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This article focuses on the standard of living of English workers during the Industrial Revolution in England and Wales. This paper mines an expanding data base and emerges with a far clearer picture of workers' fortunes after 1750. While optimists and pessimists can both draw support from the enterprise, the pessimists' case emerges with the greater need for redirection and repair. This is a rich source for consistent time series on well-defined occupations. Annual earnings are reported there for large numbers of employees in each occupational category', spanning the whole earnings distribution over age, tenure, and skill within a given occupational group. In the latter half of the eighteenth century, farm and non-farm common labourers gained ground 021 higher-paid workers,, the labour aristocracy especially. From 1815 to the middle of the nineteenth century, on the other hand, the gap between higher- and lower-paid workers widened dramatically. Finally, the cost-of-living index should use commodity weights which reflect workers' budgets shares.

This article focuses on the industrial revolution in England. The industrial revolution emerges from recent reconstructions of macroeconomic data as a protracted process of unbalanced growth. Apparently, the relocation, reorganization, and mechanization of industry proceeded slowly from 1660 to 1860 and for more than a century remained confined to a handful of advanced industries, the smelting of iron, transportation, and above all cotton textiles, which alone accounted for about 60 per cent of the growth in total factor productivity achieved by the British industry between 1780 and 1860. The ancient technique of block printing appeared in Europe in the fifteenth century if not long before. The development of the British skills in the finishing of textiles was therefore not the product of trade with India. This first restriction on trade with Asia took place at a time when London merchants trading with the East Indies had incurred not simply the enmity of the woollen and silk industries but also the hostility of the Levant Co. for invading its markets in Persia with exported woollen cloth as well as undercutting its return trade in raw and finished silks. In retrospect British pragmatism appears more productive than Dutch free trade or French-style mercantilism.

The article presents a discussion on the periodical literatures related to the economic and social history of England, published in 1987. There is much writing still on estates and parishes, based on the study of charters or on the painstaking reconstruction of early boundaries from later sources; however, though these pieces of research could have implications for social and economic history, they are not always made explicit. Economist C. Hart is able to show that a Northamptonshire estate was divided into three parts, part of a more general process of estate fragmentation which deserves closer investigation. To find out what was going on inside these estates, one needs more archaeological research of the kind carried out by economist T. Williamson in north-west Essex. He finds that the settlements shifted a good deal between the fourth and the eleventh centuries, and that the land was much less intensely used at the latter date. Urban origins attract much attention. Economist J. Haslam applies a broad brush to the eighth century, which he sees as a period of centralized fortress building and town foundation, directly parallel to developments in Carolingian Europe.

Presents the author's opinions on articles related to the economic and social history of England, which have been published in various periodicals. Information on articles related to the economy and society of late medieval England, which have been published in various periodicals; Views on article related to the economic changes in England in the period 1977-1982; Discussion on the topographical evolution of London from the seventh century to early ninth-century; Views on literature related to the industrial history of England.

The article presents comments on the issue of freedom and marriage in the Medieval England. It also presents information on merchet, a customary payment, and its relation to economic development and social conditions. A woman's dowry is her share in the inheritance of her family. It is the usual female form of pre-mortem inheritance. Like her forisfamiliated brother who is given his share and leaves to make his own way, the dowried girl has no further claim upon the sibling who inherits the family land. There is, of course, abundant evidence of peasant dowries in the thirteenth century, mostly in the form of chattels or coin. For Anglo-Saxon lords too controlled dowries in land and yet the custom seems scarcely to have been known at the manorial level before 1100. But whatever its rate of spread, it was in the Angevin epoch that merchet must have become of crucial value to lords. In 1200, the justices clearly connected peasant marriage with property rights in land, but not with status the holder of a hundred acres, who owed no labour services, who paid rent and reasonable tallage, but who could not marry his daughter until he had paid his lord a fine, was adjudged a free man, but an unfree tenant.

The article discusses about the iron industry of the Wealden counties of Kent, Surrey and Sussex in England. It also presents information on the gunfounding trade and presents details on the decline of the industry in the eighteenth century. The importance of Wealden gunfounding over such a length of time surely makes it as worthy of a serious historical study as the Wealden glass industry, which has recently been the subject of a full-length monograph. A gun made at the beginning of a blast, when the metal is insufficiently molten, is likely to be inferior to one made in the middle of a blast, when the iron is at its best. A discussion of the technical limitation of gunfounding at Heathfield and its financial implications raises the question of the extent to which the management of that gunfoundry was typical of that at other Wealden furnaces. The techniques of Wealden gunfounding that had remained essentially unchanged for centuries were ill suited to match the needs of a country on the verge of an industrial revolution. The Wealden reliance on traditional methods of manufacture contrasted vividly with the dynamic advances in gunfounding quite apart from the use of coke in iron smelting that were taking place in other parts of the country from the mid-eighteenth century.

The article examines the mechanism of the land market in Lincolnshire, England in the eighteenth century. It describes the usual purchasers of land during the eighteenth century and discusses the social composition of the Lincolnshire land market. The factors which contributed to the demand for land in rural areas are identified. The article reports on the work of H.J. Habakkuk, which has illuminated the mechanism of the land market in eighteenth-century England and inspired the revival of interest in the structure of landed society.

In this article, the author explains the acceleration of population growth in England, which occurred during the middle of the 18th century. There have been two traditional explanations of the acceleration in population growth which occurred during the middle of the eighteenth century: the Malthusian view that it was a consequence of the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions through an improved standard of life; that it was the result of various medical innovations independent of these Revolutions. The problem posed by these competing interpretations is central to English economic and social history: did the Industrial and Agricultural Revolutions create their own future labor force and expanding numbers of consumers, or were they themselves children of a Population Revolution which preceded them? Economic historians have attempted to answer this question by estimating population, birth- and death rates at decennial intervals throughout the eighteenth century. The population increased relatively slowly up to 1750, after which it increased rapidly and steadily right through to the end of the nineteenth century.