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This paper introduces a unique multiyear dataset and the monitoring capability of the PANDA automatic weather station network which includes eleven automatic weather stations (AWS) across Prydz Bay-Amery Ice Shelf-dome area from the coast to the summit of the East Antarctica ice sheet. The ~1460 km transect from Zhongshan to Panda S station follows roughly along ~77° E longitude and covers all geographic and climatic units of East Antarctica. Initial inland observation, near the coast, started in the 1996/1997 austral summer. All AWSs in this network measure air temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, wind speed and wind direction at 1-hour intervals, and some of them can also measure firn temperature and shortwave/longwave radiation. Data are relayed in near real-time via the ARGOS system. Data quality is generally very reliable and the data have been used widely. In this paper, we firstly present a detailed overview of the AWSs, including the sensor characteristics, installation procedure, data quality control protocol, and the basic analysis of each variable. We then give an example of a short-term atmospheric event that shows the monitoring capacity of the network. This dataset, which is publicly available, is planned to be updated on a near-real time and should be valuable for climate change estimation, extreme weather events diagnosis, data assimilation, weather forecasting, etc. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.11888/Atmos.tpdc.272721 (Ding et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiogenic isotope compositions of strontium (Sr) and neodymium (Nd) on the surface of the Earth are powerful tools for tracing dust sources and sinks on Earth's surface. To differentiate between the spatial variabilities of aeolian dust sources in key cryospheric regions at the three poles (including the 'Third Pole' covering the high mountainous area in Asia, the Arctic and Antarctica), a dataset of the Sr-Nd isotopic compositions from the terrestrial extremely cold or arid environments in this study was compiled, similar to the method of Blanchet (2019). The database identified snow, ice, sand, soil (loess) and sediment from the modern dust samples and paleoclimatic records of the three poles based on 43 different references, with a total of 967 data points. There are 274 data points from the third pole, 302 data points from the Arctic, and 391 data points from Antarctica. The sampling and measurement methods and the quality of these data are recognized and introduced. For each pole, geographical coordinates and other information are provided. The main scientific purpose of this dataset is to provide our own measurements and collect documentation for the Sr-Nd dataset, which will be useful for determining the sources and transport pathways of dust at the three poles and to investigate whether multiple dust sources are present at each of the poles. This dataset provides exhaustive detailed documentation of the isotopic signatures at the three poles during specific time intervals, which are useful for understanding the dust sources or sinks of the three poles. The datasets are available from the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (https://doi.org/10.11888/Cryos.tpdc.272100, Du et al., 2022). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive compilation of observed records is needed for accurate quantification of surface mass balance (SMB) over Antarctica, which is a key challenge for calculation of Antarctic contribution to global sea level change. Here, we present the AntSMB dataset: a new quality-controlled dataset of a variety of published field measurements of the Antarctic Ice Sheet SMB by means of stakes, snow pits, ice cores, ultrasonic sounders and ground-penetrating radars. The dataset collects 268913 individual multi-year averaged observations, 687 annual resolved time series from 675 sites extending back the past 1000 years, and 78968 records at daily resolution from 32 sites across the whole ice sheet. These records are derived from ice core, snow pits, stakes/stake farms, ultrasonic sounders and ground-penetrating radar measurements. This is the first ice-sheet-scale compilation of SMB records at different temporal (daily, annual and multiyear) resolutions from multiple types of measurements, which is available at: https://doi.org/10.11888/Glacio.tpdc.271148 (Wang et al., 2021). The database has potentially wide applications such as the investigation of temporal and spatial variability in SMB, model validation, assessment of remote sensing retrievals and data assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dome A, the summit of the east Antarctic Ice Sheet, is an area challenging to access and is one of the harshest environments on Earth. Up until recently, long term automated observations from Dome A were only possible with very low power instruments such as a basic meteorological station. To evaluate the characteristics of near-surface O3, continuous observations were carried out in 2016. Together with observations at the Amundsen-Scott Station (South Pole - SP) and Zhongshan Station (ZS, on the southeast coast of Prydz Bay), the seasonal and diurnal O3 variabilities were investigated. The results showed different patterns between coastal and inland Antarctic areas that were characterized by high concentrations in cold seasons and at night. The annual mean values at the three stations (DA, SP and ZS) were 29.2 ± 7.5 ppb, 29.9 ± 5.0 ppb and 24.1 ± 5.8 ppb, respectively. We investigated the effect of specific atmospheric processes on near-surface summer O3 variability, when O3 enhancement events (OEEs) are systematically observed at DA (average monthly frequency peaking up to 64.5 % in December). As deduced by a statistical selection methodology, these O3 enhancement events (OEEs) are affected by a significant interannual variability, both in their average O3 values and in their frequency. To explain part of this variability, we analyzed the OEEs as a function of specific atmospheric processes: (i) the role of synoptic-scale air mass transport over the Antarctic Plateau was explored using the Lagrangian back-trajectory analysis - Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) method and (ii) the occurrence of "deep" stratospheric intrusion events was investigated using the Lagrangian tool STEFLUX. The specific atmospheric processes, including synoptic-scale air mass transport, were analysed by the HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis and the potential source contribution function (PSCF) model. Short-range transport accounted for the O3 enhancement events (OEEs) during summer at DA, rather than efficient local production, which is consistent with previous studies of inland Antarctica. Moreover, the identification of recent (i.e., 4-day old) stratospheric intrusions events by STEFLUX suggested that "deep" events only had a minor influence (up to 1.1 % of the period, in August) on "deep" events during the variability of near-surface summer O3 at DA. The "deep" events during the polar night were significantly higher than those during the polar day. This work provides unique information on ozone variation at DA and expands our knowledge of such events in Antarctica. Data are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3923517 (Ding et al., 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]