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Olea europaea subsp . africana (Mill.) P.S. Green (medium-sized tree species known as "African wild olive"), provides important ecological goods and services for sustaining frugivores in the grassland biome in South Africa. We speculate that O. europaea subsp. africana's population has been declining due to habitat loss and exploitation for domestic benefits suggesting an unrecognized conservation threat. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the anthropogenic conservation threats for O. europaea subsp . africana in the Free State, South Africa and to determine the potential importance of seed dispersal effectiveness in the restoration of the species in the study area. Overall, the results showed that 39% of the natural habitat range has been transformed by human-mediated activities. Agricultural activities accounted for 27%, while mining activities and human settlement accounted for 12%, of natural habitat loss. In support of the study predictions, seeds of O. europaea subsp . africana had significantly higher germination and germinated faster after passing through the mammal gut (i.e., 28% and 1.49 per week), compared to other seed treatments (i.e., over 39 weeks). However, there were no statistically significant differences between seed germination of the bird-ingested seeds, with intact fruits as the experimental control, although both were significantly greater than the de-pulped seeds. Potential seed dispersal distances by birds were relatively larger, ranging from 9.4 km to 53 km, than those of mammals (1.5 km-4.5 km). We propose that the O. europaea subsp . africana 's habitat range may have been declining, and since it is a keystone plant species, we recommend that the complementary seed dispersal services by birds and mammals could be important for its recruitment and restoration in the degraded habitat., Competing Interests: The authors declare that no conflict of interest exists., (© 2023 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)