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Remittances are a crucial part of economic expansion, especially in Central Asia. Nevertheless, it is not possible to ignore its environmental damage. This paper is a pioneer in investigating the association among CO2 emissions, remittances, energy consumption and economic development in Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) spanning the period of 1995–2022. As a methodology, the FMOLS estimator is applied to check linear impact and long-run association as well. Panel threshold regression model and 2SLS method are applied to examine potential non-linear relations among the studied variables. Hausman–Taylor and Amacurdy estimators are employed to control the endogeneity issue among the variables of interest. The results suggest the existence of a long-run relationship among the studied variables. Precisely, applying the FMOLS method, remittances negatively impact CO2 emissions in the long run. The relationship between CO2 emissions and remittances is distorted when the endogeneity issue is considered with the Panel threshold regression model, 2SLS method, and Hausman–Taylor and Amacurdy estimators. This distortion validates the linear impact of remittances on CO2 emissions in CA. The Dumitrescu–Hurlin causality test shows that all independent variables have a causal effect on the dependent variable, validating the effect of the studied variables. Consequently, decision-makers should facilitate remittances towards more environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions to prevent the detrimental effects of remittance inflows on carbon emissions in Central Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remittances are a crucial part of economic expansion, especially in Central Asia. Nevertheless, it is not possible to ignore its environmental damage. This paper is a pioneer in investigating the association among CO2 emissions, remittances, energy consumption and economic development in Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) spanning the period of 1995–2022. As a methodology, the FMOLS estimator is applied to check linear impact and long-run association as well. Panel threshold regression model and 2SLS method are applied to examine potential non-linear relations among the studied variables. Hausman–Taylor and Amacurdy estimators are employed to control the endogeneity issue among the variables of interest. The results suggest the existence of a long-run relationship among the studied variables. Precisely, applying the FMOLS method, remittances negatively impact CO2 emissions in the long run. The relationship between CO2 emissions and remittances is distorted when the endogeneity issue is considered with the Panel threshold regression model, 2SLS method, and Hausman–Taylor and Amacurdy estimators. This distortion validates the linear impact of remittances on CO2 emissions in CA. The Dumitrescu–Hurlin causality test shows that all independent variables have a causal effect on the dependent variable, validating the effect of the studied variables. Consequently, decision-makers should facilitate remittances towards more environmentally friendly and sustainable solutions to prevent the detrimental effects of remittance inflows on carbon emissions in Central Asia.

The determinants of FDI inflows have been a subject of unremitting debate in the economic literature over the years. However, the role of country risk has received inadequate attention, especially in the context of the Visegrád countries, which comprise the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Hence, this study examined whether country risk matters for FDI inflows into the Visegrád Four for the period 1991–2020. This study accounted for cross-sectional dependency, structural breaks and heterogeneous slopes in the panel of the four countries by employing the dynamic common correlated effect estimator. Additionally, country-wise fully modified least-squares regression was conducted for each country to test the robustness of the estimates. The empirical results revealed that country risk matters for the FDI inflows into the Visegrád countries, as it has a negative effect on the FDI inflows. Furthermore, both the overall panel and country-wise regressions established that economic and political risks are essential determinants of the FDI inflows, as both have a negative relationship with the FDI inflows. However, financial risk had weak and mixed impacts on the FDI inflows in the overall panel and country-wise regressions, respectively. These research outcomes highlight the need for appropriate macroeconomic and government authorities in the Visegrád economies to enhance the market capabilities of their economies by improving and upholding the social, institutional, corporate and macroeconomic structures, and as a way of achieving better country risk attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determinants of FDI inflows have been a subject of unremitting debate in the economic literature over the years. However, the role of country risk has received inadequate attention, especially in the context of the Visegrád countries, which comprise the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. Hence, this study examined whether country risk matters for FDI inflows into the Visegrád Four for the period 1991–2020. This study accounted for cross-sectional dependency, structural breaks and heterogeneous slopes in the panel of the four countries by employing the dynamic common correlated effect estimator. Additionally, country-wise fully modified least-squares regression was conducted for each country to test the robustness of the estimates. The empirical results revealed that country risk matters for the FDI inflows into the Visegrád countries, as it has a negative effect on the FDI inflows. Furthermore, both the overall panel and country-wise regressions established that economic and political risks are essential determinants of the FDI inflows, as both have a negative relationship with the FDI inflows. However, financial risk had weak and mixed impacts on the FDI inflows in the overall panel and country-wise regressions, respectively. These research outcomes highlight the need for appropriate macroeconomic and government authorities in the Visegrád economies to enhance the market capabilities of their economies by improving and upholding the social, institutional, corporate and macroeconomic structures, and as a way of achieving better country risk attributes.

In this study, we explore the hypotheses that (a) workers’ remittances enhance economic growth in Latin American countries, and (b) workers’ remittances help reduce poverty in Latin American countries. In recent decades, workers’ remittances have become an important source of income for many developing countries and, as a global aggregate, workers’ remittances are the largest source of foreign financing after foreign direct investment. This paper analyzes the effects of workers’ remittances on economic growth and poverty in 21 Latin American countries. The study uses annual data covering all Latin American countries for the period 1980–2018. We employ panel least squares and panel fully-modified least squares (FMOLS) methods. In addition, we estimate the short-run and long-run effects of workers’ remittances on economic growth and poverty on individual countries with the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL-ECM) approach to co-integration analysis. The results reveal that workers’ remittances have a positive effect on long-run economic growth in the majority of the countries studied, but have mixed effects in the short-run. They also suggest that workers’ remittances tend to lower poverty rates in Latin America.

In this study, we explore the hypotheses that (a) workers' remittances enhance economic growth in Latin American countries, and (b) workers' remittances help reduce poverty in Latin American countries. In recent decades, workers' remittances have become an important source of income for many developing countries and, as a global aggregate, workers' remittances are the largest source of foreign financing after foreign direct investment. This paper analyzes the effects of workers' remittances on economic growth and poverty in 21 Latin American countries. The study uses annual data covering all Latin American countries for the period 1980–2018. We employ panel least squares and panel fully-modified least squares (FMOLS) methods. In addition, we estimate the short-run and long-run effects of workers' remittances on economic growth and poverty on individual countries with the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL-ECM) approach to co-integration analysis. The results reveal that workers' remittances have a positive effect on long-run economic growth in the majority of the countries studied, but have mixed effects in the short-run. They also suggest that workers' remittances tend to lower poverty rates in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]