor can be employed to monitor the thrombin in human serum samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel hemin/phytic acid doped polyaniline (PA‐PANI) hydrogel composite was prepared through a simple chemical and self‐assembly method, which was modified onto electrode for electrochemical detection of H2O2 released from living cells. It showed good analytical performance with high sensitivity, selectivity and a rapid response for the analysis of H2O2 in the range of 2 to 102 μM, with the detection limit of 1.2 μM. The favorable results mainly originated from both the high conductivity of PA‐PANI hydrogel and its network structure preventing hemin from self‐dimerization to provide active catalytic species. Furthermore, PA‐PANI with good biocompatibility allowed living cells to adhere and resulted in a short diffusion distance between H2O2 released from cells and electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

eIF3d is a protein biomarker which has a potential for the diagnosis of various cancers. Herein, a bio‐platform was constructed for eIF3d sensing by using LSG and surface functionalization with anti eIF3d antibody via EDC/NHS chemistry. Following the surface modifications, XPS and several electrochemical methods were used. Difference in the signals were related to biomarker amounts between 75–500 ng/mL. LOD was calculated as 50.4 ng/mL. Selectivity of biosensor was tested by using of various interference molecules. EIF3d was also successfully detected in synthetic biological samples. Thus, to the best of our knowledge, this study is one of the rare studies on use of LSGs in immunosensor studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were modified with nanocomposites containing conductive polyaniline nanotubes (PANInt) and carbon nano‐onions (CNOs). Herein we report a simple and sensitive way for daidzein (DA) determination at concentrations between 1 and 10 μM by linear sweep voltammetry using GCE/PANInt/CNOs system. The DA electrochemical behavior was examined in two buffer environments (pH 7.5 and 4.5) using electrodes modified with the oxidized CNOs or their derivatives containing carboxyl and benzylamino functional groups. The direct electrooxidation of DA was observed at +0.65 V and +0.8 V at pH 7.5 and at +0.7 V and +1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl at pH 4.5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially available micro‐sized CuO powder was dispersed in the mixture of ethanol and protonated betaine bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide ([Hbet][TFSA]), a hydrophobic amide‐type protic ionic liquid (IL), to prepare a composite paste for the modification of screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) via spin‐coating. The fabricated SPCE\CuO−IL composite‐based electrode showed a comparable activity as that of the nanonized metal‐oxide based electrodes towards the electrochemical oxidation of glucose in alkaline solutions. Hydrodynamic chronoamperometry tests performed at +0.55 V showed a linear dynamic response of the electrode over the concentration range of 1 μM–2.8 mM with a sensor‐sensitivity of 0.16 μA μM−1 in 0.1 M NaOH. The data also showed a linear dynamic response over the concentration range of 1 μM–4.6 mM with a sensor‐sensitivity of 0.10 μA μM−1 in 0.1 M NaOH with 0.1 M NaCl, indicating that the major interferant Cl− had negligible effects on glucose detection. Ascorbic acid (AA) (in the physiological level) and ethanol also did not interfere with the detection. Detection of glucose in real samples showed the recovery ratios higher than 95 %. This study has clearly demonstrated that commercial CuO powder without nanostructure can provide sufficient reactivity to the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose by using IL as the organic binder. Facile preparation of the micro‐sized metal oxide‐modified electrodes can be accordingly pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing non‐noble‐metal electrocatalyst for non‐enzymatic H2O2 sensing is highly attractive. A facile, two‐step approach has been utilized for the synthesis of PBNCs/SnO2 QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite. TEM, SEM, XPS, and XRD techniques were used to the characterize the structural and morphological properties of synthesized ternary nanocomposite. The synthesized ternary nanocomposite has been examined as an electrode material for the electrochemical detection of H2O2 using the Amperometry technique. Under optimum conditions, PBNCs/SnO2 QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite performed very well in the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 with a linear dynamic range from 25–225 μM (R2=0.996) with a low detection limit of 71 nM (S/N=3). Compared to the recent literature, PBNCs/SnO2QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite based modified electrode exhibit a wider linear dynamic range with a low detection limit. Furthermore, PBNCs/SnO2 QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite based modified electrode showed an excellent anti‐interference ability against various common interfering agents. The practical applicability of this ternary nanocomposite based modified electrode was further extended to determine the H2O2 in tap water with acceptable recovery. The present performance of PBNCs/SnO2 QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite material towards H2O2 sensing might widen its application for developing a new type of non‐noble metal‐based non‐enzymatic electrochemical biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel photoelectrochemical aptasensor for the sensitive detection of miRNA‐21 was designed based on the sensitization effect of CdSe quantum dots as a signal amplification strategy. The TiO2NTs/RGO/AuNPs electrode was prepared by the electrodeposition of graphene oxide and Au nanoparticles on TiO2 nanotubes with electrochemical reduction. The electrode was prepared as the matrix of the electrochemical aptasensor. The hairpin DNA strands decorated with CdSe quantum dots were immobilized on the surface of the electrode by Au−S bonds. Because of the card‐type structure of the hairpin DNA (HP‐DNA), the CdSe quantum dots were close to the base electrode, which would lead to the sensitization effect and cause the increase of the photocurrent intensity. When a certain concentration of the miRNA‐21 was added, miRNA‐21 hybridized with the complementary part of the HP‐DNA. At the same time, the hairpin structure of HP‐DNA was broken into a straight chain structure, so the CdSe quantum dots on the end of the DNA would move away from the electrode surface, the sensitization effect would be weakened, and the photocurrent intensity would be decreased. The designed photoelectrochemical aptasensor exhibited a low detection limit of 5.6 fM and a wide linear range from 20 fM to 0.2 nM, and it also showed good specificity, reproducibility and stability. The signal amplification strategy was also expected to provide a significant photoelectrochemical biosensor platform for the sensitive detection of biomolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel L‐cysteine (CysH) electrochemical sensor based on CeO2 nanofibers (NFs) modified screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) was developed. The morphology and the structure of the as‐prepared CeO2 NFs were first characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction pattern (XRD), respectively. The electrochemical and electrocatalytic performances of the CeO2 NFs modified SPCEs were then evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. Experimental results showed that the CeO2 NFs modified SPCEs possess excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the detection of CysH. Specifically, the developed electrochemical sensor demonstrated a high sensitivity of 120 μA mM−1 cm−2, a low detection limit of 20 nM (signal to noise ratio of 3) and a wide linear range up to 200 μM for the determination of CysH, which are among the best values reported in literature. In addition, good selectivity and outstanding intra‐ and inter‐electrode reproducibility have also been observed. Furthermore, the developed CysH sensor was applied to detect CysH spiked into human serum samples with remarkable accuracy. All these features indicate that CeO2 NFs hold great promise in the development of high performance electrochemical sensor for CysH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bisphenol A, an important compound that is classified as an environmental hormone, has been proven to have harmful effects on human health and ecology. A molybdenum disulfide/Au nanorod-modified glassy carbon electrode was prepared as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of bisphenol A using a simple and convenient approach. UV-Vis spectrophotometry and transmission electron microscopy were employed to characterize the composite. The electrochemical behavior of bisphenol A at the modified electrode was investigated via differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. The results show that bisphenol A exhibits a good electrochemical signal at the modified electrode under optimized conditions, and a good linear relationship was observed between the bisphenol A concentration and peak current within the range of 0.01-50 μM, with a detection limit of 3.4 nM. Furthermore, the fabricated electrodes showed good anti-interference, reproducibility and stability. The proposed electrochemical method was successfully applied for the detection of bisphenol A in milk and water samples, and its potential for applications in pollutant detection was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a facile procedure was developed for designing an electrochemical sensor based on pencil graphite electrode modified with electrochemically synthesized silver and copper nanoparticles (AgNP and CuNP) supported on functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes ( fMWCNTs). The electrochemical and morphological characterization was carried out by cyclic voltammetry, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Powder X-ray diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission electron microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. The designed sensor exhibited electrocatalytic behavior towards the reduction of Imazethapyr. Results indicates the combination of AgNPs, CuNPs and fMWCNTs on PGE produced remarkable enhancement in electrocatalytic and sensing properties. Various electro-kinetic parameters like Rct, kapp, n, α, E0, k0, Γ, D and k have been evaluated by CV, impedance and Chronoamperometric studies. The electrochemical performance was improved by optimizing the effect of pH, scan rate, amount of fMWCNTs and deposition parameters of AgNP and CuNP. The sensor was efficaciously applied for determination of Imazethapyr and exhibited a linear correlation in the concentration range of 0.01-5.0 μg mL−1 with low detection limits, 0.159 ng mL−1 using AdSWV. The fabricated sensor exhibited good accuracy, acceptable stability and high efficacy for quantitative determination of Imazethapyr in real samples with notable recoveries ranging from 98 % to 100.2 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals, being one of the most toxic and hazardous pollutants in natural water, are of great public health concern. Much effort is still being devoted to the optimization of the electroanalytical methods and devices, particularly for the development of novel electrode materials in order to enhance selectivity and sensitivity for the analysis of heavy metals. The ability of 3D-printing to fabricate objects with unique structures and functions enables infinite possibilities for the creation of custom-made electrochemical devices. Here, stainless steel 3D-printed electrodes (3D-steel) have been tested for individual and simultaneous square wave anodic stripping analysis of Pb and Cd in aqueous solution. Electrodeposition methods have also been employed to modify the steel electrode surface by coating with a thin gold film (3D−Au) or a bismuth film (3D−Bi) to enhance the analytical performance. All 3D-printed electrodes (3D-steel, 3D−Au and 3D−Bi) have been tested against a conventionally employed glassy carbon electrode (GC) for comparison. The surface modified electrodes (3D−Au and 3D−Bi) outperformed the GC electrode demonstrating higher sensitivity over the studied concentration ranges of 50-300 and 50-500 ppb for Pb and Cd, respectively. Owing to the bismuth property of binary alloys formation with heavy metals, 3D−Bi electrode displayed well-defined, reproducible signals with relatively low detection limits of 3.53 and 9.35 ppb for Pb and Cd, respectively. The voltammetric behaviour of 3D−Bi electrode in simultaneous detection of Pb and Cd, as well as in individual detection of Pb in tap water was also monitored. Overall, 3D-printed electrodes exhibited promising qualities for further investigation on a more customizable electrode design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New silica-modified glassy carbon electrodes prepared with three different sorts of ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) were characterized and tested for the electrochemical detection of Malachite Green (MG). The electrodes were prepared by drop casting using silica suspensions and, for stability sake, a Nafion coating was deposited on the electrode top by the same technique. Square wave anodic stripping voltammetry was used to investigate the effect of various experimental parameters (deposition time, solution pH, silica type and concentration) on the performance of the modified electrodes. The best electrode (GC/MCM-41-NH2/Nafion) with detection limit 0.36 μM, sensitivity 0.164±0.003 A/M; linear domain 1-6 μM was applied to detect MG in a commercial product commonly used as biocide in aquaria for ornamental fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the first application of a capillary zone electrophoresis-electrochemical detection (CE-ECD) method for concurrent determination of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ascorbic acid (AA), was developed using the Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs) modified Pt micro-disk electrode (PtME). The electrocatalytic activity of the modified electrode for H2O2 and AA was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. Under optimized experimental conditions, highly linear calibration plots were observed for both H2O2 and AA, with concentration linear ranges of 0.8 μM to 0.8 mM and 1.0 μM to 0.8 mM. Detection limits of 0.2 μM H2O2 and 0.5 μM AA were determined on the basis of the signal-to-noise characteristics (S/N=3) of an electropherogram. Compared with the unmodified PtME, the sensitivity was promoted in that PtNPs/PtME provided an increased effective electrode surface and high catalytic activity toward H2O2 and AA. Using this method, the added H2O2 and AA in Mizone, a kind of functional drink, were detected, and the concentration of AA was found to be 2.33 mM ( n=3). The recovery rates were 95.3 % for H2O2 and 98.7 % for AA. The novel approach provided a wide linear range, low detection limit, good reproducibility and stability. It will provide a new insight into the balance of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant in biological systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A platinum nanoparticle‐modified chiral cross‐linked cyclodextrin MOF (Pt‐CLMOF) was synthesized. Then, a chiral electrochemical sensor was constructed using the Pt‐CLMOF nanomaterials for the recognition of methionine (Met) enantiomers and the chiral recognition mechanism was revealed by density functional theory calculations. The recognition effect of Pt‐CLMOF modified electrode (Pt‐CLMOF/GCE) on Met was studied by differential pulse voltammetry. The enantioselectivity coefficient (IL/ID) was 1.98. There is an acceptable linear relationship between peak current and Met enantiomer concentration in the 2–200 μM range, the detection limits of L–Met and D‐Met were 0.33 and 0.60 μM which were obtained by this electrochemical sensor, respectively. The synthesized materials were successfully applied to the analysis of Met enantiomers, indicating that Pt‐CLMOF materials have good application potentiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel DNA probe based on caffeic acid modified disposable pencil graphite electrodes were developed for the first time for the electrochemical determination of breast cancer gene sequence (BRCA) hybridization. Amino-linked BRCA probe highly immobilized onto the caffeic acid modified electrode by means of the interaction between the amino group of BRCA probe and the carboxyl group of caffeic acid compared to the bare electrode. 44 % signal enhancement in guanine oxidation signal was measured by caffeic acid modified electrode. Besides, these probes exhibited high selectivity towards its complementary DNA sequences (target). Hybridization between probe and target (BRCA1) was studied to evaluate the selectivity of the probes for complementary, non-complementary and mismatch sequences. The selectivity was also tested in the presence of mixture containing the target and one base mismatch BRCA sequences in the same ratio (1 : 1). It can be said this probe can select its complementary from the mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present study, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) modified disposable pencil graphite electrodes (SWCNT-PGEs) were developed for the electrochemical monitoring of anticancer drug, and its interaction with double stranded DNA (dsDNA). Under this aim, SWCNT-PGEs were applied for the first time in the literature to analyse of 6-Thioguanine (6-TG), and also to investigate its interaction with DNA by voltammetric and impedimetric methods. The surface morphologies of PGE and SWCNT-PGE were explored using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical characterization of unmodified/modified electrodes was performed by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Experimental parameters; such as, the concentration of 6-TG and its interaction time with dsDNA were optimized by using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Additionally, the interaction of 6-TG with dsDNA was studied in case of different interaction times by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in contrast to voltammetric results. The detection limit of 6-TG was found to be 0.25 μM by SWCNT-PGE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how the brain works requires developing advanced tools that allow measurement of bioelectrical and biochemical signals, including how they propagate between neurons. The introduction of nanomaterials as electrode materials has improved the impedance and sensitivity of microelectrode arrays (MEAs), allowing high quality recordings of single cells in situ using electrode diameters of ≤20 μm. MEAs also have the potential to measure electroactive biological molecules in situ, such as dopamine, a neurotransmitter in the nervous system. Thus, this work focused on fabricating a functionalised carbon nanotube (CNT)-based MEA to demonstrate its potential for future measurement of small signals generated from excitable cells. To this end, the functionalised CNT MEA has recorded one of the lowest electrochemical interfacial impedances available in the literature, 2.8±0.2 kΩ, for an electrode of its geometric surface area. Electrochemical detection of dopamine revealed again one of the best sensitivity values per area available in the literature, 9.48 μA μM−1 mm−2. Additionally, a limit of detection of 7 nM was recorded for dopamine using the functionalised CNT MEA, with selectivity against common electrochemical interferents such as ascorbic acid. These results indicate improvement beyond currently available MEAs, along with the feasibility of using these devices for multi-site detection of physiologically relevant electroactive biomolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present scenario, for the first time, we propose a facile and simple wet chemical approach for the fabrication of two-dimensional (2D) cerium tungstate (CeW2O9;CeW) nanosheets and evaluated as an electrochemical sensor for the detection of nitrite ions. The successful formation of CeW2O9 nanosheets was confirmed by various physicochemical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman, Scanning electron microscope, Transmission electron microscope and Energy dispersive X-ray studies. The electrochemical properties of the CeW nanosheets were studied by using cyclic voltammograms (CV) and chronoamperometric techniques. As an electrochemical sensor, the CeW nanosheets modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) showed superior electrocatalytic activity in the oxidation of nitrite in terms of higher anodic peak current and lower oxidation potential when compared with unmodified GCE. CeW nanosheets based electrochemical sensor has been fabricated which detect nitrite in wide linear response range, good sensitivity and very low detection limit of 0.02-986 μM, 2.85 μA μM−1 cm−2 and 8 nM, respectively. Moreover, the CeW nanosheets modified GCE exhibited excellent selectivity even in the presence of common metal ions and biologically co-interfering compounds. For the practical viability of the prepared amperometric sensor has been utilized in various water samples such as tap, lake and drinking water and the obtained recoveries are appreciable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle-impact electrochemistry is employed to study spherical polyethylene microparticles suspended in an aqueous solution. This electrochemical method detects polyethylene microparticles impacting on a carbon fiber electrode generating a transient current response or 'spike'. We interpret the physio-chemical origin of the spikes and accurately identify particle size distributions and concentrations for microparticles of sizes 1-10 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes a simple preparation of 1-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid (1,2,4-acid) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the simultaneous detection of Co(II) and Cu(II). MWCNTs, with their good conductivity and large surface area, were drop-casted onto the surface of the GCE prior to the electrodeposition of 1,2,4-acid, a metal chelating agent. Co(II) and Cu(II) were simultaneously measured by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) in a batch system. Under optimum conditions, the linear range of Co(II) was between 0.10 and 2.5 μg mL−1 with an LOD of 80 ng mL−1. Two linear ranges were obtained for Cu(II), 0.0050 to 0.030 μg mL−1 and 0.040 to 0.25 μg mL−1,with an LOD of 2.4 ng mL−1. The method offered a high operational stability for up to 52 measurements (RSD=3.4 % for Co(II) and 2.6 % for Cu(II)) and good reproducibility (RSD=1.2 % for Co(II) and 1.7 % for Cu(II)). In the simultaneous detection of Co(II) and Cu(II), there was no effect from common interferences found in wastewater. The method was successfully applied in real water samples with good recoveries (88.2±0.8 to 102.0±0.8 % for Co(II) and 96.5±0.4 to 103.8±0.9 % for Cu(II)) and the results were in good agreement with those obtained from inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) ( P>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance (IMP), we report a simple approach to detect new fluorosurfactant ingredient formulated in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), specifically the thioether-based one. First, we employ ion chromatography (IC) to identify all possible elements with the help of chemical oxidation and infrared spectrum (IR) to identify all possible functional groups. We thus propose a possible thioether-based molecular structure of fluorosurfactant formulated in AFFF. By studying the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formed on gold (Au) surface via thio-Au bond, we establish a relationship between the SAM density and the amount of the thioether-based fluorosurfactant for the AFFF detection. Solid phase extraction (SPE) and nanoporous Au electrode are employed to enhance the sensitivity. Consequently, a detection limit of 10 ppb (v/v) has been achieved for AFFF-spiked tap water sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive electrochemical method for the determination and quantification of curcumin using adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdsSV) at a multiwalled carbon nanotube modified basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode (MWCNT-BPPG electrode) is presented exploiting the high surface area of the latter. Next the voltammetric behaviour of curcumin on the modified electrode is examined and AdsSV shown to be a sensitive method for quantifying curcumin. The adsorption of curcumin on the electrode surface is evidenced to follow a Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Linear calibration for curcumin in the range of 2-100 μM was obtained with a detection limit of 0.45 μM and a limit of quantification of 1.49 μM. For application to real samples of turmeric, a one-step sample preparation in ethanol has developed providing a simple and rapid extraction procedure. The MWCNT-BPPG electrode with AdsSV allowed the determination of curcumin equivalent in turmeric powder sample with recoveries in the range of 92-108 %. This facile and fast method will be useful for monitoring the quality of curcumin containing in commercial turmeric products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel, cheap and economical electrochemical sensor for nicotine (NIC) revealing is prepared by setting down for Manganese/copper nanoparticles (Mn/Cu NPs) on the surface of carbon paste electrode (CPE). This sensor demonstrated good electrocatalytic activities to anodic oxidation of NIC in Potassium Phosphate Buffer solution (0.1 M) of pH range (4.0–10.0). The electrochemical description of MCMCPE is carried out by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Analysis (EDX) techniques were utilized for studying the surface morphology. The developed sensor is found to show a linear response in the concentration range 2×10−6–6×10−4 M with a Limit of Detection (LOD) of 1.15×10−7 M. Furthermore, the sensor exhibits high sensitivity and stability for sensing NIC in urine and tobacco samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is the most abundant potential renewable resource of aromatic structural units. Turning lignin into high‐value compounds, such as fuels, adhesives or refined chemicals, is the cornerstone and focus of biorefinery in the future. Depolymerization of lignin can convert its macromolecules towards smaller molecules (monomers or oligomers) allowing it to be used for further applications. Electrochemical depolymerization is an excellent method of green and sustainable transformation, which can effectively avoid reagent waste and mild reaction. This review pretents the research progress of lignin electrochemical oxidation in recent years, summarizes the effects of solvent system (alkaline solvent, ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvents, as well as different lignin concentration and medium), electrode materials (platinum, gold, copper, nickel, cobalt, lead dioxide, tin dioxide and titanium‐based metal electrodes) and electrolytic parameters (current density, temperature, reaction time and photocatalysis) on the oxidative degradation efficiency and product distribution of lignin, and prospects its development. The development of low‐cost electrode materials and efficient solvent systems will still be an important direction for the high‐value and high‐quality application of lignin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A glassy carbon electrode modified with Mn−MoS2/MWCNTs/Nafion was used for the field determination of Pb2+ in water coupled with an electrochemical flow analysis device. The potential mechanism for signal enhancement of Pb2+ was preliminarily confirmed in this work. A limit of detection (3σ/slope) for Pb2+ was 0.08 μg L−1 within the concentration from 0.2 to 100 μg L−1 using this method. The relative standard deviation of response currents for 30 μg L−1 Pb2+ was 3.6 % (n=80) and the recoveries varied from 97.3 % to 105.6 % in the determination of tap water and lake water samples obtained from laboratories and the university campus. Finally, the continuous monitoring of Pb2+ in water was successfully realized by this Mn−MoS2/MWCNTs/Nafion modified electrode coupled with the analysis device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel synthesized tetraamino cobalt(II) phthalocyanine monomer was used for the fabrication of a sensor by electrochemical polymerization. A disposable electrochemical sensor based on the use of a screen printed carbon electrode covered with an electropolymerized film of tetraamino cobalt(II) phthalocyanine for the determination of L‐dopa in pharmaceutical tablets and biological samples was described. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were performed for the characterization of the bare and modified electrode. For the electrochemical detection of L‐dopa differential pulse voltammetry was used. The proposed method exhibits a good response towards electrooxidation of L‐dopa in the linear concentration range: from 0.1 to 1000.0 μmol L−1 in BRB pH=2.0, with a detection limit of 0.03 μmol L−1 and from 1 to 1000 μmol L−1 in PBS pH=7.4, with a detection limit of 0.33 μmol L−1. Due to the fact that the developed sensor was applied in two different types of real samples, two buffer media were used, BRB pH=2.0 for pharmaceutical and urine samples and PBS pH=7.4 for whole blood samples. The proposed pCoTAPc/SPCE was successfully applied for the determination of L‐dopa in pharmaceutical tablets, urine and in whole blood samples with satisfactory results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Laser-scribed graphene electrodes; Cancer, Biosensors; Affinity-based sensors; Biomarkers, EIF3D EN Laser-scribed graphene electrodes Cancer, Biosensors Affinity-based sensors Biomarkers, EIF3D 1 1 1 04/12/21 20210401 NES 210401 The cover image is based on the Full Paper I Laser-scribed Graphene Electrodes as an Electrochemical Immunosensing Platform for Cancer Biomarker "eIF3d" i by Simge Balaban et al., DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060482. Cover Picture: Laser-scribed Graphene Electrodes as an Electrochemical Immunosensing Platform for Cancer Biomarker "eIF3d" (Electroanalysis 4/2021) Laser-scribed graphene electrodes, Cancer, Biosensors, Affinity-based sensors, Biomarkers, EIF3D. [Extracted from the article]

In this work, an economically viable, very low cost, indigenous, ubiquitously available electrochemical sensor based on bimetallic nickel and tungsten nanoparticles modified pencil graphite electrode (NiNP‐WNP@PGE) was fabricated for the sensitive and selective detection of bisphenol A (BPA). The NiNP‐WNP@PGE sensor was prepared by a facile electrochemical one step co‐deposition method. The prepared nanocomposite was morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed sensor displayed high electrocatalytic activity towards electro‐oxidation of BPA with one irreversible peak. The fabricated sensor displayed a wide detection window between 0.025 μM and 250 μM with a limit of detection of 0.012 μM. PGE sensor was successfully engaged for the detection of BPA in bottled water, biological, and baby glass samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new, highly selective, simple and accurate method was adopted and validated for the direct quantification of ibandronate sodium monohydrate (IBN) in tablets using sensitive polyvinyl chloride membrane electrodes. Three membranes were fabricated using dibutyl sebacate, nitrophenyl octyl ether and dioctyl phthalate. The fabricated electrodes showed fast response, capability of application in wide pH range and direct determination of IBN in turbid solutions. The most important advantage of the proposed analytical method is that it successfully allows direct determination of IBN in dosage form. The proposed analytical methodology can be applied for the direct quantification of IBN in pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, for the first time, the analytical method for determination of a novel antagonist of A2A adenosine receptors (8‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐4‐oxo‐4,6,7,8‐tetrahydroimidazo[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazine‐3‐carbohydrazide, namely IMT), which can be used as a drug for liver diseases, was presented. For this purpose a commercially available boron‐doped diamond electrode (BDDE) in combination with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was applied. It was found by cyclic voltammetry (CV) that IMT displays at BDDE, as a sensor, two well‐defined oxidation peaks at potentials of 0.81 and 1.18 V and one reduction peak at 1.1 V vs. Ag/AgCl in 0.1 mol L−1 acetate buffer (pH 4.5±0.1). The oxidation and reduction mechanism of IMT was proposed. The developed DPV method allowed the successful determination of IMT in the range of 0.05–50 μmol L−1 with detection limit equal to 0.0094 μmol L−1 and without any chemical modifications and electrochemical pretreatment of the electrode surface. The proposed procedure allows the determination of IMT in vitro directly from urine samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new type of tubular detector with platinum auxiliary electrode inside the silver amalgam tube (TD+AuxE) was proposed, fabricated, tested and compared with a typical silver amalgam tubular detector developed earlier. Non‐stop‐flow differential pulse voltammetric anodic stripping method (AS‐DPV) and amperometric method in a glucose oxidase biosensor arrangement were tested. Both detectors were applied for AS‐DPV detection in flow systems for the first time. Solutions of zinc and cadmium cations were used as the testing species for voltammetry, and detection of oxygen concentration was used for amperometry. All these experiments require application of highly negative potentials, which is possible to realize with detectors made of silver solid amalgam. The proposed combination of TD+AuxE provides a much greater current response than the arrangement with three individual electrodes. All relevant parameters were optimized for the developed TD+AuxE. The simple and fast measuring protocol for the determination of the zinc content in commercial food supplement tablets has been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Complete all‐in‐one multi‐arrayed glutamate (Glut) sensors have been constructed on a silicon‐based micromachined probe composed of micro‐platinum (Pt) working electrodes, a micro‐silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode (RE), and a micro‐Pt counter electrode (CE). The OCP shift of the electrodeposited Ag/AgCl on‐probe micro‐reference electrode compared with a Ag/AgCl wire is <0.1 mV/h. The composition ratio of Ag, Cl, and Pt on the electrodeposited on‐probe micro‐reference electrode is observed to be 1.00 : 0.48 : 0.02 analyzed by EDS. The miniaturized amperometric Glut biosensors were constructed on working electrode sites (electrode area: ∼8.5×10−5 cm2) of the microprobe modified with glutamate oxidase (GlutOx) enzyme layers for the selective, fast, and continuous detection of L‐glutamate. The sensor selectivity towards common electroactive interferents has been improved significantly by coating the electrode surface with perm‐selective polymer layers, overoxidized polypyrrole (PPY) and Nafion®. The sensitivity, detection range, and response time of the proposed all‐in‐one Glut biosensors are 204.7±5.8 nA μM−1 cm−2 (N=5), 4.99–109 μM, and 2.7±0.3 sec, respectively and no interferent signals of AA and DA were observed. The sensor can be reused over 19 times of continuous repetitive operation (total measurement time: ∼4 hours) and the sensor sensitivity can retain up to four weeks of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The utilisation of screen‐printing technology allows for a mass scalable approach for the production of electrochemical screen‐printed electrodes (SPEs) and the presence of a redox mediator can add new possibilities to the electrochemical properties of the SPEs. Among the materials used as redox mediators, cyanidoferrates polymers can be used for electro‐oxidation of cysteine. In this work, two monomers, namely, [Fe(CN)6]4− and [Fe(CN)5NH3]3− were used to produce Prussian blue (PB) and Prussian blue‐Ammine (PB‐Ammine), respectively. In addition, two modification methods were compared, firstly via a drop‐casting and secondly by the incorporation of these materials into a printable ink. The SPE modified by PB‐Ammine (drop‐casting) exhibits the highest electroactive area, however the highest heterogeneous rate constant was found with the SPE modified by PB‐Ammine that was incorporated into the ink. The highest value of the constant of electro‐oxidation of cysteine and lowest limit of detection was also observed in the SPE modified by PB incorporated into the ink. These studies suggest that the electrocatalytic properties of SPE modified by PB and PB‐Ammine are dependent upon the availability of Fe3+ catalytic sites and the increased kinetics of the chemical reaction between the catalytic sites and the analyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The electrochemical reduction of lactofen (LCT) at the glassy carbon (GCE) and silver amalgam film electrode (AMFE) is investigatedin detail by the means of square wave voltammetry (SWV), square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV) and cyclic voltammetry. The influence of various factors such as supporting electrolyte composition and SW parameters were studied. The AMFE electrode showed an excellent electrochemical activity toward the electro‐reduction of LCT, leading to a significant improvement in sensitivity as compared to the glassy carbon electrode.The SWSV detection limits for GCE and AMFE were 285.0 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. The applicability of the developed voltammetric method for analysis of tap water and river water is illustrated with spiked samples analysis. Moreover, as lactofen is highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms, its interaction with dsDNA isolated from salmon sperm was tested. The intercalative mode of LCT binding to dsDNA was estimated. The heterogeneous rate constants were calculated for the free LCT and the LCT‐dsDNA complex. Moreover, LCT‐dsDNA complex binding ratio and equilibrium constant were determined. The decrease in the SWV peak current of LCT in the presence of dsDNA was used for the determination of dsDNA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The properties of anode material are crucial for high performances in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Herein, we report a biocompatible, conductive, and electron transfer efficient cooperative processing anode, which is fabricated by electrodepositing polypyrrole/anthraquinone-2, 6-disulphonic disodium salt (PPy/AQDS) onto nitric acid-soaked carbon felt. Results showed that the cooperative processing anode outperformed the pristine one in biomass, electrical conductivity, and exchange current density with better performance between 2.4 and 3.3 times. The maximum power density (1060.3 mW m−2) of the MFC equipped with the properties hybridized anode delivered a 2.2-fold increase over that of the control and thus has great potential to be used as an anode for high-power MFC. Further investigation revealed that the contributions of biocompatibility (BCB), electrical conductivity (EC), and electron transfer efficiency (ETE) to the performance of carbon felt anodes appeared as cumulative effect rather than summing effect. We propose combined treatment of BCB with EC and ETE to form a properties-hybridized anode based on thoroughly analyzing the feasibility and effectiveness, and discussed future efforts to be made for realizing more extraordinary high-performance cooperative processing anodes. This work may also provide a novel approach for the development of other types of anode for high-performance MFC through combined treating the BCB with EC and ETE simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing non‐noble‐metal electrocatalyst for non‐enzymatic H2O2 sensing is highly attractive. A facile, two‐step approach has been utilized for the synthesis of PBNCs/SnO2 QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite. TEM, SEM, XPS, and XRD techniques were used to the characterize the structural and morphological properties of synthesized ternary nanocomposite. The synthesized ternary nanocomposite has been examined as an electrode material for the electrochemical detection of H2O2 using the Amperometry technique. Under optimum conditions, PBNCs/SnO2 QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite performed very well in the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 with a linear dynamic range from 25–225 μM (R2=0.996) with a low detection limit of 71 nM (S/N=3). Compared to the recent literature, PBNCs/SnO2QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite based modified electrode exhibit a wider linear dynamic range with a low detection limit. Furthermore, PBNCs/SnO2 QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite based modified electrode showed an excellent anti‐interference ability against various common interfering agents. The practical applicability of this ternary nanocomposite based modified electrode was further extended to determine the H2O2 in tap water with acceptable recovery. The present performance of PBNCs/SnO2 QDs/RGO ternary nanocomposite material towards H2O2 sensing might widen its application for developing a new type of non‐noble metal‐based non‐enzymatic electrochemical biosensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]