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This study empirically examines the asymmetric relationship between public-private partnerships investment in the energy (PPPIE) sector and CO2 emissions for selected Asia economies from 1990 to 2019. For estimation, we used the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag modelling (NARDL) econometric approach. The findings reveal that a positive change in PPPIE hinders environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions in Indonesia and Russia in long run. On the contrary, a positive change in PPPIE has a negative influence on CO2 emissions in China and Turkey in long run. The negative shock of PPPIE mitigates the CO2 emissions in long-run in Russia, Indonesia, and Turkey. However, a positive change in PPPIE improves environmental quality by decreasing CO2 emissions in India, Indonesia, and Turkey in the short run. Although a negative change in PPPIE has negative effects on CO2 emissions in only Indonesia, while it has positive effects in India, Russia, and Turkey in the short run. Therefore, the government should encourage public-private partnerships investment in the renewable energy sector in the selected Asian economies by encouraging environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aim to investigate the impact of environmental entrepreneurship and green innovations on CO2 emissions in highly polluting Asian economies. For empirical estimation, we have applied ARDL and NARDL models. In the short run, the linear estimates of environmental entrepreneurship are significant in China and India. The short-run non-linear estimates of environmental entrepreneurship are significant in the case of China, India, and Japan. Similarly, the short-run linear estimates of green innovations are significant in China, India, and Japan, whereas the non-linear estimated coefficients of green innovation appeared to be significant in India, Japan, and Russia. In the long run, the linear estimates of environmental entrepreneurship are negative and significant in three countries, namely China, Japan, and Russia. Similarly, the estimates of green innovations are negative and significant in China, India, Japan, and Russia. In the non-linear model, the estimated coefficients of positive shock in environmental entrepreneurship are significant and negative in the case of China, India, and Japan; while, the estimates of negative shock in environmental entrepreneurship are negative and significant in India only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of green growth has occurred as a leading policy response to environmental pollution. This study explores the dynamic impacts of green investment, financial institutions & markets on green growth based on a time series data set comprised of four high polluted Asian countries from 1995 to 2019. We found several important short and long-run results from the ARDL bounds testing approach. First, green investment has a positive long-run effect on green growth in China, India, and Russia. Second, financial institutions have positive long-run effects on green growth in China, India, and Japan; but financial markets improve only in China and Russia. The findings also propose that internet users and R&D foster green growth in mostly high polluted Asian countries. Thus, our findings offer some implications for high polluted Asian countries to stimulate green growth in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Government investment in environmental protection (Govin) plays a key role in stimulating private green investment (Prinv) to preserve the ecological environment with economic profits. To examine the effect of Govin on Prinv, this study uses data from 2010 to 2020 on green A-listed companies in China and estimates a dynamic panel model by using both the difference generalized method of moments and system generalized method of moments. The results indicate that Govin has a crowding-in effect on Prinv, and this conclusion is confirmed by several robustness tests. Furthermore, we identify revenues as a potential mechanism variable to explain how Govin affects Prinv. In addition, this study finds regional and enterprise ownership differences in the crowding in effect of Chinese Govin. Finally, based on these outcomes, the study suggests that the government should rationally and dynamically adjust the contents of public environmental investment and optimise its structure to effectively promote the development of green, low-carbon, and circular economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary motive behind this research is to see the role of China's large agriculture sector in promoting or demoting CO2 emissions. Therefore, we applied linear and non-linear ARDL models by collecting data over the period 1971–2019 for China. The results of the linear model suggest that livestock production can help to reduce CO2 emissions both in the short and long run. In the non-linear model, the short-run estimates of livestock production are insignificant, however, in the long run, the positive shock in the livestock production helps to reduce the CO2 emissions and the negative shock is insignificant. On the other side, an increase in crop production deteriorates the environmental quality in the short run in both linear and non-linear models. In long run, the estimate of crop production in the linear model is insignificant and in the non-linear model, the estimated coefficients of both positive and negative shocks in crop production are negative implying that a positive shock reduces the CO2 emissions while the negative shock increases the CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the strategic objectives of China is to increase renewable energy consumption by reducing non-renewable energy consumption. This motivates us to carefully investigate the asymmetric effects of financial deepening on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption for China, using annual data from 1990 to 2019. The results show that in China, a positive shock in bank deposits and broad money has a significant increasing effect on renewable energy consumption, while a negative shock in bank deposits and broad money has also a significant increasing effect on renewable energy consumption in the long-run. Moreover, positive change in bank deposits and broad money has an inverse impact on non-renewable energy consumption, while negative change has stimulating non-renewable energy consumption in long run. Thus, government and policymaker's policies aimed at promoting financial deepening in China must be persistent and sustainable to foster renewable energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year millions of Muslims go to Saudi Arabia to fulfil pilgrimage worship, thus Saudi Arabia is such a religious centre brings with it various consequences. In this context, this paper investigates the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia for the period of 1968–2017. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) and fully-modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) methods are employed in this study. FMOLS results prove that energy consumption, number of pilgrims and oil prices have a positive effect on CO2 emissions and GDP has a negative effect on it, while DOLS results imply that only energy consumption has a positive effect on carbon emissions. In addition, there is unidirectional causality from CO2 to pilgrimage tourism and from pilgrimage tourism to oil, and there is bidirectional causality between pilgrimage tourism and GDP. Therefore, the environmental cost of pilgrimage tourism is inevitable. Reflections of pilgrimage visits to Saudi Arabia as a belief tourism are dealt with for the first time in this paper. In addition, our more specific purpose is to determine the environmental impacts of Muslims performing the pilgrimage, during their religious worship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]