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Background: Earlier studies have recommended that asthmatic patients regularly have comorbid depression; nonetheless, temporal associations remain uncertain. Objectives: To determine whether depression predicts asthma and, on the other hand, whether asthma expects depression. Methods: A literature search was conducted without language restrictions using Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane and PsycINFO for studies published before April, 2017. Papers referenced by the obtained articles were correspondingly reviewed. Only comparative prospective studies with reported risk estimates of the association between depression and asthma were included. In order to examine whether one of these conditions was predictive of the other, studies were excluded if enrolled participants had pre-existing depression or asthma. A random effects model was used to calculate the pooled risk estimates for two outcomes: depression predicting asthma and asthma predicting depression. Results: Seven citations, derived from 8 cohort studies, met our inclusion criteria. Of these, six studies reported that depression predicted incident adult-onset asthma, including 83,684 participants and 2,334 incident cases followed for 8 to 20 years. Conversely, two studies reported that asthma predicted incident depression. These studies involved 25,566 participants and 2,655 incident cases followed for 10 and 20 years, respectively. The pooled adjusted relative risks (RRs) of acquiring asthma associated with baseline depression were 1.43 (95% CI, 1.28-1.61) (P<0.001). The adjusted RRs for acquiring depression associated with baseline asthma was 1.23 (95% CI, 0.72-2.10) (P = 0.45). Conclusions: Depression was associated with a 43% increased risk of developing adult-onset asthma. However, asthma did not increase the risk of depression based on limited studies. Further prospective studies confirming the true association between asthma and subsequent risk of depression are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in young adults less than years. Materials and Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study with 164 occurrence acute myocardial infarction cases (21 women; 143 men), consecutively visited King Abdulaziz hospital, KSA, and 227 controls (81 women; 146 men), From February2016 till February 2017. All women are non-Saudi women. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Results: The commonness of present smoking was 81% in male cases and 54% in male controls (OR = 3.59, 95%CI: 2.49, 5.31) and 60% of female cases were smokers compared with 36% of controls (OR = 2.65, 95% CI: 1.40, 4.98). No interaction was found between current smoking and gender on myocardial infarction risk (P = 0.399). A dose-effect response was present, the odds favoring myocardial infarction reaching an eight-fold increase for those who smoked >25 cigarettes/day compared with never smokers. The risk estimate for former smokers was similar to never smokers. Conclusions: Tobacco smoking is an important independent risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in young adults, with similar strength of association for both genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]