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• Integrated geochemistry and sedimentology for new paleoenvironmental insights. • Redox and organic matter source change before and during OAE-2 in the Eagle Ford. • Global relationship between organic sulfurization and preservation for OAE-2 sites. • Euxinia allowed organic enrichment to co-occur with sediment transport. • Organic-rich mudstones can form in dynamic environments. Organic and inorganic geochemistry was integrated with sedimentology from the Eagle Ford Group in the U.S. Geological Survey Gulf Coast-3 drill core to investigate why organic matter enrichment and anoxia predate the Cenomanian–Turonian oceanic anoxic event (OAE-2) at the southern Western Interior Seaway (WIS). The relationship between the degree of organic matter sulfurization and preservation in the southern WIS is comparable to OAE-2 sites outside of the WIS, but enhanced organic matter sulfurization and preservation predated OAE-2, distinguishing the southern WIS from other OAE-2 localities. Persistent euxinia and organic matter sulfurization before and during the mid-Cenomanian event (MCE) facilitated maximum organic matter enrichment and preservation to coincide with extensive lateral sediment transport. The new perspective detailed here reconciles geochemical evidence of depositional euxinia with sedimentological evidence of sediment transport, which informs how organic-rich mudstones form in dynamic environments. After the MCE but before OAE-2, reducing conditions weakened as relative sea-level continued to rise, resulting in an oxygen-depleted environment that was prone to transient euxinia. The extent of organic matter sulfurization, preservation, and enrichment declined as euxinia became intermittent. As maximum sea-level was established during OAE-2, boreal water masses flowed into the southern WIS and unrestricted, oxygenated marine conditions developed, which resulted in degradation of marine organic matter and less organic enrichment. The highest relative contribution of marine bacterial organic matter occurred during the persistently euxinic interval before and during the MCE. The relative input of algal organic matter increased as the depositional conditions became less reducing after the MCE but before OAE-2. Prasinophyte green algae contributed to the consistent dominance of C 28 steranes preceding OAE-2, which is becoming a widely observed feature across the southern and central WIS. A sharp drop in the C 28 sterane relative abundance reflects a decline in the abundance of prasinophytes as oxic depositional conditions developed during OAE-2. Relative abundances of 2-methylhopanes increased during OAE-2, which is a common signature of OAEs, suggesting a modified nitrogen cycle in the offshore southern WIS despite oxic depositional conditions during OAE-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sand sources for San Francisco bay changed during holocene transgression. • The San Francisco estuary is likely an importer of sand from the pacific coast. • Pacific coast is cut-off from central valley fluvial sources in modern conditions. • Most sand in San Francisco bay is likely relic from low stand fluvial transport. • Transgressive sand sourcing reversals may be abrupt in large structural estuaries. Coastal sand supply is a critical component of shoreline stability in the face of modern threats to coastal zones such as sea level rise or anthropogenic sediment extraction. Understanding the natural and anthropogenically perturbed dynamics of coastal systems has become a pressing challenge for coastal communities, such as the San Francisco Bay area in the United Sates, a large structurally controlled estuary system where stakeholders seek to balance the extraction of coastal sand resources for economic use and ensure sufficient sand supply for sustaining natural coastal environments. Developing accurate and comprehensive models of sand inputs and transport pathways in different types of coastal systems is imperative to balancing these competing needs. While estuarine sediment transport has been well-studied in many systems globally, structurally controlled estuaries in tectonically active settings have received relatively less attention. The prevailing hypothesis for sediment transport through San Francisco Bay describes active input and transport of sand from a large integrated regional catchment, through multiple subembayments, and out to Pacific coast beaches; a model contrary to prevailing understanding of highstand estuarine sediment transport in most settings. We test this model by applying comprehensive sand provenance analysis to surface and near-surface sand deposits in and around San Francisco Bay coupled with sand residence time data from optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. New provenance results include sand petrography modal abundances, bulk geochemistry, and U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology from 27 Holocene samples throughout the San Francisco Bay region. Collectively, these new results highlight marked sediment provenance and residence time differences between San Francisco Bay structural subembayments. In particular, distinct compositional differences and OSL ages exist between sand in the bayhead region of the estuary (OSL ages ca. 4 ka; Sacramento River/local provenance) and sand from the more distal bay regions and the Pacific coast (OSL ages ca. 1 ka; integrated Sierra Nevada provenance). These provenance differences better support a revised sand input and transport model with disconnected depocenters across three structurally restricted subembayments from bayhead to the Pacific coast. New data suggest that at present the bayhead region receives limited supply from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta drainage with subsidiary supply from local circum-bay drainages. Sand deposited in the region from the Pacific coast through the inlet (Golden Gate) and into the estuary consists of a combination of tidal winnowing and reworking of "relic" sand from lowstand periods combined with sand eroded from Pacific coast sea cliffs, and sand supply from local Coast Range drainages. These results suggest that sand is likely not transported directly to the Pacific coast from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta under modern conditions. Moreover, it is likely that structural constrictions between the main estuary and outer coast and between estuary subembayments cause abrupt cessation of sediment input from the main regional drainage during marine flooding, a feature likely common to large structurally controlled estuaries globally. This revised model for San Francisco Bay sand transport illustrates the need for research targeted at interpreting natural sand transport pathways in coastal systems where coarse sediment supply is a sustainability concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Contour currents with different physical natures observed over a drift-moat system • High SSC on the drift due to long-range sediment transport by contour currents • High SSC in the moat due to moat wall erosion by tidal-induced secondary flows • Formation of drifts forced by upslope sediment transport of tidal currents Contourite drifts are ubiquitous sedimentary features in the world′s oceans, and their formation are usually ascribed to sedimentation from contour currents. However, in-situ observations of contour currents and their associated sedimentary processes were inadequate. Here, we present mooring observation results from a drift-moat contourite system in the South China Sea to gain insight into its sediment dynamics and formation mechanism. We found that quasi-persistent contour currents develop in the moat, on and below the drift, yet subject to diverse physical oceanographic processes. High suspended sediment concentrations observed on the drift mainly occur in winter, induced by high levels of sediments transported by contour currents from Taiwan. In the moat, however, high suspended sediment concentrations are mostly caused by erosion of the moat wall during periods of strong tidal currents and low shear variance. Such results underscore the complexity of current patterns and sedimentary processes across various topographic units in the drift-moat contourite system. A novel formation mechanism of the contourite drift is thereby proposed, wherein sediment transport by contour currents brings materials for constructing the drift, while its formation is driven by near-critical reflection and upslope transport of sediments by tidal currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Overlapping crater populations constrain the total era of martian valley formation. • Martian valleys may have formed intermittently over hundreds of millions of years. • Long-term erosion rates would have been similar to the modern Atacama Desert. A number of studies have constrained the cessation of martian valley network activity to around the Noachian-Hesperian boundary, but the total time period over which these features formed remains poorly constrained. Most attempts to ascertain valley network formative timescales rely on an intermittency factor that varies widely for terrestrial rivers and is unknown for Mars. In this contribution, superposition relationships are used to identify crater populations that pre- and postdate valley network incision, resulting in maximum cumulative valley formation times of ∼108 years. These timescales correspond with long-term erosion rates of ∼0.25 m/Myr, similar to those calculated for the Middle to Late Noachian as well as the central Atacama Desert since the Late Miocene. Assuming sediment transport rates previously calculated for other martian valley networks, this implies a minimum fluvial intermittency of ∼10−5, several orders of magnitude lower than modern day Earth rivers but similar to values independently calculated for some martian fluvial deposits. This low intermittency suggests that martian valley incision may have been significantly hindered by erosion into existing bedrock or by boulder armoring of the valley floor. Alternatively, unlike river valleys on Earth, runoff events driving martian valley network activity may have been non-seasonal, Milankovitch-like cycles, with long eras of quiescence between periods of intensified fluvial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• (234U/238U) were analyzed for the Changjiang estuary sediments. • Catchment erosion was revealed by sediment comminution age. • Climate changes play a leading role in catchment erosion. • Human activities changed the natural erosion processes since the late Holocene. Catchment erosion not only plays an important role on landscape evolution, but also determines the exposure of rock debris in the regolith profile, and therefore impacts the chemical weathering and associated CO 2 absorption and ultimately global climate. But climate also modulates erosion and complex interaction loops, especially at large scale can hamper a clear understanding of these processes. Here we mainly use Uranium-series Comminution Age (t com) of core sediments from Changjiang estuary to reconstruct the catchment erosion, and the relationship with climate changes and human activities during the last 14 kyrs. Since 14 ka, the sea level has been rising continuously until current highstand system tract in the East China Sea where the Changjiang estuary is located. The sediments in the Changjiang estuary mainly come from the upper reaches erosion zone during this period, but the sediment supply from the middle and lower reaches has gradually increased since the Late Holocene. The period can be divided into two modes. The first mode happens from the Bølling-Allerød period to the Mid-Holocene when the sea level rose rapidly, and the t com of sediment recorded the residence time in the upper reaches erosion zone, with a periodic pattern of t com in a good agreement with climate changes. During the cold and dry periods, the longer t com (average 460 kyrs) is consistent with less precipitation resulting in shallower erosion with transported material mainly coming from the soil with longer residence time. In contrast, during the warm and wet periods, the t com is shorter (average 290 kyrs), with the more abundant precipitations that contribute to deeper erosion in the upper catchment, and more fresh material transported to the estuary through stronger hydrodynamic forces. The second mode is more chaotic and corresponds to 0 to 4 ka, when climate was warm and humid and stable sea level, but t com fluctuated from 200 kyrs to 650 kyrs. The increasing river flooding caused by abundant precipitation leads to lateral migration of the river channel in the middle and lower reaches, and the sediments deposited in the floodplain were eroded and mobilized again. In addition, the rapid development of human activities since 2 ka has accelerated deforestation and agricultural cultivation, leading to localized erosion of the floodplain. These remobilized sediments were transported to the estuary and deposited, resulting in a larger t com value. This study overall indicates that, in the millennial scale, the t com of fine detrital fraction shows a sensitive and quick response to catchment erosion, and provides new insights into quantifying the time scale of sediment source to sink processes and inferring the paleoenvironment accurately climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluvial sediment fingerprinting employs various methods, directly link sink and source. However, the identification and quantification of the transformation that sediments experience during fluvial transport remain unclear. The luminescence properties of quartz and K-feldspar change during the burial/exposure to sunlight cycles undergone by fluvial sediments, potentially allow scientists to trace fluvial sediment transport. Here, we report on changes in luminescence properties in active river bars from source to sink along the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River system. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivities and residual doses of quartz and K-feldspar within the fluvial sediments are used for the fingerprint method. Source rock is identified as the primary determinant of regional variations in quartz OSL sensitivities within fluvial sediments along the Yarlung Tsangpo River, while transportation distance governs local changes. Samples from narrower river channels with higher normalized channel steepnesses (Ksn) along the Yarlung Tsangpo River exhibit higher residual doses. Furthermore, the Brahmaputra River exhibits higher residual dose values compared to the Old Brahmaputra River. The sediments' residual doses are therefore employed to fingerprint fluvial erosion ability. Our luminescence fingerprint results indicate that coarse-grained fractions experience a "dilution" effect due to the input of new sediments after traveling approximately 50-200 km along the Yarlung Tsangpo River and about 50-100 km along the Brahmaputra-Old Brahmaputra River course. The comparison of luminescence (quartz and feldspar) and detrital zircon fingerprinting within the fluvial sediment holds the potential to trace weathering and erosion cycles during transportation in large river contexts. • Luminescence fingerprints fluvial sediment transport along the Yarlung Tsangpo River. • Source rock determine regional variations in quartz sensitivities. • Transportation distance governs local changes in quartz sensitivities. • The residual doses are employed to fingerprint fluvial erosion capabilities. • Coarse-grained fractions would likely be "diluted" by the input of local sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediment burial can lead to significant lag times during sediment transport and is an important component of the sediment cycle. The Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) is a large sediment conveyer belt and understanding sediment lag times on various time scales is important for short- and long-term sediment transport and denudation-rate estimations. In this study, we have quantified the transport lag time in terms of burial duration with 14 different alluvial drill cores from 4 major Himalayan river basins, including the Ghaggar, Paleo-Yamuna, Ganges, and Kosi rivers. We rely on 56 samples using the paired cosmogenic radionuclides, 26Al and 10Be. The coring locations of paleo-Yamuna and Kosi, along with one of the Ghaggar cores are within ∼100 km from the mountain front, while the Ganges cores are ∼350 km away. The coring locations cover an E-W distance of ∼1200 km on the IGP and the depositional ages range from ∼120 kyr BP to the present day based on previous age estimations. Out of 56 samples, 39 samples show a burial signal ranging from 0.61±0.33 Myr to 3.75±1.9 Myr, with outlier values as large as ∼6 Myr. We show that the Kosi samples due to their proximity to the mountain front show no burial or a lower mean burial duration of ∼1.01 Myr, compared to the samples from the coring locations well within the IGP, such as the Ghaggar (∼2.48 Myr) and the Ganges (∼2.36 Myr). However, despite its proximity to the mountain front, the paleo-Yamuna samples have a mean burial duration of ∼2.20 Myr. Along with the floodplains and megafan surface of the IGP, we identify two potential major sediment-lag sources in the Himalayan catchment: The high and low elevation broad valleys and the Siwaliks. Increased storage spaces in the valleys north of the main Himalayan crest, including drainage-captured catchments are likely to provide long burial durations such as in the case of the Kosi and Ghaggar basins. The upper and middle Siwaliks with burial duration in the range of up to ∼6 Myr constitute a second source. We attribute the no-burial signals of 7 samples of the Kosi basin to rapid sediment generation and transportation, driven by dynamic hillslope erosion and fluvial dynamics. Importantly, our data suggest that even samples close to the mountain front exhibit million years of burial duration. These findings suggest that denudation rates derived from modern river sands or in paleo settings will need to account for burial duration and associated processes. • Million years of lag time observed in multi-millennial scale sediment transport. • 39 out of 56 alluvial drill core samples show burial signal from ∼0.6 Myr to ∼6 Myr. • High and low elevation Himalayan valleys, Siwaliks and megafan act as burial space. • Sediment burial and reworking are facilitated with climatic oscillation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on factors affecting sediment regime in glacierized catchments under warming climates is still scarce despite its societal relevance. In particular, coarse bedload transport has never been quantitatively related to water runoff origin (snowmelt vs glacier melt), which provides important information on the role of different sediment sources (glaciers vs hillslopes and channel bed). Drawing on data from multiple spatial and temporal scales in a paradigmatic Alpine glacierized catchment, we show that glacier melt flows play a key role in coarse sediment transport dynamics. Bedload concentration measured during glacier melt flows is up to 6 orders of magnitude larger than during snowmelt. At the catchment scale and within the channel, however, minimal aggradation and degradation was detected over almost a decade. In addition, sedimentation rates at a hydropower weir, inferred from flushing frequency during the last four decades, are tightly associated to summer air temperature and not to precipitation trends, and most of sediment export occurred in July-August. However, sediment flushing frequency has been decreasing since the late 1990s despite very warm summers in the following decades. Collectively, these findings indicate that sediment is dominantly sourced from within glacier-covered areas and that transport rates are thus dictated by seasonal and multi-annual glacial dynamics. As glacier melt flows decrease due to ice mass loss, our results suggest that, for similar basins, a progressive shift from supply-limited (driven by glacier activity) to transport-limited (during rainfall-induced events) sediment transport will occur, disrupting the current near-equilibrium channel conditions. • Hydrograph separation coupled to bedload measurements in a glacierized catchment. • Bedload during glacier melt up to 6 orders of magnitude larger than during snowmelt. • Decadal channel bed equilibrium despite large bedload yields from glaciers. • Sediment export statistically related to summer air temperatures and not to precipitation. • Sediment export peaked in late 1990s despite rising temperatures in 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sedimentary provenance studies have come to be overwhelmingly based upon U–Pb geochronologic measurements performed with detrital zircon while alternative and potentially complementary approaches such as conglomerate clast studies and heavy mineral analysis have faded in importance. Measurement of Pb isotopic compositions in detrital K-feldspar is among the under-utilized approaches available to ascertain sedimentary source regions. While it has been long recognized that common Pb isotope compositions recorded by K-feldspar vary widely and reflect the crustal provinces from which the host basement rocks crystallized, use of the approach has suffered due to a lack of appropriate statistical models and ground truth compositional data from source regions. In this paper, we: (1) present high-throughput LA-ICPMS analysis protocols needed to generate statistically meaningful detrital K-feldspar Pb isotope data sets; (2) develop an interpretative approach based upon 208Pb/206Pb vs. 207Pb/206Pb that incorporate information from the U- and Th-decay systems into one two-dimensional plot that is amenable to analysis using two-dimensional Kolmogorov–Smirnoff statistical tests; (3) generate new Pb isotopic data from basement rocks from southwestern North America to improve knowledge of the Pb isotopic properties of potential source regions; and (4) generate new Pb isotopic data from Lower Eocene to Lower Miocene sedimentary rocks to evaluate changes in drainage patterns that occurred in response to deformation that affected the southern California margin. Through this case study, we demonstrate how our new analytical and interpretative methods could be profitably applied to future geochemical and provenance studies and tectonically driven re-organization of drainage patterns. Highlights • Detrital K-feldspar is an under-utilized resource for provenance studies. • K-feldspar Pb isotopes vary sufficiently to be used as a provenance indicator. • LA-ICPMS can generate large datasets of Pb isotope data for provenance studies. • Detrital K-feldspar Pb isotope composition constrains source provenance. • 2D-KS tests can quantitatively compare detrital datasets and determine source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Erosion rates in the MTJ region vary from 0.21 to 0.69 mm/yr. • Erosion rates are higher in drainage basins close to the MTJ. • Erosion rates are similar to uplift rates inferred for the past 96–305 ka. • Erosion rates are lower than uplift rates inferred for the past ∼72 ka. • The MTJ region landscape shows a transient response to an increase in uplift rates. Abstract The Mendocino Triple Junction (MTJ) region in northern California is an archetype for studying landscape response to varying rock uplift rates as they increase toward the triple junction. Underpinning these studies lies the assumption that this landscape has reached a dynamic equilibrium in which rock uplift and erosion rates are equal; however, no study has shown that such an equilibrium actually exists around the MTJ region. Here, we report 10Be- and 26Al-derived erosion rates calculated from isotope concentrations in detrital, fluvial sediment from coastal drainage basins; we then compare these rates with uplift rates inferred from marine terraces that were formed and preserved by uplift during the last ∼305 ka. Erosion rates in the more slowly uplifting southern part of the region range from 0.21–0.32 mm/yr and are consistent with rock uplift rates since 305 ka. However, in the northern transition zone, where uplift rates apparently started to increase about ∼100 ka due to northward migration of the MTJ, erosion rates are higher, 0.43 to 0.69 mm/yr. These rates are similar to uplift rates from 96–305 ka, but substantially less than recent uplift rates of ∼3.5–4 mm/yr inferred for the past ∼72 ka. In the central part of the King Range, finite erosion rates cannot be determined due to (i) the presence of excess 10Be that does not appear to have originated from in-situ cosmic-ray production during erosion and transport of the sediment, and (ii) 26Al concentrations below detection limits. The difference between catchment-wide erosion and recent uplift rates in coastal catchments may be related to a lag in response of hillslopes and tributaries to changes in rates of tectonically-driven relative base-level fall or the uncertainties in rock uplift rates inferred from marine terraces. This study suggests that measurements of both erosion and uplift rates are crucial in assessing the equilibrium state of landscapes and in understanding the topographic features made by surface and tectonic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Careful study of the processes transporting sediment across Earth's surface is critical for robust interpretation of the sedimentary record. Here we consider the specific influence of cyclic glaciation on the export of sediment from mountain landscapes to ocean basins. Using detrital apatite fission-track tracer thermochronology, we present new observations of sediment provenance from six large river systems draining the eastern flank of the Southern Alps, New Zealand. Detrital cooling ages in all six rivers reflect erosion of partially-reset and fully-unreset bedrock exposed in lower catchment areas and indicate that sediment is not currently contributed in proportion to long-term ( > 10 6 yr ) erosion patterns. Instead, detrital cooling ages are better explained by either localized erosion along the eastern mountain front or intermontane sediment storage. Of these two alternatives, only intermontane sediment storage is further consistent with suspended sediment flux measurements in eastern rivers. Our observations are consistent with prior interpretations of Holocene sediment retention, and contrast with tracer thermochronology from continental margin deposits indicating sediment was rapidly exported to the continental shelf during the late Pleistocene. Collectively, this evidence argues for a reactive sediment routing system east of the main drainage divide that responds to cyclic glaciation by retaining sediment onshore following deglaciation and evacuating sediment reservoirs offshore during the subsequent glacial advance. Our research demonstrates the importance of intermontane sediment storage on the transmission of high-frequency ( ∼ 10 4 – 5 yr ) climate signals to offshore sedimentary archives while highlighting a novel approach to detailing sediment provenance in tectonically active mountain ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dunes provide unique information about wind regimes on planetary bodies where there is no direct meteorological data. At the eastern margin of Olympia Undae on Mars, dune orientation is measured from satellite imagery and sediment cover is estimated using the high contrast between the dune material and substrate. The analysis of these data provide the first quantification of relationship between sediment availability and dune orientation. Abrupt and smooth dune reorientations are associated with inward and outward dynamics of dunes approaching and ejecting from major sedimentary bodies, respectively. These reorientation patterns along sediment transport pathways are interpreted using a new generation dune model based on the coexistence of two dune growth mechanisms. This model also permits solving of the inverse problem of predicting the wind regime from dune orientation. For bidirectional wind regimes, solutions of this inverse problem show substantial differences in the distributions of sediment flux orientation, which can be attributed to atmospheric flow variations induced by changes in albedo at the boundaries of major dune fields. Then, we conclude that relationships between sediment cover and dune orientation can be used to constrain wind regime and dune field development on Mars and other planetary surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying the timescale of sedimentary processes in river basins, such as erosion, transport and deposition, and their relationships with geomorphic parameters is important in the context of ongoing climate change. In this study, we combine uranium activity ratios (234U/238U) for fine-grained (<63 μm) fluvial sediments from the Var River basin (Southern French Alps) and inferred sediment residence times, to catchment-scale spatial analysis of geomorphic parameters with the aim to investigate the factors that influence the timescale of hillslope storage and alluvial transport. Our results show that the U isotope composition of sediments and inferred sediment residence time are mostly controlled by geomorphic parameters such as catchment elevation, slope and curvature, rather than catchment lithology. We show that sediment residence times are shorter in steep, high elevation terranes, but markedly increase wherever catchment-averaged slopes <30°, reflecting the transition from bedrock-dominated to soil-covered landscapes. Independent estimates of sediment residence times using spatial data for soil thickness and 10Be-derived denudation rates show good agreement with those calculated from U isotopes. This observation validates the suitability of U isotopes to quantify sediment residence times in river catchments and for investigating how geomorphic processes control the duration of hillslope storage and fluvial transport. Furthermore, these results show that the application of U isotopes to sedimentary deposits provides robust information on the relationship between climate variability and catchment erosion, allowing us to assess the role of intrinsic vs extrinsic controls on sediment routing at the millennial timescale. • Uranium isotopes were measured in sediments of the Var River basin (France). • Catchment elevation and slope are main controls on U isotopes, not lithology. • Elevation and slope also control sediment residence times derived from U isotopes. • Independent estimates of sediment residence times show agreement with U isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern climate in the Andes is characterized by strong N–S decreasing trends in precipitation rates. Here we use stratigraphic records to show that this pattern has been established since as early as 12–11 Ma, at least on the western Andean margin of Northern Chile. The stratigraphic architecture on the western Andean margin documents a transition between 19°–20°S latitude where matrix-supported debris flow deposits shift to fluvial conglomerates between 12–11 Ma. The deposition of fluvial sediments has been maintained to the present north of 19°–20°S, while the occurrence of post 11 Ma aeolian sand, matrix-supported breccias with conglomerate interbeds south of these latitudes implies ongoing sedimentation with less water and thus under drier conditions. We relate these changes to the tectonic development of the Andes. Existing palaeoclimate models suggest that an elevated plateau deflects the Andean jet towards the south, thereby focusing moisture from the equatorial Atlantic to the northeastern flanks of the Altiplano. In addition, the formation of the eastern Andean foothills most likely intercepted moisture transport, and shifted it farther to the east, thereby keeping the western Andean margin dry south of 19°–20°S latitudes. The sedimentological data support a strong linkage between orographic precipitation and stratigraphy whereby central Andean deformation controls the distribution of available moisture on the western flank through a combination of orographic precipitation and deflection of air masses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to date, most in-situ studies and observations of turbidity currents were conducted in submarine canyons that are either, large, shelf incising or adjacent to big perennial rivers, or a combination of these features. Little if any observations have been made in the numerous, small submarine canyons (<20 km) that are confined to the continental slope and located far offshore smaller and often ephemeral streams, which are far more common globally. In this study, measurements were collected from October 2019 until June 2020 in Bat-Galim Canyon, a small (5 km long) submarine canyon located offshore Haifa, Israel, in the Eastern Levantine Basin (southeastern Mediterranean) where only minor, ephemeral streams reach the sea. This was performed using two similar mooring stations, positioned at depths of 350 and 710-meter along the canyon, which carried an array of measuring instruments, set between 2 and 50 meters above the canyon thalweg. Our data shows that the small Bat-Galim canyon is an active conduit for significant sediment transport to the deep-sea, much of it via turbidity currents that flow down the canyon during winter storms. The characteristic values of the turbidity currents in the Bat-Galim canyon were similar to those reported in much bigger submarine canyons. In addition, we observed temperature inversions during these events, wherein the sediment-laden warm surface water plunged and flowed underneath the colder, and otherwise denser, canyon water. This temperature inversion may lead to sediment lofting and upward convection through the water column for hundreds of meters, once sediment settling relieves the warm water of some of its ballast. These unique findings highlight the need to investigate the importance of small submarine canyons on continental slopes worldwide as water and sediment conduits to the deep-sea, even in dryer regions, and the impact of temperature inversions by turbidity currents on various water column processes. • First time-series measurements within a submarine canyon in the Levantine Basin. • Turbidity currents observed in the small (5km long) and confined to the slope canyon. • Similar traits of turbidity currents and sediment transport in this and much larger, shelf-incising canyons. • These winter events caused temperature inversions in the water column. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timing of surface uplift across the Appalachian Mountains, Eastern USA, remains a controversial topic. Thermal history modelling, geomorphological analysis, stratigraphic analysis, and river profile analysis have all suggested the region experienced surface uplift during the late Cenozoic. This is in contrast with many low-temperature thermochronology studies, which consistently present Mesozoic dates and typically infer the landscape to be the remnant of a much older mountain belt that has been slowly exhumed following the end of rifting in the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic. Resolving a regional exhumation history of the Appalachians through traditional low-temperature thermochronology methods is difficult due to the spatial constraints of bedrock sampling, while traditional detrital river sampling has limitations underpinned by analytical issues and grain selection bias. We aim to resolve the exhumation histories of large areas across the Appalachians using detrital laser ablation apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He dating (LA-AHe). LA-AHe is a new dating approach that produces a high number of apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He ages from modern river sands to infer the low-temperature (70–40 °C) exhumation history of the bedrock across a catchment. Supplementary apatite and zircon U-Pb dates were obtained to study sediment transport in each catchment and their respective bedrock geological histories. LA-AHe results show most dates to be Cretaceous (69%), with only a small Cenozoic fraction (6%), while thermo-kinematic modelling of data from four catchments can be explained by protracted Mesozoic-Cenozoic exhumation with rates ∼31–20 m/Myr. The lack of Cenozoic dates does imply the magnitude of exhumation has not been significant enough to greatly affect the apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He system, though models incorporating enhanced late Cenozoic exhumation between 2.1–1.4 km are consistent with data from three catchments. These results have implications for the study of elevated topography across passive margins and ancient orogens and highlight how laser ablation apatite (U-Th-Sm)/He dating can be effectively used to study the change of landscapes over geological timescales. • Appalachians are the result of protracted exhumation over last 200 Myrs (∼20 m/Myr). • Detrital LA-AHe and U-Pb dating reveals exhumation and sediment transport patterns. • LA-AHe analysis includes Cl wt% and zonation data, important for thermochronology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers and turbidity currents are the two most important sediment transport processes by volume on Earth. Various hypotheses have been proposed for triggering of turbidity currents offshore from river mouths, including direct plunging of river discharge, delta mouth bar flushing or slope failure caused by low tides and gas expansion, earthquakes and rapid sedimentation. During 2011, 106 turbidity currents were monitored at Squamish Delta, British Columbia. This enables statistical analysis of timing, frequency and triggers. The largest peaks in river discharge did not create hyperpycnal flows. Instead, delayed delta-lip failures occurred 8–11 h after flood peaks, due to cumulative delta top sedimentation and tidally-induced pore pressure changes. Elevated river discharge is thus a significant control on the timing and rate of turbidity currents but not directly due to plunging river water. Elevated river discharge and focusing of river discharge at low tides cause increased sediment transport across the delta-lip, which is the most significant of all controls on flow timing in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deepwater currents and related suspended sediment concentration were obtained by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) mooring system in the northern South China Sea from September 2011 to May 2013 to characterize the occurrence of contour currents and to evaluate their sediment transport capacity. Magnitude of the current velocity generally varied in the range of 0–2 cm/s, with a dominant flow direction of ∼250° (southwestward). The observed contour current, defined as the along-slope component of the deepwater currents, has a tunnel-like vertical structure with the largest velocity occurring in the middle of the “tunnel” and decreasing outwards. Both the magnitude and the depth range of the maximum velocity display evident inter-seasonal variations, with the strongest velocity in summer and the weakest in spring, while the thickness of the contour currents was the highest in winter and the lowest in spring. We also found that passing-through of the deep-reaching mesoscale eddies significantly affected the magnitude and direction of the contour currents. The suspended sediment concentration (SSC) estimated from echo intensities of the ADCP is the highest at the near-bottom (>400 μg/L) and decreases upwards to <10 μg/L at water depth shallower than 1750 m. High SSC is mostly observed during periods of low magnitude of the contour currents, suggesting resuspension of sediment from the seafloor is not the major controlling factor of these high-SSC events. Our observation also suggests that the major role that contour currents play is to transport sediment from the sources through keeping sediment suspended above the lower continental slope of the South China Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of topography as a dynamic boundary condition that limits the efficiency of fluvial erosion in the post-glacial Teton Range landscape. The volume of sediment currently stored in two major catchments was estimated using high-resolution LiDAR and geometric reconstructions of depth to bedrock. Seismic reflection data in Moran Bay reveals post-glacial sediment preserved behind a submerged moraine, which isolates the bay from the larger Jackson Lake depocenter. The volume of post-glacial sediment stored in the canyons and bay totals 173.82 ± 19.5336.0 (×10−3 km3), which translates to a catchment-wide sediment production rate of 0.17 ± 0.02 mm/yr. The rock-equivalent sediment volume in Moran Bay is 4.4 ± 0.9 (×10−3 km3), only ∼2.6% of the total post-glacial volume. While the estimated sediment production rate in the canyons is similar to the uplift rate, the denudation rate derived from Moran Bay sediment is 0.004 ± 0.001 mm/yr, implying highly inefficient post-glacial sediment transport. The fluvial system has been disequilibrated by glacial erosion such that interglacial valley profiles lack the steepness needed to transport sediment, delaying sediment evacuation until the next glacial advance, or until uplift sufficiently steepens the fluvial system so that it regains efficiency. Furthermore, colluvial production rates in the deglaciated valleys are close to long-term denudation and uplift rates, suggesting that once topography has been equilibrated to glacial erosion processes, subsequent glaciers do not need to produce much bedrock erosion, but mainly sweep out accumulated sediment to maintain equilibrium. • Sediment budget quantified for two catchments in the Teton Range, Wyoming. • Flattened post-glacial topography limits efficient fluvial erosion. • Sediment transport delayed until next glacial advance or uplift steepens system. • Colluvial production rates are close to long-term denudation and uplift rates. • Subsequent glaciers may not need to produce much bedrock erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provenance of hemipelagic sediments in the Shikoku Basin during late Cenozoic time was studied through the temporal variations in the Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of detrital sediments from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site C0011 from the late Miocene (7 Ma) to the present. Detrital sediments at Site C0011 are interpreted as a mixture of sediments originating from the southwest Japan arc and lands around the East China Sea. Sediments from the East China Sea were transported by the Kuroshio, while Japanese sediments were transported by turbidity currents, bottom currents, and ocean surface currents. The isotopic evidence suggests that the main source of hemipelagic sediments gradually changed from the East China Sea to Japan from 4.4 to 2.9 Ma, in accordance with the northward movement of Site C0011 with the Philippine Sea plate in this period. A contemporaneous increase in grain size also supports this interpretation. The beginning period of these changes, 4.4 Ma, conforms closely to the postulated advent or acceleration of trench-normal subduction of the Shikoku Basin lithosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic signals near rivers are partially composed of the elastic waves generated by bedload particles impacting the river bed. In this study, we explore the relationship between this seismic signal and river bedload transport by analyzing high-frequency broadband seismic data from multiple stations along the Chijiawan River in northern Taiwan following the removal of a 13 m check dam. This dam removal provides a natural experiment in which rapid and predictable changes in the river's profile occur, which in turn enables independent constraints on spatial and temporal variation in bedload sediment transport. We compare floods of similar magnitudes with and without bedload transport, and find that the amplitude of seismic shaking produced at a given river stage changes over the course of a single storm when bedload transport is active. Hysteresis in the relationship between bedload transport and river stage is a well-documented phenomenon with multiple known causes. Consequently, previous studies have suggested that hysteresis observed in the seismic amplitude-stage response is the signature of bedload transport. Field evidence and stream profile evolution in this study corroborate that interpretation. We develop a metric ( Ψ ) for the normalized magnitude of seismic hysteresis during individual floods. This metric appears to scale qualitatively with total bedload transport at each seismic station, indicating a dominance of transport on the rising limbs of both storms. We speculate that hysteresis at this site arises from time-dependent evolution of the bed, for example due to grain packing, mobile armoring, or the temporal lag between stage and bedform growth. Ψ reveals along-stream variations in hysteresis for each storm, with a peak in hysteresis further downstream for the second event. The pattern is consistent with a migrating sediment pulse that is a predicted consequence of the dam removal. Our results indicate that hysteresis in the relationship between seismic wave amplitude and river stage may track sediment transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First monitoring of sediment transfer in submarine channel from source to sink. • River input and lobe aggradation approximately balances over decadal timescales. • Most turbidity currents deposit within the proximal part of the channel. • Infrequent large flows flush the channel; transporting sediment onto the lobe. • Flushing events can occur without obvious triggers, and can be internally generated. Submarine channels are the primary conduits for land-derived material, including organic carbon, pollutants, and nutrients, into the deep-sea. The flows (turbidity currents) that traverse these systems can pose hazards to seafloor infrastructure such as cables and pipelines. Here we use a novel combination of repeat seafloor surveys and turbidity current monitoring along a 50 km-long submarine channel in Bute Inlet, British Columbia, and discharge measurements from the main feeding river. These source-to-sink observations provide the most detailed information yet on magnitude-frequency-distance relationships for turbidity currents, and the spatial-temporal patterns of sediment transport within a submarine channel-lobe system. This analysis provides new insights into mass redistribution, and particle residence times in submarine channels, as well as where particles are eventually buried and how that is recorded in the deposits. We observe stepwise sediment transport down the channel, with turbidity currents becoming progressively less frequent with distance. Most flows dissipate and deposit within the proximal (< 11 km) part of the system, whilst longer run-out flows then pick up this sediment, 'shuffling' it further downstream along the channel. This shuffling occurs mainly through upstream migration of knickpoints, which can generate sediment bypass along the channel over timescales of 10–100 yrs. Infrequent large events flush the channel and ultimately transport sediment onto the lobe. These flushing events can occur without obvious triggers, and thus might be internally generated. We then present the first ever sediment budget analysis of an entire submarine channel system, which shows that the river input and lobe aggradation can approximately balance over decadal timescales. We conclude by discussing the implication of this sediment shuffling for seafloor geohazards and particle burial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of the geomorphic cycle is a foundational principle in geology and geomorphology, but the topographic evolution of a single landscape from inception to maturity has been difficult to demonstrate in nature. The onlapping dunes of the Cooloola Sand Mass (CSM) in eastern Australia provide an ideal chronosequence to evaluate landscape evolution. Here commonly assumed properties on which landscape models are based (i.e., conservation of mass and major factors contributing to landscape change) can be physically measured and accounted for. Our field based measurements and forward numerical models demonstrate that dunes, like other landscapes, relax in an exponential manner. The emplaced dunes evolve through an initial phase of rapid topographic adjustment associated with the dominance of landsliding. This phase continues for ∼1 kyr until hillslope gradients are lowered below their angle of repose (0.65 m m−1 or 33°). Once sufficiently lowered, the dunes evolve through slow, soil creep processes. These findings of dual transport regimes are validated by stratigraphic records at all excavated dune foot-slopes and we propose that this evolution can be measured by the distribution of curvature (C) of a landform, specifically its standard deviation (σ C), as a measure of surface roughness. Surface roughness smooths with time through diffusional sediment transport that lowers local relief. The value and its rate of smoothing can define the stage in evolutionary development and help infer processes, which makes it an important morphometric tool for understanding landscapes. These observations highlight that under stable evolutionary conditions, the development of the landscape is governed by the physical properties of the dune's parent material. In addition, our findings support landscape evolution inferences from numerical and physical models and the coupling of granular material physics with landscape change. • Measured evolution of a natural dune landform from emplacement to maturity. • Episodic mass-movement dominates slope evolution on young emplaced dunes. • Soil creep processes controls slope evolution on older emplaced dunes. • Angle of repose defines the transition from non-linear to linear slope processes. • Surface roughness is directly related to variability in erosion rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Heinrich Layers, anomalously thick layers of ice-borne sediment in the North Atlantic ocean, have long been associated with abrupt climate changes in glacial times. However, there is still no consensus on either the exact amount of ice needed to transport this sediment or how such a large volume of ice could be produced. Using an iceberg model that includes sediment, we simulate the delivery of sediment to the North Atlantic during such an event. Our model assumes that sediment is uniformly distributed within the ice with a concentration of 4%. Unlike sediment models which assume that the sediment lies in a single layer, this model can carry sediment all the way from the western to the eastern North Atlantic. We use a variety of different estimates for the total volume of ice released to model the sediment layer thickness and we show that to best fit the observations (with a plausible range of ) of ice needs to be released. This is equivalent to a 0.04 Sv ( , with a plausible range of 0.02–0.08 Sv) release of freshwater over the 500 yr of a typical Heinrich Event. This is a smaller flux of water than is required to show a significant impact on the global climate in most current “state of the art” GCMs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It has been proposed that at short timescales of 102–105 yr, climatic variability can explain variations in sediment flux, but in orogens with pronounced climatic gradients rate changes caused by the oscillating efficiency in rainfall, runoff, and/or sediment transport and deposition are still not well-constrained. To explore landscape responses under variable climatic forcing, we evaluate time windows of prevailing sediment aggradation and related paleo-erosion rates from the southern flanks of the Dhauladhar Range in the western Himalaya. We compare past and present 10Be-derived erosion rates of well-dated Late Pleistocene fluvial landforms and modern river sediments and reconstruct the sediment aggradation and incision history based on new luminescence data. Our results document significant variations in erosion rates ranging from 0.1 to 3.4 mm/yr over the Late Pleistocene. We find that, during times of weak monsoon intensity, the moderately steep areas (hillslope angles of 27 ± 13°) erode at lower rates of 0.1–0.4 mm/yr compared to steeper (>40°) crestal regions of the Dhauladhar Range that erode at 0.8−1.3 mm/yr. In contrast, during several millennia of stronger monsoon intensity, both the moderately steep and high slope areas record higher erosion rates (>1-3.4 mm/yr). Lithological clast-count analysis shows that this increase of erosion is focused in the moderately steep areas, where Lesser Himalayan rocks are exposed. Our data thus highlight the highly non-linear response of climatic forcing on landscape evolution and suggest complex depositional processes and sedimentary signals in downstream areas. • Paleo-erosion rates in the Himalaya are modulated by climate forcing. • Erosion rates are higher during episodes of strong monsoon. • Topographic response to climate change is non-linear. • Rapid erosion during short-lived strong monsoon phases result in valley aggradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report here on a multi-proxy study of the changes in the dynamics and the properties of bottom water mass in the subpolar North Altantic during Holocene. Magnetic properties coupled with sortable silt and benthic carbon isotopes are investigated for Holocene marine sedimentary sequences located in the Charlie–Gibbs fracture zone (53°N) and in central (57°N) and southern Gardar drift (59°N). All the cores are located at water depths bathed by the Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), mixed at the southernmost locality with southern sourced water masses. The long-term variations in measured proxies are fitted with similar polynomial curves. An early Holocene event characterized by a shutdown/shoaling of the bottom circulation at the deepest sites is most likely related to the main deglacial freshwater inputs. It is followed by a progressive strengthening/deepening of the overflow water which culminates around 6kyr, in coincidence with the Holocene thermal maximum. After 6kyr corresponding to a drastic hydrological reorganization in the North Atlantic, a general decline in the bottom flow strength is observed until about 2kyr B.P. when it reached its present day state. After detrending, several short periods of reduced bottom flow strength and sedimentary transport from the northern detrital sources are observed, with a periodicity of around 600yr with no clear relationship at this time scale between surface and deep ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Subduction zone earthquakes are known to create segmented patches of co-seismic rupture along-strike of a margin. Offshore Sumatra, repeated rupture occurred within segments bounded by permanent barriers, whose origin however is still not fully understood. In this study we image the structural variations across the rupture segment boundary between the Mw 9.1 December 26, 2004 and the Mw 8.6 March 28, 2005 Sumatra earthquakes. A set of collocated reflection and wide-angle seismic profiles are available on both sides of the segment boundary, located offshore Simeulue Island. We present the results of the seismic tomography modeling of wide-angle ocean bottom data, enhanced with MCS data and gravity modeling for the southern 2005 segment of the margin and compare it to the published model for the 2004 northern segment. Our study reveals principal differences in the structure of the subduction system north and south of the segment boundary, attributed to the subduction of 96°E fracture zone. The key differences include a change in the crustal thickness of the oceanic plate, a decrease in the amount of sediment in the trench as well as variations in the morphology and volume of the accretionary prism. These differences suggest that the 96°E fracture zone acts as an efficient barrier in the trench parallel sediment transport, as well as a divider between oceanic crustal blocks of different structure. The variability of seismic behavior is caused by the distinct changes in the morphology of the subduction complex across the boundary related to the difference in the sediment supply. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Tsunami sediments play an important role in tsunami hazard assessments. Recent tsunami events and their associated tsunami deposits have produced a wealth of sediment data. Surveys of recent tsunami events observed that maximum inland tsunami inundation exceeds the maximum inland extent of sand deposition. A driving question of tsunami sedimentology is whether the difference between maximum tsunami inundation and inland extent of sand can be employed as a measure of inundation for past events for which only the extent of the sand is known. Attempts to infer the causative flow characteristics from these sediments often suffer from uncertainties in the data and from restrictive assumptions made in inversion models. The latter demonstrates that the interaction between the tsunami flow and the movable bed is not fully understood. In our contribution, we employ numerical simulations of tsunami propagation and inundation with MOST and a simple model for deposition. In our simulations, we vary the onshore slope, the initial amplitude, which can be interpreted as offshore wave amplitude, and the grain size. While the initial amplitude and onshore slope influence the difference between maximum inundation and sand extent, the grain size has little effect. The link between the onshore slope, initial amplitude and the difference between the maximum tsunami inundation and inland sediment extent can be employed as a first-order quantitative tool to estimate tsunami flow characteristics and maximum inundation from tsunami deposits. We anticipate these results will improve tsunami hazard assessments and narrow the gap between field observations and numerical simulations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Understanding the dynamics of sediment fluxes is a key issue to constrain modern erosion rates in mountain belts and determine the still debated level of control exerted by precipitation, topography and tectonics. The well defined monsoon seasonality in the Himalayas, together with active tectonics and strong relief provide an ideal environment to assess these possible interactions. For this purpose, we present a new compilation of daily suspended sediment data for 12 stations of the major rivers of the Nepal Himalayas. We analyze the relationships of sediment transport with daily river discharge and precipitation data as well as with morphometric parameters. We show that suspended sediment concentrations vary systematically through the seasons and asynchronously to river discharge displaying a hysteresis effect. This clockwise hysteresis effect disappears when suspended sediment fluxes are directly compared with direct storm discharge. Therefore we attribute the hysteresis effect to groundwater dilution rather than a sediment supply limitation. We infer a rating model to calculate erosion rates directly from long river discharge chronicles. We show that, when normalized by drainage area and mean sediment flux, all rivers exhibit the same trend. This similarity implies that all river basins have the same erosion behavior, independent of location, size and catchment characteristics. Erosion rates calculated from suspended sediment fluxes range between 0.1 and 2.8mm/yr. The erosion rates of the three main basins of Nepal are in the range 0.9–1.5mm/yr, Erosion rates in the Higher Himalayas are relatively low (<0.5mm/yr, except for Kali Gandaki), while in the Lesser Himalayas they range from 0.2 to 2mm/yr. We propose that material transport in the rivers depends on hillslope sediment supply, which is, in turn, controlled by those rainfalls producing direct runoff. In other words, the rivers in the Nepal Himalayas are supply-limited and the hillsopes as a contributing source are transport-limited. We also show that erosion processes are not as much controlled by infrequently occurring extreme precipitation events, than by moderate ones with a high recurrence interval. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We investigate the mechanics of slope failures on the Nankai accretionary complex offshore Japan in the vicinity of a major out-of-sequence thrust fault (termed the “megasplay”). Incorporating laboratory-measured shear strength of slope sediments sampled during Integrated Ocean Drilling Project (IODP) Expeditions 315 and 316 with local seafloor slope angles from bathymetric data and constraints on in-situ effective stress conditions from drilling, we find that slopes in the study area are stable and submarine landslides are not expected to occur under static conditions. In order to assess the possibility of slope failure triggered by coseismic rupture of the megasplay fault, we use empirical relations for strong ground motion attenuation from earthquakes with M w 6–9. We find that the slope sediments should be stable based on computations from one model, developed from a catalog of worldwide subduction zone earthquakes (). However, using a different model developed primarily from a catalog of crustal earthquakes in Japan (), we find that slopes should be unstable for earthquakes 8≤ M w ≤9, and possibly unstable for events with 6≤ M w <8, depending on the proximity of rupture to the seafloor. Considering limitations of the models and geologic observations of slope failure recurrence, the true slope stability is likely to be in between the predictions of the two models, and we suggest that it may be modulated by long-term pore pressure fluctuations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Large earthquakes deform the Earth''s surface and drive topographic growth in the frontal zones of mountain belts. They also induce widespread mass wasting, reducing relief. The sum of these two opposing effects is unknown. Using a time series of landslide maps and suspended sediment transport data, we show that the MW7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan was followed by a period of enhanced mass wasting and fluvial sediment evacuation, peaking at more than five times the background rate and returning progressively to pre-earthquake levels in about six years. Therefore it is now possible to calculate the mass balance and topographic effect of the earthquake. The Choshui River has removed sediment representing more than 30% of the added rock mass from the epicentral area. This has resulted in a reduction of surface uplift by up to 0.25m, or 35% of local elevation change, and a reduction of the area where the Chi-Chi earthquake has built topography. For other large earthquakes, erosion may evolve in similar, predictable ways, reducing the efficiency of mountain building in fold-and-thrust belts and the topographic expression of seismogenic faults, prolonging the risk of triggered processes, and impeding economic regeneration of epicentral areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Sediments carried in suspension represent a fundamental part of fluvial transport. Nonetheless, largely because of technical problems, they have been hitherto widely neglected in provenance studies. In order to determine with maximum possible precision the mineralogy of suspended load collected in vertical profiles from water surface to channel bottom of Rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra, we combined Raman spectroscopy with traditional heavy-mineral and X-ray diffraction analyses, carried out separately on low-density and dense fractions of all significant size classes in each sample (multiple-window approach). Suspended load resulted to be a ternary mixture of dominant silt enriched in phyllosilicates, subordinate clay largely derived from weathered floodplains, and sand mainly produced by physical erosion and mechanical grinding during transport in Himalayan streams. Sediment concentration and grain size increase steadily with water depth. Whereas absolute concentration of clay associated with Fe-oxyhydroxides and organic matter is almost depth-invariant, regular mineralogical and consequently chemical changes from shallow to deep load result from marked increase of faster-settling, coarser, denser, or more spherical grains toward the bed. Such steady intersample compositional variability can be modeled as a mixture of clay, silt and sand modes with distinct mineralogical and chemical composition. With classical formulas describing sediment transport by turbulent diffusion, absolute and relative concentrations can be predicted at any depth for each textural mode and each detrital component. Based on assumptions on average chemistry of detrital minerals and empirical formulas to calculate their settling velocities, the suspension-sorting model successfully reproduces mineralogy and chemistry of suspended load at different depths. Principal outputs include assessment of contributions by each detrital mineral to the chemical budget, and calibration of dense minerals too rare to be precisely estimated by optical or Raman analysis but crucial in both detrital-geochronology and settling-equivalence studies. Hydrodynamic conditions during monsoonal discharge could also be evaluated. Understanding compositional variability of suspended load is a fundamental pre-requisite to correctly interpret mineralogical and geochemical data in provenance analysis of modern and ancient sedimentary deposits, to accurately assess weathering processes, sediment fluxes and erosion patterns, and to unambiguously evaluate the effects of anthropogenic modifications on the natural environment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Obtaining quantitative information about the timescales associated with sediment transport, storage, and deposition in continental settings is important but challenging. The uranium-series comminution age method potentially provides a universal approach for direct dating of Quaternary detrital sediments, and can also provide estimates of the sediment transport and storage timescales. (The word “comminution” means “to reduce to powder,” reflecting the start of the comminution age clock as reduction of lithic parent material below a critical grain size threshold of ∼50μm.) To test the comminution age method as a means to date continental sediments, we applied the method to drill-core samples of the glacially-derived Kings River Fan alluvial deposits in central California. Sediments from the 45m core have independently-estimated depositional ages of up to ∼800ka, based on paleomagnetism and correlations to nearby dated sediments. We characterized sequentially-leached core samples (both bulk sediment and grain size separates) for U, Nd, and Sr isotopes, grain size, surface texture, and mineralogy. In accordance with the comminution age model, where 234U is partially lost from small sediment grains due to alpha recoil, we found that (234U/238U) activity ratios generally decrease with age, depth, and specific surface area, with depletions of up to 9% relative to radioactive equilibrium. The resulting calculated comminution ages are reasonable, although they do not exactly match age estimates from previous studies and also depend on assumptions about 234U loss rates. The results indicate that the method may be a significant addition to the sparse set of available tools for dating detrital continental sediments, following further refinement. Improving the accuracy of the method requires more advanced models or measurements for both the recoil loss factor f α and weathering effects. We discuss several independent methods for obtaining f α on individual samples that may be useful for future studies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study we applied 40Ar/39Ar dating methods to muscovite grains in sands from the modern Red and Yangtze Rivers in order to constrain palaeo and modern erosion patterns and sediment transport processes. Micas in the headwaters of the Red River and its southern Da River tributary are dominantly Cenozoic, while the northern Lo River tributary shows a typical 160–220Ma population. The lower reaches of the Red River comprise 53% of such Triassic grains, indicating that the Lo River is the most important net contributor to the modern delta. However, this contrasts with zircon U–Pb data indicating that the upper reaches of the Red River dominate that mineral group. We suggest that the mismatch reflects the rapid transport of mica relative to zircon in the river and the fact that the Red River is not in equilibrium. We hypothesize that the zircons were eroded >8ka under a regime of stronger monsoon that enhanced erosion in the northern drainage basin, while modern erosion is focused in the south, especially in the Song Chay Massif. Micas from the upper Yangtze River are resolvably older than those in the Red River (230–250Ma), so that this method could be used to test for drainage capture in palaeo-delta sediments. Micas in the modern Yangtze delta are generally much younger than those in the upper reaches and indicate that erosion in the Longmen Shan (Sichuan) and neighbouring regions is more important than the upper Yangtze in supplying sediment, reflecting the stronger monsoon rains in those areas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Alluvial fans and deltas on Mars record past hydrological conditions. Until now these conditions have been inferred from the morphology of the feeder channels and the deposits from images and digital terrain models (DTMs), and from calculations of the bulk fluxes of water and sediment based on the dimensions of upstream channels. Neither method can distinguish between dilute (river-like) flows and dense (sediment-laden) flows, however, while the formation time scales for these two sediment transport modes differ by orders of magnitude. The objective of this paper is to compare DTM data quantitatively with a morphological model to infer sediment transport mode and formative duration. We present a quantitative morphological model for fan and delta formation that assumes as little as possible. The model calculates the growth of a sedimentary body in a crater lake, represented by a low-gradient, subaerial cone on top of a high-gradient, subaqueous cone. The volume of the cone is constrained by the influx of sediment while the elevation of the break in slope, that is, the shoreline, is constrained by the influx of water. The water and sediment fluxes were calculated with physics-based predictors based on the feeder channel. Small-scale morphology, such as crater wall irregularities, concavity of the fan surface and channel avulsion, is ignored. The model produces alluvial fans, stair-stepped fan deltas and Gilbert fan deltas as well as hitherto unidentified crater wall drapes. The parameters that determine which morphology emerges are the supply of sediment and water to the basin, the size of the basin and the duration of the flow. A direct comparison between the cone model and HRSC DTM data for five deltas and an alluvial fan demonstrates that single-event dilute flows of short duration (days to years) have created all of the deposits. Two Gilbert fan deltas were formed in overspilling crater lakes from long low-gradient upstream channels. One alluvial fan was formed in a similar manner except that the damaged crater did not lead to ponding. Three stair-stepped deltas were formed from short high-gradient upstream channels that only partially filled the crater lakes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Excess Thorium-230 (230Thxs) as a constant flux tracer is an essential tool for paleoceanographic studies, but its limitations for flux normalization are still a matter of debate. In regions of rapid sediment accumulation, it has been an open question if 230Thxs-normalized fluxes are biased by particle sorting effects during sediment redistribution. In order to study the sorting effect of sediment transport on 230Thxs, we analyzed the specific activity of 230Thxs in different particle size classes of carbonate-rich sediments from the South East Atlantic, and of opal-rich sediments from the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. At both sites, we compare the 230Thxs distribution in neighboring high vs. low accumulation settings. Two grain-size fractionation methods are explored. We find that the 230Thxs distribution is strongly grain size dependent, and 50–90% of the total 230Thxs inventory is concentrated in fine material smaller than 10µm, which is preferentially deposited at the high accumulation sites. This leads to an overestimation of the focusing factor Ψ, and consequently to an underestimation of the vertical flux rate at such sites. The distribution of authigenic uranium indicates that fine organic-rich material has also been re-deposited from lateral sources. If the particle sorting effect is considered in the flux calculations, it reduces the estimated extent of sediment focusing. In order to assess the maximum effect of particle sorting on Ψ, we present an extreme scenario, in which we assume a lateral sediment supply of only fine material (<10µm). In this case, the focusing factor of the opal-rich core would be reduced from Ψ =5.9 to Ψ =3.2. In a more likely scenario, allowing silt-sized material to be transported, Ψ is reduced from 5.9 to 5.0 if particle sorting is taken into consideration. The bias introduced by particle sorting is most important for strongly focused sediments. Comparing 230Thxs-normalized mass fluxes biased by sorting effects with uncorrected mass fluxes, we suggest that 230Thxs-normalization is still a valid tool to correct for lateral sediment redistribution. However, differences in focusing factors between core locations have to be evaluated carefully, taking the grain size distributions into consideration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The Fleuve Manche (English Channel) palaeoriver represents the largest river system that drained the European continent during Pleistocene lowstands, particularly during the Elsterian (Marine Isotope Stage 12) and Saalian Drenthe (MIS 6) glaciations when extensive ice advances into the North Sea area forced the central European rivers to flow southwards to the Bay of Biscay (NE Atlantic). Numerous long piston cores and high-resolution acoustic data from the northern Bay of Biscay have been correlated using a well-constrained chronostratigraphical framework, and for the first time allow the estimation of the discharge of the Fleuve Manche palaeoriver at the end of the last glacial period (i.e. Weichselian). Our results, discussed in the light of relationships between river loads and drainage area characteristics, strongly suggest that the Bay of Biscay collected sediment-laden meltwater from the Northern European lowlands and the southern part of the Fennoscandian ice sheet at the end of the last glacial period and particularly during the paroxysmal phase of the European deglaciation ca 20–18ka ago. This demonstrates that the Fleuve Manche drainage area at that time was equivalent to those dating from the major Elsterian and Saalian Drenthe glaciations. Based on our data, we propose a revision of the palaeogeographical and palaeoglaciological evolution of the North Sea area while showing that the British and Fennoscandian ice sheets entered the North Sea basin until ca 18ka initiating isostatic adjustment of the basin. This allowed the North Sea fluvial system to flow southwards through the Dover Strait. Finally, we discuss the Fleuve Manche freshwater discharge during the maximum European ice sheet retreat ca 18ka. The estimated discharge at this time appears important and sufficiently sustained to possibly contribute to the profound destabilisation of the thermohaline circulation recognised in the North Atlantic from ca 18 to 16ka. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To determine how topographic relief in mountainous regions evolves through time we present a new approach that uses in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be to quantify (1) spatially averaged denudation rates of small watersheds and (2) local denudation rates of the ridge crests bounding these basins. The technique is applied to two catchments in the Black Forest, a forested mountain range with a local relief of a few hundred meters, which is typical for ranges in central Europe. Both the Acher and the Gutach catchments expose predominantly Carboniferous granite, and only minor amounts of high-grade gneiss and Triassic sandstone. The latter occurs on ridges defining the eastern boundaries of the catchments, above a regional unconformity. In the Acher and northern Gutach watersheds denudation rates of subcatchments derived from 10Be concentrations in stream sediment range from 52 to 87mm/ka and 59 to 91mm/ka, respectively. In contrast, grus samples from the ridge crests bounding both watersheds yield lower denudation rates of 34 to 59mm/ka. The differences in denudation rates for sample pairs from individual subcatchments and adjacent ridge crests reveals that topographic relief is growing at a mean rate of 24±12mm/ka (with the exception of the flat southwestern part of the Gutach catchment, where catchment-wide denudation rates are similar to the rate of ridge crest lowering). The inferred rates of denudation and relief growth are consistent with erosion rates calculated from the known thickness of Triassic to Lower Jurassic sediments, which were once present above the regional unconformity but have been largely eroded during the exhumation of the Black Forest. The onset of exhumation ∼19Ma ago is constrained by thermal modelling of apatite fission track data, which suggest a cooling rate of ∼3°C/Ma. Combined with a geothermal gradient of 30 to 40°C/km this cooling rate yields an average exhumation rate of 75–100mm/ka for the modelled apatite fission track data, which is comparable to spatially averaged denudation rates derived from cosmogenic 10Be. Our new approach may help to determine whether tectonically active mountain ranges are in a topographic steady state, in which rates of rock uplift and denudation are equal, or if such a dynamic equilibrium has not yet been attained. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Paired radiocarbon measurements on haptophyte biomarkers (alkenones) and on co-occurring tests of planktic foraminifera (Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Globogerinoides sacculifer) from late glacial to Holocene sediments at core locations ME0005-24JC, Y69-71P, and MC16 from the south-western and central Panama Basin indicate no significant addition of pre-aged alkenones by lateral advection. The strong temporal correspondence between alkenones, foraminifera and total organic carbon (TOC) also implies negligible contributions of aged terrigenous material. Considering controversial evidence for sediment redistribution in previous studies of these sites, our data imply that the laterally supplied material cannot stem from remobilization of substantially aged sediments. Transport, if any, requires syn-depositional nepheloid layer transport and redistribution of low-density or fine-grained components within decades of particle formation. Such rapid and local transport minimizes the potential for temporal decoupling of proxies residing in different grain-size fractions and thus facilitates comparison of various proxies for paleoceanographic reconstructions in this study area. Anomalously old foraminiferal tests from a glacial depth interval of core Y69-71P may result from episodic spillover of fast bottom currents across the Carnegie Ridge transporting foraminiferal sands towards the north. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report on a mineral magnetic study of a series of Holocene marine sedimentary sequences distributed from northern to southern Bjorn and Gardar drifts (56°N to 61°N) and in the Charlie–Gibbs fracture zone (about 53°N). All the cores are located at water depths bathed by the Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW), a precursor of the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep Water formed in the Nordic Seas and flowing into northeast North Atlantic after passing over the volcanic sills between Iceland and Scotland. The magnetic fraction is composed of low Ti-content magnetites with a grain size distribution in the pseudo-single domain range. These grains originate from a unique source in the North through the erosion by the bottom waters of the Icelandic basaltic province. The magnetic grain size remains fairly constant in each core but, on average, progressively fines towards the south and downstream. Likewise the magnetic concentration and mean magnetic flux decrease towards the south. The spatial evolution of the magnetic concentration and of the magnetic grain size suggests a transport of these magnetites by bottom currents associated with the overflow water downstream from the source with progressive deposition of this magnetic fraction along the path of the ISOW. This study provides evidence that characterization of the magnetic parameters of sediments deposited in such an oceanographic context of a unique source upstream and a well-defined water mass may be used to detect and trace deep oceanic circulation changes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hillslopes have been intensively studied by both geomorphologists and soil scientists. Whereas geomorphologists have focused on the physical soil production and transport on hillslopes, soil scientists have been concerned with the topographic variation of soil geochemical properties. We combined these differing approaches and quantified soil chemical weathering rates along a grass covered hillslope in Coastal California. The hillslope is comprised of both erosional and depositional sections. In the upper eroding section, soil production is balanced by physical erosion and chemical weathering. The hillslope then transitions to a depositional slope where soil accumulates due to a historical reduction of channel incision at the hillslope''s base. Measurements of hillslope morphology and soil thickness were combined with the elemental composition of the soil and saprolite, and interpreted through a process-based model that accounts for both chemical weathering and sediment transport. Chemical weathering of the minerals as they moved downslope via sediment transport imparted spatial variation in the geochemical properties of the soil. Inverse modeling of the field and laboratory data revealed that the long-term soil chemical weathering rates peak at 5gm− 2 yr−1 at the downslope end of the eroding section and decrease to 1.5gm− 2 yr−1 within the depositional section. In the eroding section, soil chemical weathering rates appear to be primarily controlled by the rate of mineral supply via colluvial input from upslope. In the depositional slope, geochemical equilibrium between soil water and minerals appeared to limit the chemical weathering rate. Soil chemical weathering was responsible for removing 6% of the soil production in the eroding section and 5% of colluvial influx in the depositional slope. These were among the lowest weathering rates reported for actively eroding watersheds, which was attributed to the parent material with low amount of weatherable minerals and intense coating of the primary minerals by secondary clay and iron oxides. We showed that both the morphologic disequilibrium of the hillslope and the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties are due to spatial variations in the physical and chemical processes that removed mass from the soil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Colluvial sediment dynamics are examined using a 70-year landslide inventory in formerly glaciated mountain drainage basins of coastal British Columbia, Canada. Landslide sediment transfer is documented by identifying landslide types, and by characterizing preferential sites of landslide initiation, delivery, and storage across spatial scales. Data analysis reveals that open-slope landslides delivering material to seasonal or perennial channels and fluvial terraces are the dominant mechanisms of sediment transfer. This finding suggests high instability of the low-order channel network and its ongoing re-organization (degradation) after generalized sediment recharge occurred in the last glacial maximum. In the study period, landslide activity across the landscape has generated net degradation on planar slopes and first-order colluvial channels, whereas unchannelled valleys, higher-order colluvial channels and alluvial channels have accumulated material. The scaling relation of the landslide sediment yield appears to be controlled by the spatial arrangement of the relict glacial macro-forms. Landslide yield is highest in unchannelled topography, decreases at the scale of channel initiation (A d ~0.002 km2), and remains constant for drainage areas where length scales of cirque/valley walls and hanging valley floors overlap (0.002< A d <0.06). Injections of landslide material start declining consistently beyond areas larger than 0.6 km2 (the scale of relict glacial trough initiation), where fluvial environments become increasingly disconnected from landslide inputs. Cumulative yield indicates that colluvial sediment redistribution is limited to small basins; specifically, 90% of the colluvial load is released at scales smaller than about 0.6 km2. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We report rates of Australian dust deposition in New Zealand over the last ~8000 years using records extracted from an ombrotrophic peat bog. The trace element chemistry of deposited dust is used to identify the Australian source areas, and to calculate Australian dust deposition rates in New Zealand. This is used to infer patterns of aridity and climate variability in eastern Australia during the Holocene. Prior to 4800 cal. BP, dust deposition patterns imply that the Australian climate was relatively wet due to an active/persistent monsoon. Southern Australian source regions supplied the majority of dust transported to New Zealand at this time. After 4800 cal. BP the Australian climate became significantly more arid and variable, attributed to the onset of ENSO-type conditions. The Lake Eyre Basin switched on as a dust source, while overall Australian dust deposition in New Zealand increased >4 times. Rates of Australian dust deposition were found to match patterns of increased ENSO variability, which is attributed to the combined effect of enhanced sediment supply to Australian dust source areas (during wet La Niña events) and preferable conditions for dust transport (during El Niño induced drought). Results also show that Australian dust deposition is a significant sedimentary process in New Zealand and is likely to influence both geochemical cycles and soil development suggesting that it may contribute up to 90% of material in the bog. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent analyses of coastal mudbank dynamics along northeastern South America indicate significant sediment remobilization associated with the 18.6 y lunar nodal tide over the last 20 y. We present a near annually-resolved record of quartz and illite/illite–smectite abundances spanning the last 800 y from the Cariaco Basin (Venezuela) that suggests effects of the lunar nodal tide have played an important role in coastal processes over the last 8 centuries. Spectral analysis results of the clay and fine silt data include a statistically significant peak at 18.3 y in both the quartz and illite/illite–smectite records that is identified with the 18.6 y lunar nodal tide. Remobilization of shelf sediments by mean high water line variations driven by the lunar nodal tide is presented as the probable explanation of this signal in the Cariaco Basin mineral content. Since the period of this astronomically determined signal is constant with time it can be used to calibrate high-resolution age models. We modify our existing age model by tuning the 18.3 y component of the illite data to the 18.6 y period, and explore its impact on the age/depth relationship. We suggest that the 18.6 y signal can be used to refine existing chronologies where detected. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Hundred-meter-thick lacustrine sediments are widespread along the Middle Yangtze River. The distribution of these sediments suggests that an event blocked the river, forming a lake stretching 160 km from east to west and 110 km north to south, with a depth of ≥500 m. Using the cosmogenic nuclides 10Be and 26Al we have dated the time of burial of the lacustrine sediments and fluvial gravels beneath the sediments. Our results indicate a deposition age for these sediments between 1.34 and 1.58 Ma. Studies of zircon U–Pb age distributions within lacustrine sediments and fluvial sands related to the paleo-lake formation show diverse provenances from the upper Yangtze River and Yalong River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River. These deposits contain geologic fingerprints that allow identification of the source region of the lacustrine deposits and fluvial sands. Our results support the reversal of the Middle Yangtze River before the paleo-lake formation. We hypothesize that the geologic event that dammed the originally southward flow was the lateral movement of Chenghai fault in the Dali fault system initiated in early Quaternary. Water eventually cut through the spillway and flowed to the east. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A large sediment deposit known as the Meiji Drift, located in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, is thought to have formed from deep water exiting the Bering Sea, although no notable deep water forms there presently. We determine the terrigenous sources since 140 ka to the drift using bulk sediment 40Ar–39Ar and Nd isotopic analyses on the silt-sized (20–63 μm) terrigenous fraction from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 884 to reconstruct paleo-circulation patterns. There are large changes in both isotopic tracers, varying on glacial–interglacial cycles. During glacial intervals, bulk sediment 40Ar–39Ar ages range between 40 and 80 Ma, while Nd isotopic values range from ε Nd =−1 to +2. During interglacial intervals, sediments become much younger and more radiogenic, with bulk sediment ages falling to 2–15 Ma and Nd isotopic values ranging between ε Nd =+5 and +9. These data and quantitative comparison to potential source rocks indicate that the young Kamchatkan and Aleutian Arcs, lying NW and NE of the Meiji Drift, contribute the majority of sediment during interglacials. Conversely, older source rocks, such as those drained by the Yukon River and northeast Russia are the dominant origin of sediments during glacials. Mixing model calculations suggest that as much as 35–45% of the sediment deposited in the Meiji Drift during glacials is from the Bering Sea. It remains unclear whether thermohaline-type circulation or focussing of Bering Sea flow lead to the glacial–interglacial sediment source changes observed here. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new distribution of water and unconsolidated sediments in subglacial Lake Vostok, East Antarctica was developed via inversion of airborne gravity data constrained by 60 seismic soundings. A model was developed for host rock with a density of 2550 kg/m3 that was inferred from prior 2D modeling. Our 3D bathymetry model of Lake Vostok corresponds better with seismic data (RMS of 125 m) than two previous models based on the same gravity dataset. The good match in both water and sediment thicknesses between the gravity model and seismic measurements confirms two major facts about Lake Vostok: (1) the lake is hosted by sedimentary rocks, and (2) the bottom of the lake is covered with a layer of unconsolidated sediments that does not exceed 300 m in the southern basin and thickens almost to 400 m in the northern basin. Our new bathymetry model suggests much shallower water thicknesses (up to twice the previous estimates) in the middle and northern parts of the lake, while the water layer is thicker in the southern basin. Numerical modeling of the internal processes in the lake reveals the relevance of our new bathymetry model to the basal mass balance. A significant decrease in transport is observed in the shallower northern basin, as well as a decrease of 33% in the turbulent kinetic energy. However, only minor differences were observed in the distribution of the calculated freezing and melting zones compared to previous models. Estimates for the sedimentation rates for six possible mechanisms were made. Possible sedimentation mechanisms are: (1) fluvial and periglacial, i.e. those that are active prior to the establishment of a large subglacial lake; (2) deposition due to overlying ice sheet, including melting out of the ice, as well as bulldozering by the overriding ice; and (3) suspended sediments from subglacial water flow including those deposited by periodical subglacial outbursts. The estimates for these mechanisms show that unconsolidated sediments of the observed thickness are most consistent with a lake that existed before glaciation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The uranium-series isotope signatures of the suspended and dissolved load of rivers have emerged as an important tool for understanding the processes of erosion and chemical weathering at the scale of a watershed. These signatures are a function of both time and weathering-induced fractionation between the different nuclides. Provided appropriate models can be developed, they can be used to constrain the residence time of river sediment. This chronometer is triggered as the bedrock starts weathering and the inferred timescale encompasses the residence time in the weathering profile, storage in temporary sediment deposits (e.g. floodplain) and transport in the river. This approach has been applied to various catchments over the past five years showing that river sediments can reside in a watershed for timescales ranging from a few hundreds of years (Iceland) to several hundreds of thousands of years (lowlands of the Amazon). Various factors control how long sediment resides in the watershed: the longest residence times are observed on stable cratons unaffected by glacial cycles (or more generally, climate variability) and human disturbance. Shorter residence times are observed in active orogens (Andes) or fast-eroding, recently glaciated catchments (Iceland). In several cases, the residence time of suspended sediments also corresponds to the time since the last major climate change. The U-series isotope composition of rivers can also be used to predict the river sediment yield assuming steady-state erosion is reached. By comparing this estimate with the modern sediment yield obtained by multi-year sediment gauging, it is clear that steady-state is seldom reached. This can be explained by climate variability and/or human disturbance. Steady-state is reached in those catchments where sediment transport is rapid (Iceland) or where the region has been unaffected by climate change and/or human disturbance. U-series are thus becoming an important tool to study the dynamics of erosion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Functional relationships between landscape morphology and denudation rate allow for the estimation of sediment fluxes using readily available topographic information. Empirical studies of topography-erosion linkages typically employ data with diverse temporal and broad spatial scales, such that heterogeneity in properties and processes may cloud fundamental process-scale feedbacks between tectonics, climate, and landscape development. Here, we use a previously proposed nonlinear model for sediment transport on hillslopes to formulate 1-D dimensionless functions for hillslope morphology as well as a generalized expression relating steady-state hillslope relief to erosion rate, hillslope transport parameters, and hillslope length. For study sites in the Oregon Coast Range and Gabilan Mesa, CA, model predictions of local relief and average hillslope gradient compare well with values derived from high-resolution topographic data acquired via airborne laser altimetry. Our formulation yields a nondimensional number describing the extent to which the nonlinearity in our gradient-flux model affects slope morphology and landscape response to tectonic and climatic forcing. These results should be useful for inferring rates of hillslope denudation and sediment flux from topography, or for coarse-scale landscape evolution simulations, in that first-order hillslope properties can be calculated without explicit modeling of individual hillslopes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Recent years have seen a rapid expansion in the acquisition and use of information on diffusive transport in phases relevant to the solid Earth (crystals, melts and fluids). Although far from complete, the data base on diffusion coefficients is now sufficiently large that broad constraints can be placed upon the length- and time scales of many natural transport phenomena in which diffusion plays a role. Conversely, observations of diffusion progress in specific natural samples can be used to extract time–temperature information for a variety of geologic and geochemical processes, ranging from sediment burial and crustal erosion to fluid-mediated reactions and biosignature retention. Despite this undeniable progress, several major challenges remain that largely define the frontiers of research in solid-Earth diffusion. Perhaps foremost among these is the need to address and understand the multi-scale, multi-path aspects of diffusion in many systems—a complication that is not limited to polyphase materials (individual mineral grains can exhibit clear indications of multi-path behavior even when visible evidence of such paths is lacking). Many other diffusion frontiers are linked in one way or another to this multi-scale issue; they include: diffusion of molecular H2O and the effect of H species on diffusion in minerals and rocks; diffusive fractionation of multiple isotopes of a single element; diffusion at the extreme conditions of the deep Earth; reconciliation of observations from natural samples and laboratory studies; and development of theoretical approaches to ‘predict’ diffusion behavior in regions inaccessible to observation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]