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Donorejo is one of the villages in Purworejo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. This village is a unique place and famous for its tourism site, namely Goa Seplawan. Nevertheless, this tourist attraction has not provided significant income for local revenue, as the poverty rate in Donorejo is still quite high. The Office of Community Empowerment, Villages, Population and Civil Registry of Central Java stated that only 1, 630 residents of Donorejo were categorized as prosperous in their economy. It indicated that almost 50% of the population in Donorejo has not been economically prosperous and the development of Donorejo has not implemented optimally. To find out the proper development strategy, the Analytical Hierarchy Process was used as a method based on stakeholder assessment in the Donorejo. The used priorities were based on four aspects, namely human resource development, regional promotion, development of supporting infrastructure, and public services. The obtained results indicated that development of supporting infrastructure is a priority for the development of Donorejo. This outcome can be used as a reference to optimize the village development.

Yogyakarta city has a problem of water resources management along with the rapid development in this region. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be an alternative choice in urban water resources management. This study aims to determine the best RWH scenario as a sustainable water supply to meet domestic water demand in Yogyakarta City. The method used is the Sustainability Index with 3 parameters including reliability, resilience and vulnerability. Each parameter is a derivative of a water balance simulation of the RWH system using the data range in the period 2006–2015. This study compares the percentage of roof usage in the RWH system and the level of domestic water demand. The results of this study indicate that the RWH scenario by utilizing 50 %–75 % of the roof area can be ideally meet up to 80 % of domestic water needs in Yogyakarta City. RWH scenario with 100 % roof usage can meet all domestic water needs well. This study shows that the RWH system can have a positive impact on the management and sustainability of water resources in Yogyakarta City.

Indonesia is among the most affected regions by climate variability and change. Located between the Pacific and the Indian Ocean, Indonesia is mostly influenced by some climate variabilities, such as the monsoon, El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). These climate variabilities affect significantly on the Indonesian rainfall that further increase the chances of crop failure, specifically on the tobacco yield over Temanggung Regency which is known as the producer of good quality tobacco in Indonesia. Tobacco needs a sufficient dry condition prior to the harvest stage due to maintains its productivity and leaf quality. This ideal condition could be achieved when the dry season, typically in the mid of the year for Temanggung, is not affected by any wet climate variability. Moreover, based on this study, it was found that there was the most remarkable decline in tobacco productivity in 2016 since the required dry condition was interrupted by the prolonged significant rainfall which depicted by strong mid-year negative-IOD indices. The analysis utilized the dataset of tobacco productivity, daily rainfall intensity, and the indices of monsoon, ENSO, and IOD for the period of seven years, from 2010– 2016. This study concludes that the climate variabilities give a huge contribution to the profitable tobacco cultivation. Furthermore, efforts to adapt and to mitigate the impacts of the climate variability in Indonesia, specifically for the agriculture sector, is needed by way of increasing the various stakeholder's knowledge that involved in policy planning and decision-making as well as involving the farmers in the training on climate adaptation and mitigation.

Gunungkidul Regency is known as an area that often experiences drought. On the other hand, Gunungkidul Regency is also the regency with the highest amount of rice production in the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. Rainfed paddy farming is the most widely developed type of paddy in Gunungkidul Regency where irrigation needs are determined by rainfall. Decreased rainfall that triggers meteorological drought can disrupt rainfed-based agriculture. This study aims to analyze the distribution of meteorological drought and analyze the impact of meteorological drought on rainfed paddy productivity in Gunungkidul Regency during the period 2001 – 2019. Meteorological drought identification was carried out using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Results of the SPI classification was mapped using Spline-Tension interpolation for spatial analysis of the distribution of meteorological drought. Spatial analysis and comparison graphs were used to analyze the relationship between drought and rainfed paddy productivity. The widest meteorological drought in Gunungkidul Regency occurred in November 2006. The highest frequency of drought events occurred in Paliyan Sub-district for 50 months while the lowest occurred in Ponjong Sub-district for 30 months. Most sub-districts in Gunungkidul Regency have a positive relationship between meteorological drought. Most of rainfed paddy productivity decreased when El Nino occurred.

The diurnal cycle is a process that repeats daily due to earth rotation. This cycle could significantly affect the hydrological conditions and lithosphere conditions, including humans. This diurnal cycle is also likely to influence seasonal patterns in the region. The diurnal cycle has a close relationship with the time-series pattern and distribution of rainfall. It often affects hydrometeorological disasters in the form of floods and droughts. This paper provides an overview of early identification related to the diurnal cycle of rain in the Central Java region - Indonesia. Rainfall estimation data from The Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN) is used as the primary input in the analysis. The research results show that there are differences in rainfall patterns between the northern, central, and southern parts of the study area

Infrastructure plays an important role in the tourism sector as a provider of facilities to provide facilities to tourist sites. The study area is in the Donorejo village, Central Java. Donorejo village has one of the most famous caves in Central Java, namely Goa Seplawan. The study was conducted with in-depth interviews with local residents and tourist visitors, as well as measurements and direct examination of the paths that are on site. Quality assessment of road conditions is carried out qualitatively. The assessment is based on the experience and standardization of each respondent which is then re-matched with the results of the study at the location and the Road Condition Index Matrix (RCI). There are three main paths to Seplawan Cave, namely through Hamlet Rejosari, Denansri, and Katerban. The main road passes through Hamlet Rejosari in good condition, but very steep. On the other hand, Denansri and Katerban hamlets have poor conditions. Road improvements have increasing the number of visitors to Goa Seplawan. In 2018 there were 9, 889 and in 2019 became 13, 882. This number shows that road construction has an impact on increasing the number of visitors at tourism sites in the Donorejo village.

Tropical Cyclone Cempaka occurred on November 27, 2017 in the Indian Ocean, just south of Central Java. This incident induced high rainfall leading to flash floods in the southern part of Central Java, including Gunungsewu Karst Area. The highest rainfall recorded on November 28, 2017, in this area was 239 mm/day (Automatic Rainfall Recorder/ARR Station in Pindul Cave) and 341 mm/day (ARR Station in Tepus). The extreme rainfall also caused groundwater flood in Ngreneng Karst Window. This study aimed to analyze the mechanism of this flood. The results of the analysis showed that it was caused by water filling up the conduit passage in the entire Bribin-Baron underground river system. The flow of the conduit pushed the diffuse flow into the surface fast, and the water that came out of Ngreneng Karst Window was thereby clear. The inundation lasted for ten days and submerged up to 26.4 ha of the study area.