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The Brazilian monarchy, established in the middle of the independence process of the American colonies, needed to assert itself in the face of the growing republican movement that surrounded it through the creation of its own image, but also the allegories of its enemies. Based on the Francisco de Azevedo Monteiro Caminhoá monument project to commemorate the War of Paraguay, which central statue was rejected by the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts, we aim to make an iconographic and comparative study of the embodiment of a male Empire and, in contrast, of the monster of tyranny or anarchy as abstract enemies of the Empire, mainly through "smaller" but highly circulated works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1907, a Portuguese military campaign arrived in southern Angola to subdue the local peoples. Among the soldiers, followed two photographers, who recorded different moments of the manoeuvres and various aspects of the landscape and the natives, which were later published in the press. In this article, I analyse these images in the context of the relationship between the European Self and the African Other(s). I show how the images contributed to an unequal power relationship between colonizer and colonized, by solidifying the representation of African primitivism, as an improper condition, which justified the European's civilizing action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]