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This study investigates the potential of moss species for extensive green roofs to achieve very shallow substrate, low maintenance and low cost green roofs. The performance of four moss species (Didymodon constrictus, Eurhynchium hians , Polytrichum commune and Racomitrium japonicum) were assessed using three kinds of substrate: (a) a mixture of clay soil and compost, b) baked black soil and c) river sand for two years in Chiba, within the Tokyo region of Japan. The individual species were grown in monoculture in 4 cm depth of substrate in trays on a rooftop without supplemental irrigation using an onsite propagation method. Although all four species became dormant in conditions of high temperature and little rain, it was possible for all to establish and survive. R. japonicum showed the greatest coverage among the four species, reaching 70%–80% cover in the first four months. P. commune performed almost as well but took over a year to reach consistently high coverage. E. hians coverage fluctuated greatly in response to drought events. D. constrictus had low coverage overall but grew slightly more in the clay/compost soil; P. commune did poorly in sand substrate; R. japonicum and E. hians showed no consistent differences in how they were affected by substrate type. After two years only R. japonicum and P. commune had high enough coverage to consider further investigation. R. japonicum is already used in green roofing and wall applications. This study suggests that while some mosses show high performance across substrate types, others can be used on green roofs to achieve high cover, but only after determining a suitable substrate type. These results can inform moss species selection for green roofs in Japan, however, this methodology can be applied in other regions to establish moss green roofs. An onsite propagation method can be used to establish moss green roofs but further research is needed to identify means of increasing onsite growth rates for more species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]